Ilungelo lokukhusela ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho limi njengenye yeyona migaqo inamandla nephikiswayo kumthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Iqinisekisiwe kuMphetho-mva-siseko weshumi elinesine, esi siqinisekiso sifuna ukuba abantu ngokufanayo baphathwe ngokufanayo ngabadlali bakarhulumente, bangabikho kuthethelelwa okunamandla okufunekayo kokuphathwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Kwiminyaka engama-50 edluleyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.I.INkundla ePhakamileyo eUnited States itolike iSikhuselo sika-Clauslee ngeendlela eziye zaxhasa ucalucalucalulo notshintsho oluqhubekayo. Ukuqonda imizekelo engundoqo engomthetho eye yayila le mfundiso ibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela umthetho waseMerika osesikweni, inkululeko, kunye nokulunga.

Uhlalutyo lokhuseleko olulinganayo namhlanje luxhomekeke kwindlela elandelelanayo yokuhlola ithala lezixhobo ``icandelo, isigaba, kunye nesiseko esiqiqayo' esisetyenziswa ngokuxhomekeke kulwahlulo olukwinkupho (uhlobo, ubufana, okanye umgaqo wezoqoqosho oqhelekileyo). Le milinganiselo ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo; yakhiwa ngemeko, rhoqo kumadabi anzima abonisa ukususwa kwelizwe elikwimeko yokuziphatha nezobupolitika. Eli nqaku lihlola amatyala esiseko asungulwe, anwenwayo, ahluziweyo, ahluze asekunene ukulingana nokhuseleko, ngelixa kuvavanywa iingxaki zamaxesha angoku eziqhubeka zivavanya ukufikelela kwalo.

UMthetho We - 14 Wokwenziwa Kwamatyala Nophuhliso Lwemfundiso Yokukhuselwa Okulinganayo

I-Unimetic Protection Claus, eyamkelwa ngo1868 njengenxalenye yeSinyuso seshumi elinesine, inikela oku: “Akukho Rhulumente eya kukhanyela nabani na okhoyo kwigunya layo ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.” Ngentlabathi yenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo ama-Afrika asandul'ukukhululwa, ibinzana laphelelwa lixesha lenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Ukutolikwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ngexesha lohlalo-mali-mali-mali... okudume kakhulu kumntu odume kakhulu kwi [indlu yendlu ye-'i-'i-AMALI[FLT] (1873] kunye [FLT] kunye [FL:2]-United States]. Crushnkink[FLT] [12:3] [186] umbutholo-o-otholo-19]

Imeko Yokwakha Kwakhona

IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesine soMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko sasingundanda wodweliso lwenkqubo lweRepublican construct. Yayijolise ekubhukuqeni i-Dred Scott v. isigqibo [uSandford ,1] kunye nokumisela umthetho-siseko uMthetho wamaLungelo we-Civil Amalungelo e-18666, owawuqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba ngummi kunye namalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke abantu abazalwe eUnited States. Abalawuli, ababekhokelwa nguMphathi John Bingham noSenator Jacob Howard, babefuna ukumisa umgangatho wesizwe we-umlinganiso , kunye nokuphuma kwemithetho epheleleyo yolawulo lwemfazwe engaphambili yekhulu lemfazwe, ethi ichaze amalungelo abemi babemi babo. Kodwa iNkuNkumgangatho oPhakamileyo wenza ukuba isithembiso sokuphatha i-endibani namalungelo azimele phantsi kolawulo olungundoqo.

“ Akukho Rhulumente... oya kumkhanyela nabani na okwigunya lakhe ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwemithetho.” — IConst. amstend. XIV, ← 1.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, i-Unimeal Protection Claus yayisetyenziswa kakhulu zinkampani ezithi imimiselo karhulumente yawahlutha ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo − ahluke kakhulu kwinjongo yantlandlolo yeli binzana. Kwakude kube phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-35355a apho iNkundla yaqalisa ukuphefumla ubomi kwicandelo njengesixhobo sokulawula ngokobuhlanga, kwaye ukusuka apho yandisa ukukhusela kwayo kwamanye amaqela akwimbali.

