Ukwazisa: IBhili Yamalungelo Nendima Yawo KuMthetho Wokongamela Wokohlwaya

IBhili yamaLungelo .* Isivumelwano sokuqala seshumi senkqubo yobulungisa eMerika, kuquka amabanjwa agwetyelwe ukufa ngo-1791 ukukhusela inkululeko yabantu nxamnye nokuqhathwa ngurhulumente. Ngoxa ezi zindululo zasungulwa ukukhusela abemi kwigunya likarhulumente, ukusetyenziswa kwawo kuye kwakhula kangangeenkulungwane ukuze kuquke abanye abantu ababuthathaka kwinkqubo yokulawula iMelika, kuquka amabanjwa agwetyelwe ukufa. Ukudityaniswa kweBhili lamaLungelo nesohlwayo sobunkomfa kumela enye yezona ndawo zikhuphiswano zomthetho-siseko, apho imibuzo yesidima sabantu, imilinganiselo yobungangamfa, kunye nemida yegunya karhulumente equququze imigxuku.

Isohlwayo sokufa besikho eMerika ukususela kwixesha lamathanga, kodwa isiseko somthetho esisingqongileyo siye savela ngokuphawulekayo. Umthetho ongowona mqathango wamabanjwa, ingakumbi ulwalelo loMphengululo wesiHle, isohlwayo seNkqutyana sokuGawulayo, isiqinisekiso senkqubo yeSihlanu, kunye neSindululo seSithandathu soMmiselo woLwazi Lwezindululo, siye saba sisemgangathweni kwityala ngalinye elisesikweni. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zicwangciso ezisebenza ngayo kumabanjwa akwimikroba yokufa kufuna ukuba ahlole imbali embali kunye neemfazwe ezikhoyo zomthetho. Eli nqaku linikela uhlalutyo olunzulu lwezikhuseli ezikhoyo kumakomkhulu namabanjwa, izigqibo zeNkundla ebalaseleyo eziye zalolongamandla eziye zalolonga ingulo, kunye neempikiswano eziqhubekayo eziqhubeka zichaza lo mthetho.

Imeko - ngqangi Yembali: IBhili Yamalungelo Nesohlwayo Esiyintloko Ekufunyanweni Kwaso

Xa iBhili yamaLungelo yavunywa ngo-1791, isohlwayo sokufa sasingangomthetho kuphela kodwa sasiyinkqubo. IBhunga Lokuqala, elacebisa ukuba kulungiswe isigwebo, lakwagunyazisa nesokubulawa kwetyala likarhulumente njengezenzo zobugqwirha, ukungcangcazelisa, nokubulala. ISindululo sesibhozo, esithintela "isohlwayo esingaqhelekanga," samkelwa ngaphandle kokuphikisana okubalulekileyo, yaye abafaki framente ngokuqinisekileyo babengazimiselanga ukuphelisa isohlwayo sokufa. Ngelo xesha, ukubulawa kwabantu yayiziziganeko zikawonke wonke, kunye neendlela ezinjengokuxhonywa, ukutshiswa, nokutsha nokukhutshwa kweminxa-mbombo kwakusasetyenziswa kwimithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo.

Noko ke, uHweziso-Mpanzi-Mpanzi-siseko wamaNgesi weBhili yamaLungu ka1689, eyalela "isohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" ukuphendula ngokuxhatshazwa kwe-mouse Stuart. Iinkundla zamaNgesi zalitolika eli lungiselelo lokugcina isohlwayo esilinganayo nesokunganyanzeliswayo okanye esibangela iintlungu ezingeyomfuneko. Abaxhasi bamaMelika bangenisa lo mgaqo, kodwa bashiya intsingiselo yawo ecacileyo kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yayiza kutolika uxwebhu olusisiXhombo oluphilayo olunentsingiselo yayo ivela ngokuhambelana "indlela ejikayo yemilinganiselo yesidima ephawula inkqubela yebutho labantu," isivakalisi sokuqala esicaciswe [[FLD:].[5]

Kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, iBhili yamaLungelo yanikela ukhuseleko oluncinane kumabanjwa kuludwe lwabafi. UHlaziyo lwesibhozo lwangasetyenziswa kumaphondo de isigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Robinson v. IKhalifoniya[ [1962], eyathi yafaka ukulungiswa kwemiqathango esemthethweni yokuvavanya i-STIClaus's Programme. Phambi koko, isigwebo sokufa sasikhuselekile kwintluvomfa yomthetho. Kwanasemva kokuba iququzelwe, iNkundla yayingafuni ukuvavanya iso lwesibini isohlwayo yetyala, ishiya amabanjwa anemiqatha esemthethweni evavanya izigwebo zawo okanye iimeko ezimbalwa zokuvalelwa.

