Inkonzo kaJury yenye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo zobumi baseMerika, ukanti isoloko ididekile okanye ithandabuza. Abantu abaninzi bajonga izicelo zabachopheli-tyala njengengxaki emele iphetshwe kunokuba lithuba lokuba nenxaxheba ngqo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala lilelona lisisiseko senkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika, ikhuselwe kakhulu ngumGaqo-siseko kwaye isekelwe ngokunzulu kwiinkulungwane zesithethe esisemthethweni. Xa abemi besebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, benza okungakumbi kunokugqiba ngeziphumo zetyala elinye; bagcina ingqibelelo yenkqubo esemthethweni kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba ukugweba kobulungisa kubonakalisa amaxabiso ebutho labantu. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwenkonzo yabagwebi kunceda bonke abami baqonde indlela inkqubo esetyenziswa ngayo nesizathu sokuba bathabathe inxaxheba kwimicimbi yabo.

Isiseko Sembali SomGaqo-siseko Sezilingo ZobuJuli

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala aliyonto esungulwayo. Imvelaphi yalo ibuyela eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi, apho iMagna Carta yowe-1215 yaqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo ongohlwaywa ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe. Lo mgaqo wangqineka usisiseko senkqubo engokwasemthethweni yaseMerika. Amakoloni ajonge ukuchotshelwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala njengesokhuselo olubalulekileyo nxamnye negunya likarhulumente elinobuchule, kwaye bayigcina ngokucokisekileyo kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States.

IsiHlamlisi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke liququzelelwa ngabachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuvala umntu ngaphandle kokunika omangalelweyo ithuba lokugwetywa ngabemi abaqhelekileyo. UMthetho oLawulayo udlulisela eli lungelo kumatyala asekuhlaleni, uqinisekisa ukuba ukuxambulisana ngempahla okanye izivumelwano ezingaphezulu kwee-dola ezingama-20 zemali kusenokuviwa ngenkundla yetyala. Oku kunye, ukupheliswa kwetyala njenge-checking kwityala elingoomthetho nakumandla karhulumente. kucacisa ngokucacileyo ukuba abagwebi abagwebi abangaphezulu kwee-jaji betyala abangaphezulu kwama-dola amashumi amabini ee-dola ka-20 ee-dolanti banokuviwa ngokusemthethweni kodwa banokuviwa njengelungu le-demokhrasi yaseMelikan.

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ukuqanjwa kwezijunga kuye kwaguquka kwaba yindlela ekhethekayo yokufikelela kwizigwebo ezifanelekileyo nezingakhethi macala. Ukusebenza kwijaji ngoku kubonisa ukwahluka-hluka kwabemi. Le ndale yayiqhutywa ziimeko zamalungelo abantu nemithetho ephawulayo, iqinisekisa ingcamango yokuba ijaji edweliswe kwicandelo elinqumlayo lengingqi yengingqi yeyona ndlela ithembekileyo yokufikelela izigqibo ezifanelekileyo nezingakhethiyo. Ukukhonza kwijaji edibanisa abahlalisa ityala ngokuthe ngqo kule sithethe side sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo.

Yintoni Ngokwenene Inkonzo KaJury?

Inkonzo kaJury yinkqubo abahlali ababizwa ngayo ukuba babe ngabagwebi kwinkundla yomthetho. Xa ufumana izicelo zokuchophela amatyala, ucelwa ukuba unikele ingxelo kwinkundla yamatyala ukuze amagqwetha neejaji zikhethe iqela labantu abangakhethi buso ukuze liphulaphule ityala. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo zejaji eUnited States: amaqumrhu aphezulu ahlahlelayo kunye neejaji ezinkulu.

Iijaji ezigwebayo, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziijaji zokugweba, zezona ziqhelekileyo. Ezi jaji zidla ngokuqukwa ngabantu abathandathu ukuya kwabalishumi elinesibini abaphulaphula ubungqina obunikelwayo ngexesha letyala baze banikele isigwebo. Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane ekuvalweni okanye ekukhululweni kwetyala. Kwimiba yasekuhlaleni, abaninzi basenokungavumelani ngokolawulo, kodwa injongo ihlala injalo: isigqibo esisesikweni nesiqiniswe ngokusekelwe kubungqina.

Izigwebo eziphambili zisebenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo. Endaweni yokugqiba ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa, inkundla ebalaseleyo yabachopheli-tyala iva ubungqina bokuqala bokufumanisa enoba kunokwenzeka kusini na ukuba kubekwe ityala. UMthetho wokuHlaziya wesihlanu ufuna ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu lwaseburhulumenteni lumangalelwe kuphela emva kokuba ityala elikhulu lichotshelwe. Nangona inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala abazukileyo, entle ibaluleke ngokufanayo ekuthinteleni ukutshutshiswa okungenasizathu.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlobo lwabachopheli-tyala, umsebenzi ongundoqo usafana. Abachopheli bacelwa ukuba balubeke ecaleni ucalucalulo lobuqu, baphulaphule ngenyameko ubungqina, baze basebenzise umthetho njengoko uyalelwe yijaji. Le yimbopheleleko enzulu, kodwa yileyo abemi abaqhelekileyo abakwazi ngokupheleleyo ukusingatha ukhokelo olufanelekileyo oluvela enkundleni.