Ukuqalisa Kwemilinganiselo Yobunkunkqele Yanamhlanje

Ukhuseleko lwale mihla olulinganayo lulungelelaniswe kumgangatho wohlolo lwezomthetho. Uhlalutyo olungqongqo, olona mgangatho lunzima, lusebenza kulwahlulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, kunye nobuphambukeli; imithetho enjalo ixhaswe kuphela ukuba isebenzisa inkxalabo karhulumente enyanzelisayo kwaye ilungiselwe kancinane. Uvavanyo lwe-intermediate lusebenza ekucalucalucalucalulweni okusekelwe kwi-snicelo sobudoda kunye nobugraclatha, olufuna ulwaleko olubalulekileyo lwenjongo karhulumente kunye nolwalamano olungundoqo kuloo njongo. Uphinda-jikelo lwesiseko, lusetyenziswa kuzo zonke ezinye iindidio zomthetho ngaphandle kokuba lungenalo lwalamano olufanelekileyo kwinzala esemthethweni. Olu cwangciso lwavela kwimiqatha yemeko eyayilo lweminyaka yenkulungwane ye-20.

Uphawu olungaphambili lomhlaba luzakuphazamisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo

La matyala alandelayo amela iingongoma ezijikayo ekutolikeni nasekusetyenzisweni kwe - Alinganayo Protection Claus.

UPlessy . Ferguson (1896): Imfundiso ethi “Izahlula Kodwa Zilinganayo”

Plesty v.[Frugson:1], 163 U.S. 537 (1896), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umthetho weLouisiana ofuna ukuhlaliswa kohlanga lweenqwelo-mafutha zikaloliwe. Homer Plessy, indoda yolunye u16888ms lomnombo waseAfrika, wacel ’ umngeni umthetho njengokwaphula umthetho woKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Celasko ka-Claus, kodwa iNkuyilo yalandula impikiswano yakhe ngevoti engu-7761. Umthetho ophezulu weLouniana waqiqanda ukuba i-Generia akuzange kuthethe ukuba ithotholo naluphi naluphi na uhlanga, njengokuba izakhiwo zilingana. Isigqibo somthetho somthetho sithe gqolo-mgamgamfo sanikwa ngabahlali-mthetho-mthetho-mzi-mthetho, ngokomGenethi-mGenethi-mgaqo-siseko sawodwa, ngoko ke azikho phakathi kwabahlazibomvumi ba-mbhishobo."

ime njengomzekelo wesilumkiso wendlela uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus olunokujijwa ngayo ukuze luqhubekisele phambili ukungalingani. Ukwala kweNkundla ukukhangela ngaphaya kokulingana okusesikweni, ngokubhekiselele kwisohlwayo sehlabathi lokwenene 76 kunye nokungahoywa kwezinto eziphathekayo okuye kwaboniswa ``````ichaza imida yegalelo efunekayo kuphela yobundilele bucala obusebusweni. Isigqibo sasingalawulwa ngokupheleleyo de kube Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo [1954]].

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Ukufa “Komsinga Kodwa Olinganayo”

Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yaseTopeka, 347 U.S. 483 (54), isona sigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kwisigqibo esingqinelanayo esibhalwe yiNtloko enguMongameli Earl Warren, iNkundla yathi ilwa ukuba ucalucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke lwaphula umgangatho ka-Centu. Inkundla yafumana ukuba “amaziko emfundo angowona mgangatho uphezulu, ayakhatywa, ayakwamkelwa umgangatho ongenakulinganiswa nomgangatho wento okhoyo woovimba bezolwazi. [[FLTLT:3]. Isigqibo sathiwenza ubungqina obungokwenzululwazi nobezentlabalwayo "njengobu-Clansking) njengoko kuboniswe kubantwana baseMexinaba abanci baseMelika bezinto ezilinganayo.