Ukuhlaziywa KwesiHlabathi Nokukhuselwa Kwisohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo Nesothuko Esingaqhelekanga

Uhlaziyo lwesibhozo lulukhuselo olubalulekileyo lwemithetho-siseko kumabanjwa agwetyelwa ukufa. Umbhalo wayo ufutshane --"ibheyile yebheyile, okanye intlawulo egqithisileyo, okanye isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesothuso esingaqhelekanga esibekiweyo esiye sasetyenziswa"/_kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubangele amakhulu eembono zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ukwalela isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga kuye kwachazwa njengesohlwayo sohlobo lwezigwebo: ezithi zingqwabalala okanye zibandakanye nengxhwaleko, ezo zimele ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nezo zibekwe ngendlela engafanelekanga okanye ezibekwe phantsi kwemiqatha.

Iindlela Zokuphumeza Ezibi Nezobungozi

Intsingiselo yokuqala "yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nengaqhelekanga" iquka isohlwayo esiquka ukuthuthumbisa okanye ukufa okungakhawuleziyo. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, oku kwakuquka ukutshiselwa esibondeni, ukwaphulwa kwevili, ukuzoba kunye nokudibanisa. Njengoko iindlela zokubulala ziguquka, iinkundla kwakufuneka zigqibe ukuba iindlela ezintsha zokwaphula umgaqo-siseko wesibhozo. Ukunyuswa, ukubulawa, ukubulawa kwegesi ebulalayo, kunye nokujovwa okubulalayo konke kuye kwacelwwa ucelomngeni, ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo empumelelo.

Wilkerson v. Utah (1879], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukubulawa ngeqela elidubulayo, iphawula ukuba yayiyindlela eqhelekileyo yokubulala yaye yayingabandakanyeki "inkohlakalo efunekayo" [ KuKemtler[[FLT:] [1890] [iNkundla], iNkundla iphakamise ukunyuswa njengendlela yomgaqo-siseko, igatya impikiswano yokuba ibangela inkohlakalo nesohlwayo engaqhelekanga. La matyala amandulo anika ingqiqo ebanzi yokukhetha iindlela zokubulala. Noko ke, ummandla osemthethweni watshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elineshumi elinesibini leminyaka ngokwee-20 njengee-octiveat shoreat this this shortment shortment à proventified proper Soluement

Ixesha langoku loMphetho-Mphetho-mda wesiThandathiso sesibhozo. INkundla yaseka umgangatho onyanzelisayo: indlela yokubulala iqala ngo- u-Baze v. Rees [2008], apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa khona imigaqo-mthetho yenaliti yegam-bhathi-malathi ye-nti ye-Kentucky. Inkundla imisele umgangatho onyanzelelayo: indlela yokubulala iphazamisa iSindululo sesibhozo kuphela ukuba inika umngcipheko onzima womonakalo ongafanelekanga" kwaye kukho "oyena unjalo unokuba umgangatho unciphisa umngcipheko obalulekileyo. Lo mgangatho ufanele ubonise ukuba uyakwazi ukudibana nomnye weminxeba okhoyo kwaye ubonise ukuba indlela yangoku ibangela umngcipheko ongafanekiyo.

Kutshanje, Gross 'Xa15], iNkundla yaxhasa ukusebenzisa kweziyobisi ephakathi kwe-azolam njengenxalenye yemithetho elandelwayo yeziyobisi, phezu kobungqina bokuba amayeza asenokungaqhubeki abangele ukuba angaboni. INkundla yagqiba ukuba amabanjwa ahluleke ukuchaza indlela eyaziwayo nekhoyo. Brucklew v. Precy[FLT] [2010]), icace ngokubhekele ukuba amabanjwa avavanya indlela yokubulala kufuneka abonise ukuba indlela esetyenziswayo "efanele isetyenziswe ngokulula" kwaye iyakucutha ubungozi obukhulu bezi ntlungu.

Isohlwayo Sokungatyhileki

Uhlaziyo lwesibhozo lukwalela isohlwayo esichasene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Kumongo wesohlwayo sentambo, lo mgaqo usetyenziswe ngamandla ukulinganisela ukuba ngawaphi amaqela ezaphuli-mthetho anokugwetywa ukufa. Coker v. Georgia [19977], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba isohlwayo sokufa sisohlwayo esingalinganiyo sokudlwengula ibhinqa elikhulileyo, ngenxa yokuba ityala alibandakanyangakuthathanga ubomi bomntu. Inkundla yaqiqal ’ ukuba "ukufa kwahlukile] kwezinye izigwebo kwaye kufuneka igcinelwe ezona zenzo ezinzulu.

End v. Florida [19982], iNkundla yathi ukuLandliswa kweMiqathango yeNkundla yesibhozo kwalela isohlwayo sokufa kummangalelwa owaba nenxaxheba kwityala eliphumela ekubulaleni kodwa elingabulalanga ngokobuqu, elizama ukubulala, okanye ukuceba ukuba kubulawe. INkundla yandisa oku kubamba TION v. Arizona [1987], igqiba kwelokuba isigwebo sokufa singabekwa kumbulali osisigebengi owayengu "omntu obengumthathi-nxaxheba" kwi-ma jini" kwilungu eliphantsi kobomi bomntu kwaye isebenze kunye "no-ongenakuhomba."

Ukulungelelana komgaqo kukwasetyenziswa ekukhuseleni iindidi ezithile zabamangalelwa. Attins v. Virginia (2002], iNkundla yathi ukubulala abantu abaneziphene zengqondo kuchasene noMphetho-Mmandla wesiXhobo wesibhozo, ngenxa yokuba amandla abo ancitshisiweyo okusebenza kwengqondo ayancipha. INkundla yawushiyela kumazwe ukuchaza ukukhubazeka kobulumko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhubekekeni kwemilinganiselo yokuxilonga. Ngokufanayo, Rhooper v. [imon [[FLT:]] [2005], iNkuvolo ebambe ukuba isigwebo asisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18, abaphumeli bemi bemibangomthetho.

Kutshanje, kwi Florida (2014 kunye Moere v. Texas (2017), iNkundla yawisa imithetho yephondo eyasebenzisa i-IQuex ireauding IQutre ireaunt ukuchaza ukukhubazeka kolwazi, inyanzelisa ukuba iinkundla kufuneka ziqwalasele imilinganiselo ye-mgalelo yempazamo ekuvavanyeni. Le miba ibonisa ukukulungela kweNkundla ukunyanisa ulungiso lwe-Angxhendreat'ult Rempliefing beartivectionation imfuneko ye-octivectionation xa amazwe ezama ukucudingceka.

Ukufa

Umsonto wesithathu wesiHlaliso seMimiselo e-8 ugxininisa kwiinkqubo ezimiselwe ngazo isohlwayo sokufa. Furman v. Georgia [17]], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhupha uluvo lwetyala ngalinye elibambe isohlwayo sokufa, njengoko ilawulwa phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente ekhoyo, yaphula umthetho weSigqibo seSisibhozo neSinethilithathu. Isigwebo saphulwa, kunye nesigwebo ngasinye sesihlanu kumbhalo owahlukeneyo, kodwa inkxalabo ephakathi yayikuko isigwebo sekomkhulu sasingenatyala kwaye singenasizathu. UMbumbi weSigwebo esaziwa ngokubanziswa ngokunjalo ukuba kugwebo "kupheliswa ngumbane," ecebisa ukuba isigwebo sibekwe ngendlela engalawulengalawulengalawulekiyo kunye ne-discri.

Ekuphenduleni [[NTL: 0] IFURman, amazwe amaninzi amisela imimiselo emitsha yesohlwayo sekohlwayo sentambo elungiselelwe ukudlulisela imvume yabachopheli-tyala kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba isohlwayo sokufa sigcinelwe ezona meko zinyusiweyo. Le mithetho isoloko iphembelela ukuvavanywa ngokwetyala kunye nesohlwayo, inikezelwe ukukhokelwa kwengqiqo kwizinto ezibangela ukukhutshwa kwesohlwayo, kwaye ifuna ukuphinda isombululo oluzenzekelayo. Inkundla yaphakamisa le mithetho mitsha [[FLT:]] Greggg. Georgia[[[FLT:]][3] [6]] kunye namatyala asebenzisana, isigwebo sokuba isigwebo sasingekho sona siphelo siphelo, kwaye neso sikhuselwayo esitsha safuneka kwidilesi [FFFFFF]] [FFFF]

Noko ke, iNkundla iqhubekele ekupoliseni umgca phakathi kobuchule obukhokelwayo kunye nokubekwa ngaphaya komthetho. i-Godfrey v. Georgia (1980), iNkundla yawisa isigwebo sokufa ngenxa yokuba ityala lephondo lalingaqondakali kakhulu, lingakwazi ukunikela ukhokelo olunentsingiselo kwijaji egwebayo. [[FLT:]] Maynard v. Cartright [1988], iNkundla yabamba isizekane semeko esichaza ukubulala njenge "edek, egraw, eggggg, okanye ekhohlakeleleyo" yayingacacanga. Ezi zigqibo zifuna ukuchaza iimeko ezithe ngqo ukunqanda.

Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokuvavanya

Ngaphaya kweSihlaziyo sesibhozo, iSindululo seNkundla sesihlanu neseshumi elinesine siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uza kuphulukana "nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho" kumatyala amatyala amakhulu, inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna ukuthotyelwa ngokucokisekileyo ekusebenziseni imigaqo esesikweni ekungevalweni ngokubulawa. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagxininisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba "ukufa kwahlukile" nokuba ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango yequmrhu kuyafuneka kakhulu kunasemacaleni aqhelekileyo alwaphulo-mthetho.

Imodeli Efanelekileyo Ekuvavanyweni

Ilungelo lokufumana amangqina afanelekileyo lisisiseko kuzo zonke iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu xa ummangalelwa ejongene nesigwebo sokufa. UMthetho-nkqubo weSithandathu uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nangokwabantu bonke, inkundla engakhethiyo, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, ilungelo lokunyanzeleka ukuba ufumane amangqina, nelungelo lokufumana uncedo lwecebo. [[FLT: 0] Stickland v. Washington[FLT] [19981], iNkumbuso ePhakamileyo yamisa ukuba ummangalelwa ozibanga uncedo lwesiluleko afanele abonise ukuba ukungakhathali kwesiluleko kumele kungabi nasizathu kwaye ukuyekelela kwentlukwano. Kwimeko yeko yocalulo-calulo kusetyenziswa ngenkcelo, kwaye iNkuNkungalungcelelani ifumanise ukungaphumeleli ukuphana kwetyala, ityala elingakhangeli, ityala eliye lathiwe xa linike ubungqina obungabonziwayo, okanye eligweba eligwetyisweyo phakathi kweso soluso.

Igalelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo likwafuna ukuba abamangalelwa bekomkhulu bafumane isaziso esaneleyo sobumsulwa kunye nesigwebo esisenokuba sikhona, ithuba lokunikela ukhuseleko, kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuvavanya ubungqina besizwe. Herrera v. Collins [1993], iNkundla yabonisa ukuba isaziso sokungabi natyala okusekelwe kubungqina obutsha asibuchazi, ngokwaso, ivumela ukuba ibanjwa elifileyo lingene kwi-habeascorpus sumsum, kodwa iNkundla yashiya ivule amathuba okuba okokuba linokuqhutywa nge-clectlectivement. Isigqibo sigxekwe ukwenza umqobo okhoyo wokunceda amabanjwa amsulwa.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kwinkqubela-phambili yolwamva

Emva kokunyanzeliswa kwekomkhulu nesigwebo, amabanjwa akwinkundla ebulalayo ayaqhubeka enandipha inkqubela efunekayo ngexesha lohlolo kunye nesibongozo. Ilungelo lokubhena isigwebo sokufa aliqinisekiswanga ngumGaqo-siseko, kodwa onke amagunya ekomkhulu anika imvume yokucaciswa okunyanzelisayo, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifuna ukuba ukubukelelwa okunjalo kube nentsingiselo. [. Inkundla iphucule ngokungakumbi yacwe ukukhuselwa [[FLT:] v [FLT].[6] [196] [196] [196], iNkukhombo ingqina iyakukholelwa ukuba iSendekthi ye-Angxelo iyalela ukubulawa kwebanjwa ukuba ligwetyelwe, kwaye kufuneka kuviwe ngokufanelekileyo kwinkupho yokhuselo [FFOLT].[4]

Inkqubo elindelekileyo inyanzelisa inkqubo yonyanzelo, esebenza njengovavanyo lokugqibela lolawulo kwizigwebo ezingundoqo. UGunyaziso Lobudala lwe-Ohio Ader Parole v. Wooard (1998), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba iziphumo zokoqobo kufuneka zilawule ngokweemfuno ezifanelekileyo ezincinane, kodwa iNkundla yayeka ukunyanzela iimfuno zeprocdeficturas, ishiya amatyala avulekileyo ekwakheni njengoko zibona kufanelekile.