“ Izibonelelo zemfundo azilingani ngokwemvelo.” — IJaji ePhakamileyo u-Earl Warren, [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

[[FLT: 0] Brown ayiphelanga ngoko nangoko i-'FLT'' iphela ngoko nangoko'. Isigqibo saguqula intsingiselo yokhuseleko olulinganayo ngokunyanzela ukuba ilingana ngokweziphumo zenyani nentsingiselo yentlalo, hayi nje ngobuso bomthetho. [FLT:] BB] BEN [[FLT:]

ElaseVirginia (1967): Ukuphelisa Imiqobo Yobuhlanga Ukuze Utshate

Kumthetho we- othe wasebenzisa uphando olungqongqo nolusekelwe kwi-v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 167], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakwaphula umthetho we-Virginia, lo mthetho owenzelwe ukulwa nohlanga oluthile, owenziwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho olugqwethekileyo, owenziwe wasetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kuhlanga kwaye wafunyanwa ukuba umthetho awuphumeleli njongo elungileyo ngaphandle kokuba ugcine ubuphezulu obumhlophe. IJajini liSikhulu uWarrenton, kwakhona libhalisele iNkulwano, libambelele ekubeni “inkululeko yokutshata, okanye ukungatshati, umntu wolunye uhlanga uhlala nomntu ngamnye kwaye akanako ukugxelwa ngurhulumente. [[[FLT]]

Reed v. Reed (1971): Ukulingana okungalinganiyo okungagqibekanga kuthatha ingcambu

Kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yala ukusebenzisa uphando oluphakanyisiweyo kwicandelo lobufanasini, ngokufuthi elibhekisele kwindima yesithethe. Oku kwatshintsha kwi--Red v. URed, i-U.S. 71111, apho iNkundla yasebenzisa umthetho othe shwaka ngokuphandle kumadoda njengoomatiloshe bemida. Nangona uluvo lungaluchananga uvavanyo olusemthethweni, lalilixesha lokuqala iNkuqululo oluphothelw'uk'uhla phantsi kweSikhuseli sobufana. [FLT:] iminyaka emibini kamva, [FLT] Fronson]. [FFF3] [12][3]

EUnited States, Virginia (1996): Ukukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo Nokudityaniswa Kwemfundo

kwiUnited States v. Virginia, 518 U.S.515, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathetha kwindoda ngomgaqo-nkqubo wokuvuma we-Virginia Military Institute (VMI). Iphondo laphikisa ukuba imfundo eyodwa ye-66 iyavunyelwa, kodwa iNkundla, kuluvo lukaJahebheth Bader Ginsburg, yakholelwa ukuba inkqubo ichasene nomgangatho ophakathi wokuzikhusela u-Clauslee. Ichaza umgangatho wokuqwalaselwa, iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba uVirginia wahluleka ukunikela “ngokulula ukulungiselela ukuthethelela okululayo ngenxa yokususa amabhinqa. Isigqibo esinyanzelekileyo sokuvuma nokuqinisa umgaqo wokuba imigaqo ye-Promastical kufuneka isebenze kwiinjongo zikarhulumente neenjongo ezinxulumene nezithiyo.

I-SAPS I-OFT: I-OFP

Asizizo zonke iinkalo ezivelisa iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingekho mthethweni. [[FLT: 0] uDashington v. Davis, 426 U.S.29 Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi umthetho okanye inkqubo ecelwe phantsi kweSikhuseli sobuGqeba u-Clausle kufuneka iboniswe ukuba inento engaqhelekanga injongo [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [3]], ingeyiyo nje iziphumo ezibhaliweyo. Ityala libandakanya uvavanyo lwamapolisa lwamapolitiki apho amatyala athe athe atshoni atshoni angaphezulu kunemiqatha emhlophe. Inkundla echaphazelela ukuchasana kwemithetho engqungquthelayo, icwangcisa imilinganiselo esezantsi ye-Octaltialtialtial. [4]

Graiter v. Bollinger (2003): Isenzo esisingqinisi somqobo noKhuselo olulinganayo

Umbuzo wokuba uvumile na iinkqubo zokuvuma inyathelo lokwaphula inkqubo yoKhuselo lweSikolo sikaCelas ofikelele kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuv. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003). INkundla yaxhasa iYunivesithi yeSikolo soMthetho eLinganiso, ethathwa njengelungu elinye kwabaninzi ukuze bafumane iqumrhu labafundi elihlukeneyo. Ukubhala ngoninzi, uSandra Day O’Connor wasebenzisa uqwalaselo olungqongqo kodwa ngoku wagqiba kwelokuba umdla wesikolo semfundo ekwahluka-hlukeneyo wawunganyanzelekanga, yaye inkqubo yayilula ngenxa yokuba ithambile, ingenziwangalinganiyo, kwaye ayimiselanga sigaba sohlanga. Isigqibo sokuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo angabonakaliyo, kodwa kwakhona simisela ixesha “ixesha: Sinommiselo esingu-25, asilindelangasayi kusetyenziswa kwakhona, okokuba kusetyenziswa kwemiqatha kwezele yeNkuvavanya: [FFFog.] [124] kusetyenziswa kweNkusetyenziswa kweyoful:[3]