Uphawu lwetyala eliphezulu leNkundla eLawulayo

[[FULT:0]Furman v. Georgia (1972)

Eli tyala laphawula ixesha elizinzileyo kumthetho wesohlwayo sekomkhulu laseMerika. Inkundla ePhakamileyo, kwisigqibo esingu-5-4, yayibetha ngokunempumelelo yonke imimiselo yesohlwayo sokufa eyayikho, ilawula ukuba ukubekwa kwaso sona kwaso sona isigwebo sokufa kwaso sona sona sona iSigqibo sesibhozo neseshumi Elinamashumi Amane. Isigqibo saphumela ekukhutshweni kwezigwebo zokufa ezingaphezulu kwama-600 kunye nesixhobo sokubulala esisetyenziswa ezweni lonke ekuphumezeni kwaqhubeka de kwango 1976. Ngelixesha [[FLT] FuLT] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [FFM] [FLT] [1] asizange sisiphelise isohlwaye isohlwayo sokufa ngokungqalileyo, sinyanze sanyanze kwanyanze kwanyanze kwanyanzeleka ukuba kuphinde kucinge isigwebo sabo somgwebo somso.

Gregb v. Georgia (1976)

kunye namatyala angomnye wayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ubuGcintsane besohlwayo sokufa phantsi kwemimiselo yombuso esandul' ukumiswa eyaneleyo ukulungiselela iimvavanyo ezixhotyisiweyo, imvume yokuchophela ityala, kunye nohlolo oluzenzekelayo. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba isigwebo sokufa sisebenzise iinjongo ezisemthethweni zebhanki, "ukunikezela nokunqanda ukukhusela okutsha kwesohlwayo) kwaye kwaqinisekisa ukuba isohlwayo esitsha somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko sanele ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa komthetho. Greggg[ ngokufezekileyo]

Atkins v. Virginia (2002)

Atkins, iNkundla yathi ukubulala abantu abaneziphene zobulumko kuphule uHlaliso lweziXhobo eziXhosa ngenxa yokuba ayisebenzi injongo esemthethweni yendlela yokusebenza yesondo kwaye ayihambelani nemithetho encitshisiweyo yokuziphatha. Isigqibo sokulawula [[FLT:] Penry v. Lyntaugh [19] [1999], evumele ukuphunyezwa kwabenzi bobugxwayiba bobukrelekrelekrele-ntloko. [[FLT: 4.]] Atkins[[[FLT:]]] [ii-act:] ixhomekeke kwimigangatho eguqukayobunono, njengoko kuboniswa ngumthetho we-controvistion kunye nomthetho wezolwazi. Isigqibo sikhokelele ekuchazeni ngendlela ekhubazeni kweqoko.

Roper v. Simmons (2005)

, iNkundla yathi isohlwayo sokufa asiyiyo imigaqo yabanye abaphuli-mthetho ababengaphantsi kweshumi elinesibhozo ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho lwabo. INkundla yacaphula ubungqina benzululwazi malunga nokukhula kobuchopho babantwana abakwishumi elivisayo, obubonisa ukuba abantwana abaqolileyo, banokuchanabeka kakhulu kwingcinezelo yoontanga, kwaye banokukwazi ukubuyisela imo yesiqhelo kunabantu abadala. Isigqibo somthetho stanford v. Kentucky [1999]) kwaye bazisa iUnited States kulungelelaniso lwezizwe ngezizwe, njengokuba iUnited States yayinjalo kumazwe ambalwa awayephumele abagembuli.

[[UMTLL: 0] u-Baze v. Rees (2008) kunye Glossip v. Gross [2015]

La matyala aseka inkqubo yale mihla yovavanyo lwendlela-yokubulala kunye nocelomngeni olunokwenzeka oluza kulunciphisa kakhulu olo mngcipheko phantsi koMphetho-mvandedwa. uBaze, iNkundla yathi indlela yokubulala ichasene noMgangatho wesiXhobo sesibhozo kuphela ukuba idala umngcipheko omkhulu womonakalo onzulu kwaye kukho enye into enokwenzeka engenza ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Glossip[, iNkundla yasebenzisa le ndlela isezantsi ukuphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-Oklahoma, ikhaba into yokuba ingathi iziyobisi zive ivela kwingozi engaveliyo yentlungu. Ezi zigqibo ziyenze phantse ukuba zingakho iingozi zokuvavanywa ngokunelisa ii-protoconethi ze-petrotion, njengoko kuyimfuneko, ukuchaza indlela ekhethekileyo, ukufumaneka, ukuchaza indlela ekhoyo.

[[UMTL:0] Backlew v. Precythe (2029)

Bucklew, iNkundla yaphinda yaqinisa umgangatho wendlela yokubulala. Inkundla yathi ibanjwa licela uvavanyo lwendlela yalo yokubulala kufuneka liqonde enye indlela enokwenzeka kwaye isetyenziswe ngokulula eya kunciphisa ubungozi obukhulu beentlungu. Inkundla yakwala nengxoxo yokuba ibanjwa lingayicel ’ umngeni indlela yokubulala esekelwe kwimeko yalo yezonyango ekhethekileyo, igqibe kwelokuba ukufumaneka kwendlela yenye indlela kumele kuqwalaselwe kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga kunokuba kusekelwe kwiimeko zamabanjwa.

Ungquzulwano Lwangoku kunye neengxaki ezingalungiswanga

Ukuqhatha Nokunqongophala Kweziyobisi

Mhlawumbi eyona mbambano inyanzelisayo yesohlwayo sokufa yimpikiswano eqhubekayo ngemithetho engokwasemthethweni yokutofelwa izitofu ezibulalayo. Ukususela ekuqaleni koo 2000, iinkampani zamayeza ziye zakuchasa ukusebenzisa amayeza azo ekubulaweni, nto leyo eye yabangela ukuba kubekho ukunqongophala kweziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngenxa yoko, amazwe amaninzi aye asebenzisa imixube engazange ivavanywe, agcina imfihlelo ngabanikezi beziyobisi, kwaye aguqukela ekudibaniseni ii-pyramenti namaqumrhu angaphandle. Le misebenzi iye yaphakamisa inkqubo enzulu efunekayo kunye nenkxalabo yeSixhend dershiption.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elandelwayo yokuvavanya amayeza kubangela ubungozi obungamkelekanga beentlungu nokubandezeleka, ingakumbi xa amaqela okubulala engakufumani ukuqeqeshwa kwezonyango. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Glossip ne kunye [FLT]] ne-[FLT]] i-backlew[ ibangele ukuba kube nzima ukuba amabanjwa afumaneke malunga neziyobisi kunye nenkqubo ezisetyenziswayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba angakwazi ukungqinela imigaqo-siseko. Imithetho yemfihlolo, njengaleyo yaseOklaho, eTexas, neMissouris, ukubulala imithetho esemthethweni eluncedo, ekuthinteleni uhlolo olunelo oluneyo. Ukunqongophala kweziyobisi kukwakhokelele amanye amazwe, ii-gropygrac, ii-groptmony, kunye ne-ogractiognethi, ii-gracties-gne

Ukhuphiswano Olungokwengqondo Nesithintelo Sokunganyaniseki

Umthetho-siseko owelela ekuphumezeni abagqwalasi, omiselwe Ford v. Wainwright (1986), uyaqhubeka usenza i-ligita. Umlinganiselo we-mphikisi ufuna ukuba ibanjwa liqonde kakuhle isizathu sokubulawa kwalo, kodwa iinkundla ziye zazama ukusebenzisa lo mlinganiselo kumabanjwa agula kakhulu engqondweni, i-dyasystein, okanye ukukhubazeka. Amadison v. [FLT] [FLT] [2020:9]), iNkukholelwa ukuba ibanjwa elinovengi libon'ase lingena enkathazweni ngenxa yokuba liyazi ukuba liphumele ukubulala. Isigqibo sokubulala. [[FLT]

Ingxelo yempilo yengqondo ejongene nokufa iqatha kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ukuvalelwa ixesha elide phantsi kweemeko ezinzima kungandisa ukugula ngengqondo. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba amabanjwa amaninzi abulawayo anesifo esinzulu sengqondo, kwaye ulwahlulo noxinezeleko lwawo lunganyanzelela amabanjwa kwisifo sengqondo okanye udandatheko. Ukwalela kwesi-88h Amend Remplition nxamnye nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga kusenokufuna iimeko zokulungiselela ukunyanyekelwa kwaneleyo kwempilo emqolo ofileyo, kodwa lo mlinganiselo wale mbopheleleko awukacacimeki.