Ukwandisa Umlinganiselo Wokhuseleko Olulinganayo: Isini, Ulwalamano Lwesini Nangaphaya Kwalo

Ukusukela kwiminyaka yee-1970 ukuya phambili, ukuhlaziywa okulinganayo kokhuseleko kujoliswe kwicandelo ngaphandle kohlanga. INkundla yaphuhlisa ukuhlolwa okuphakathi kwe-indease-nea kwaye, kutshanje, isebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwembonakalo yesondo nokukhubazeka.

Ucalucalulo Emva koCraig v. Boren

[[FLT: 0]. Imbono yobuninzi esekelwe ukucaciswa kobufana, , 429 U.S.1997, iNkundla yawisa umthetho weOklahoma obekiweyo obewumisela iminyaka eyahlukeneyo yokusela amadoda namabhinqa (1 kwamadoda, 18 kumabhinqa). Uluvo oludibekele ukuvavanywa okuphakathi kolwahlulo lweziqu zobufana: umthetho kufuneka usebenze “injongo zikarhulumente” kwaye ube“ ngokunxulumene nokuphumelela kwezo njongo.” Lo mlinganiselo uye wasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezisuka [[FLTLT:] kunyaka-18] kunyaka-5].[FLT].[FLT3] [196] [196] Ii-196] ii-Moralstions[5] ezithenjiweyo [5], ezimiselwe ngokwemithetho yezomthetho kubazali abamele ukuba babe ngabafana.[Fograc.[5]

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo noKhuselo olulinganayo

Ukusetyenziswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ekukhuseleni iintsuku zembonakalo yesondo kwiRomer v. Evans (1996], eyabulala imithetho yekomfa yomgaqo-siseko weColorado ekhusela amafanasini kunye noonyakazi kubantu abakhethekileyo. Nangona iNkundla yasebenzisa isiseko esifanelekileyo sokuhlola, yafumanisa ukuba ukulungisa okungenayo nayiphi na injongo esemthethweni ngaphandle kwe-aimus. [[FLT:]] Lawrence v. Texas [2003], inkundla ithenjiwe imithetho engekho semthethweni phantsi kweMtetho kaClaus, kodwa iphinde ikhuselwe i-octive i-out traceromes. I-od projectivesting eninzi yeMithelela phantsi kwe-Octive. Ingu-1944] Imithetho engundoqo igxininiswe kuMgalelo-o-o-o-o-o-ose.

Kutshanje, kubock v. Clayton County [2020], iNkundla yachaza isiHloko VII samaLungelo e-Civil Act ukuthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye yobufana; ngelixesha elo tyala limiselwe ngokweziqu, ukuqiqa kwagxininisa umgaqo wokuba ucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo kunye neempawu zobufana nesini lurharharha kwaye lufuna uthetheleleko olunamandla. Ukhuseleko olulinganayo luyaqhubeka kwiindawo ezinjengokufikelela kwizindlu zokuhlambela, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwemidlalo, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke.

Amalungelo Angento Yanto: IADA Nangaphaya Kwayo

Iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba icandelo lokukhubazeka lixhomekeke kwisiseko esifanelekileyo kuphela sokuhlola, hayi ukuqwalasela okuphezulu. iDolophu yase Cleburne / v. Cleburne Living Center [85], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibonise ukuba ngaphandle kokuqiqa, iSikhuseliso esipheleleyo singanika isicombululo xa ucalucalulo luvela kwi-aus okanye ulawulo olungekho semthethweni. Iinkonzo ezithe gqolo zithe zanyuka ngokubhekiselele kumalungelo abantu abanolwazi oluphezulu, kodwa iNkukhubazeka kweNku lweNku, ezithi zifumane i-ogxanduva i-o ekwa phantsi kwesiseko somsebenzi, ii-odolorths. [5]