Ukwahluka ngokweentlalo nezoqoqosho

Phezu kwazo nje izikhuseli zomgaqo-siseko ezinikezelwa yiBhili yamaLungelo, izahlulo zobuhlanga nezentlalo-ntle ziyaqhubeka kuyo yonke inkqubo yokugwetywa kwesohlwayo sobundlobongela. Uphando oluninzi lubonise ukuba isohlwayo sokufa sibekwe ngokungenakulinganiswa kubamangalelwa ababulawayo abamhlophe, abamangalelwa abamhlophe, nabamangalelwa abangamahlwempu. INkundla ePhakamileyo iyavuma ukuba abahluli abawa ngokweembono zomGaqo-siseko ekungabikho kobungqina bocalucalulo lwetyala elithile.

Mclekey v. Kemp (1987), iNkundla yalugatya ucelomngeni kwinkqubo yokugweba yekomkhulu leGeorgia ngokusekelwe kuphando olubanzi olubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa ababulala amaxhoba amhlophe babe sengozini enkulu yokufumana isohlwayo sokufa kunabo babulala amaxhoba amnyama. Inkundla yabonisa ukuba ubungqina bobuhlanga, obumileyo, obumile bodwa, anele ukuseka uHlaliso lwesi-8 okanye ukwaphulwa okulinganayo. Isigqibo siye sagxekwa ngokuba babeka umthwalo ongenakufikeleleka kubamangalelwa ukuba babonise ucalucalucalulo ngokungekho mthethweni kwiimeko zabo. Ngokomphumo, ubuhlanga buhlala bungalawulwa yi-compulcetmentation.

Kwakhona imeko yentlalo nezoqoqosho idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimeko zokufa. Abameli abangakwaziyo ukunikela isiluleko sabucala badla ngokumelwa kukusebenza kakhulu naphantsi koncedo lukawonke-wonke abangenabo oovimba bokuqhuba uphando olufanelekileyo nokubeka ubungqina obukhoyo. Ubunjani bomelo olusemthethweni bunempembelelo engqalileyo yokuba ummangalelwa ufumana isigwebo sokufa, kodwa umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa kuphela ukuba isiluleko sibe luncedo, singaxhaswanga ngokwaneleyo. Umgangatho ophantsi wokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokukhusela uluntu kumazwe amaninzi ubangela umngcipheko wenkqubo yokuba abamangalelwa abamsulwa baza kugwetywa nokuba ngaphandle koko abagwetyiweyo abafanelekileyo baya kugwetyelwa ukufa ngaphandle komelo olusemthethweni.

Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe nemilinganiselo egqwethekileyo yokuqhatha

I-United States lelinye lamazwe ambalwa asele ephucukileyo agcina isohlwayo sokufa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo kwesohlwayo sokufa kufumene ukugxekwa kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu nakoorhulumente bamanye amazwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakhankanya uqheliselo lwezizwe ngezizwe kwizigqibo zayo zoLawulo lwe-Heighty, ingakumbi ku--Roper v. ISimmons kunye [FLT] kunye [FLT]] ne-ATkins v. Virginia, apho iNkundla yaphawula ukuba iUnited States yayingumntu ongenakuchazwa phakathi koontanga bayo. Noko ke, iNkundla yahlulwa ngokusebenza komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nemithetho-mthetho ephikisayokuba ukuba ukuqheliselana kokunga okuthethwa yintsingiselo yezomGatho.

Utyekelo lwezizwe ngezizwe lokupheliswa kwesohlwayo sokufa lucacile. Kungonyaka wama-2025, amazwe angaphezu kwekhulu aye asiphelisa isohlwayo sentambo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye amanye amaninzi aye ayeka ukusetyenziswa kwawo. IUnited States ihlala ilinye lamazwe ambalwa aqhubeka ebulala amabanjwa, kunye neTshayina, Iran, Saudi Arabia, ne Iraq. Ukuvumelana okukhulayo kwezizwe ngezizwe nxamnye nesohlwayo sokufa kungaphembelela iSexmentement, njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqwalasela ukuba ngaba u-"imilinganiselo elungele isidima" iquka imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ikamva Lokukhuselwa KomGaqo-siseko Kwamabanjwa Asemgceni Wokufa

Imeko esemthethweni yamabanjwa akwimigqele yokufa yoludwe lwezigwebo zetyala eliphakamileyo, inyathelo lomthetho, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke. INkundla yangoku iPhakamileyo iyathandabuza imingeni yokuLandlwa kweMpahla eXhosayo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezi-8 zokubulala, kwaye iye yabonisa ukungazithobeli iinkqubo zesohlwayo seRhovisi. Noko ke, iNkundla iqhubeke inyanzelela ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango enxulumene nokukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukukhuphisana, kunye nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezincinane, zicebisa ukuba imigaqo-siseko ihlale ihleli ihleli ihleli injalo.