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo Nemibuzo Engaconjululwanga

Ngaphandle komthetho olinganayo wokhuseleko olupheleleyo, imiba emininzi isaqhubeka iphikiswa. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo sango-2023 samaqhinga eFair Adgistrations v. IHarvard ngokunempumelelo iphele ugqatso lokungaqiniseki kwimfundo ephezulu, ibambe ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo ziyawuchasana uMgangatho oPhakekileyo ka Claus. eso sigqibo sibonakalisa ukubuyela kwindlela esesikweni, i-bala elimfefefe, ukuchazwa okufana nokuqiqa okuphambili kweJaji uThomasko oluphambili kwi-Promplice. Okwangoku, iinkundla ezisezantsi zibambana imibuzo ye-scricial, ingspecial, neream, comment.

Ukungalingani kwenkqubo kunye nemfundiso yokukhusela elinganayo

Enye yezona ngxaki zinzulu kumthetho wokukhusela ikukungahambelani phakathi kwenjongo emiselwe ku i-Shahington v. Davis kunye nenyaniso yobuhlanga. Ukungalingani okuninzi kwimfundo, impilo, kunye nobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho yimveliso yocalucalulo lwembali engenakuchazwa kwisenzo esinye sombuso weqhinga. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba injongo yeyokuba “isiphelo somgaqo-siseko esifileyo” sokuthetha ubungalingani banamhlanje. Abanye abaphengululi nabaxhasi babiza ukusetyenziswa okunamandla kakhulu kokhuseleko olulinganayo ukuba bafune amazwe afuna ukulungisa iimbono ezikhoyo, kodwa iNkundla yangoku ayibonisi inkanuko encinane yolwandolo.

Umahluko noTyelelo Oluninzi

Abantu abacalucalulwe ngeempawu ezingaphezu kwesinye esikhuselweyo .Ngomzekelo, uhlanga, ubufanasini, okanye ukukhubazeka kunye nokuma kwesondo . Ngokufuthi bawela kwimingxube yezakhiwo ezikhoyo zomthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo ayikhange ichaze ngokucacileyo indlela uhlalutyo olulinganayo olufanele lujonge ngayo kwiingxelo zokudibana kweminqamlezo. Ezinye iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zaqonda ukuba ucalucalulo nxamnye neqela elingaphantsi (umz., amabhinqa aseAfrika) ayingozi eyahlukeneyo nenokubonwa, kodwa umthetho uhlala ungashukumi. Njengoko intlukwano zoluntu zibala amava eencwadi achaza amava okudibana, iinkundla ziya kugxininiswa ukuba zibe nezixhobo eziphinda-phinda-phinde zifumane izixhobo zokuhlalula izigaba zolwano.

Ukukhangela Kwikamva: Ikamva Lokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Ilungelo lokukhusela ngokulinganayo alimi ngamaxesha. Isizukulwana ngasinye sinethuba , kwaye imbopheleleko .ukuchaza intsingiselo yaso ngokuqwalasela iziphumo zentlalo kunye nokuqonda imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Imizekelo echazwe kweli nqaku ityhila iqhinga lokuzimela okuninzi, kodwa kwakhona sikwangumzekelo wokubuyela kwilizwe elibi nokuchasa. Isithembiso soMthambeko weshumi elinesine leMithetho asigqitywanga.

Ukubekwa kwetyala ngamalungelo okuvota, ukupheliswa kwetyala, ukupheliswa kwamapolisa, kunye namalungelo okukhuselwa kwenqanawa ezinxilisayo kuza kuqhubeka kuvavanya imida yemfundiso elinganayo yokukhusela. Izinto ezingaphandle . "ezifana neenguqu ekuqanjweni kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke-wonke" ziya kubumba ukuba igalelo liba sisixhobo esinamandla ngakumbi sokulingana okanye ukurhoxa kwimida. Nokuba yintoni na ebambekayo kwixesha elizayo, amatyala aqwalaselwe apha anika amagama nemigaqo yesiseko yokuthetha ngezingxoxo.