Amatyala amaninzi athe gqi elundini anokuphinda aphinde afumane umthetho. Iingxaki zokusetyenziswa kwe-nitrogen hypoxia nezinye iindlela zokubulala ezingaqhelekanga zisenokufikelela kwiNkundla kwiminyaka ezayo, njengoko amazwe ezama ezinye iindlela zokubulala izitofu. Umbuzo wokuba ngaba ukuvalelwa komngxuma owehlayo kubonakalisa ingqwabalala nengaqhelekanga kusekwesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga, kwaye kunokuthiwa inyanzelekile kwiNkundla ephakamileyo ukuze iphinde isetyenziswe kwakhona kwisigqibo sayo [FLT:].[FPFK]

Ekugqibeleni, iBhili yamaLungelo inika isiseko sokukhusela amalungelo asemthethweni amabanjwa akwindawo yokufa, kodwa ukuphumelela kwaloo nkqubo kuxhomekeke ekutolikeni nasekunyanzelweni kwezahlulelo. Umthetho-siseko wokuLandliswa kweSimi seSindululo owesibhozo uthintele isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, isiqinisekiso soMphengululo wesihlanu sokwenza inkqubela efunekayo, kunye neSindululo seSithandathu soMphengululo sobulungisa sisixhobo esinamandla sokuvavanya uluvo olungenangqiqo nolungekho sikweni. Noko ke, la malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko awazibulali azimelengabazinqumlisi, kwaye afuna ukuba alumke kwimithetho ekhusela, imibutho yamalungelo abantu, kunye neenkundla zokuqinisekisa ukuba isithembiso seBhili yamaLungelo afanelekileyo sifunyaniswe ngenxa yokuvavanywa kwawo onke amabanjwa ajongene nesohlwayo.

Isiphelo

IBhili yamaLungelo iye yawaguqula ngokunzulu amalungelo asemthethweni amabanjwa akwindawo yokufa, imisela imiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko emisela iindlela zokubulala, yokwalela ukugwetywa ngokungekho mthethweni, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akunakwenziwa ukuvavanywa ngokubulawa. UMthetho oLawulayo, ngokukodwa, uye waba sisiseko semithetho ebalaseleyo ekhusela abantu abaneziphene, abaphuli-mthetho abaselula, namabanjwa athe aphelelwa lithemba. Ukuchazwa kweNkuNkulamlamlamli oku kubonisa ukuma okungalinganiyo oku, imilinganiselo ephakamileyo kunye nokuqonda okungokwenzululwazi, njengokuba iNkundla iye yazibeka imidaba ecacileyo kwimiqatha ekhusela umGatho.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi nxubeko, iingxaki eziphawulekayo zisekho. Umahluko ophawulekayo wobuhlanga kunye nentlalo-ntle uyaqhubeka uhlasela inkqubo yokufumana isohlwayo serhafu. Ukufihla isigwebo kubangela ukuba ukunqongophala kweziyobisi kubangele ukuba amazwe asebenzise iindlela ezinokuvavanywa nezibuhlungu zokubulala. Uxinzelelo lwamazwe ngamazwe nxamnye nesohlwayo sokufa luyaqhubeka lukhula. IBhili yamaLungelo ngokwawo kuphela ayinakuzicombulula ezi ngxaki zinzulu, kodwa ihlala inguvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla karhulumente kunye nomthombo wesohlwayo solawulo lwezohlwayo.

Njengoko iingxoxo ngesohlwayo sentambo ziqhubeka, amalungelo asemthethweni akwiBhili yamaLungelo aya kuhlala engundoqo kwiingxubusho ezingokwasemthethweni nezemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

[[FLT: 0] ukuqhubekeka kofundo lwesigwebo sentambo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, bona ingcaciso yesigwebo sentambo yetyala, i-Oyez iprojekti yokuqwalaselwa kwetyala lentambo yekohlwayo [ kunye [ noluHlulo loLwazi lwe-Deast pherence's' lweziko lophatho-lwazi [[[FLT]]] kunye noluphatho lweziko lobugratya [FLT] olubanzi] olunika uphakatho lweko olubanzi [[FLT]