Indima Neembopheleleko Zomthetheli

Indima yejaji idla ngokushwankathelwa njenge-false inyani. Kwityala, ijaji imele igqibe imicimbi yomthetho, kuquka ukuba bubuphi ubungqina obuvumelekileyo nendlela yokufundisa abachopheli-tyala ngemigangatho esemthethweni. Abachopheli-mthetho, nabo, banetyala lokugqiba oko kwenzekayo ngokwenene. Eli candelo lomsebenzi ligcina ukungacaluli kwenkundla kwaye libeka isigqibo esingokwaphela kwenyani ezandleni zengingqi.

Imisebenzi Engaphakathi Enkundleni

Xa unyulwe ukuba usebenze kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, imisebenzi yejaji ichazwa ngokucacileyo. Kufuneka unikele ingqalelo esondeleyo kubo bonke ubungqina, imiqondiso, kunye neempikiswano ezinikelwa ngamacala omabini. Ukuqwalasela kusoloko kuvunyelwa, nangona imithetho engqalileyo ihlukeneyo yinkundla. Kufuneka ungathethi ngetyala nabani na, kuquka nabasebenzi bomgwebi abangomnye, de ixesha lokuqwalasela kweso sigqibo liqalise. Uyalelwa ngokungqongqo ekuqhubeni uphando lwakho oluzimeleyo, ukutyelela isiganeko, okanye ukukhangela ulwazi ngetyala le Internet. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba eso sigqibo sisekelwe kuphela kubungqina obunikelwe kwinkundla evulekileyo.

Abagwebi kufuneka bawusebenzise umthetho njengoko uyalelwa ngumgwebi. Le yenye yezona nkalo zibalulekileyo zomsebenzi. Nokuba umgwebi akavumelani ngokobuqu nomthetho othile, isifungo somphathi-jaji kufuneka silandele imiyalelo yomgwebi. Ukuba ijaji ichaza umgangatho "ngaphakamisi amathandabuzo asengqiqweni," ijaji kufuneka isebenzise ngokuthembeka.

Inkqubela Yesithinteli

Emva kokuba buvezwe bonke ubungqina kwaye ijaji inike imiyalelo, abachopheli-tyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala ngabom. Kulapho ugwebo lwengingqi luqala khona. Abasebenzi baxubusha ngobungqina, impikiswano ephikisanayo, kwaye basebenzela ukufikelela kwisigqibo esingqinelanayo. Igumbi lokuququzelela liyindawo yokuthetha ngokunyanisekileyo, ngentlonelo. Umgwebi ngamnye ulindeleke ukuba achaze iimbono zakhe, aphulaphule abanye, aze ahlolisise ukuma kwabo xa iimpikiswano ezintsha zingqinelana.

Umveleli ophambili, onyulwe ngabachopheli-tyala, unceda ekukhokeleni incoko kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba bonke ubungqina buhlolisiswe ngokulandelelana. Isigqibo singathabatha iiyure okanye iintsuku, kuxhomekeka kubuntsonkothe betyala. Injongo asikokufikelela isigqibo ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kukufikelela isigqibo sokuba wonke umgcini-jaji unokuxhasa ubungqina. Le nkqubo kukuqhelisela okunzulu kwidemokhrasi, kufuna umonde, ukucingelana ngengqiqo, nokuhlonelana.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkonzo Yobutsha Ibaluleke Kulawulo - melo

Ukubaluleka kwenkonzo yabachopheli-tyala kugqitha kude kwityala lomntu ngamnye. Ii Juries luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla karhulumente. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente uzisa ubunzima obupheleleyo bobuncwane bakhe nxamnye nommangalelwa omnye. Abachopheli-mgwebi bamisa phakathi komntu norhulumente, beqinisekisa ukuba ityala lihlangatyelwe phambi kokuba umntu ahluthwe umthwalo wakhe wenkululeko okanye impahla. Ngaphandle kokukhusela, inkqubo yokugweba iza kuphulukana nelungelo lakhe.

Ukuhlola Amandla Karhulumente

Abaseki baqonda ukuba urhulumente ophambili unokuhendelwa ekusebenziseni kakubi igunya lakhe. Balijonga ijaji njengomqobo ekuxhathiseni okuxhatshazwa okunjalo. Ngokufuna ukuba urhulumente aqinisekise iqela labemi abaqhelekileyo letyala lommangalelwa, umGaqo-siseko uthintela urhulumente ukuba anganyanzeli nje ukuba afune. Lo mgaqo usebenza ngokufanayo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, apho iijaji zithintela amaziko anamandla okanye abantu abazizityebi ukuba balawule inkqubo esemthethweni. Xa usebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-mthetho, usebenza njengomlawuli onegunya elingenawo umgwebi okanye urhulumente onokuthi ahlulele.

Ukubonakalisa Imilinganiselo Yoluntu

Imithetho itolikwa ngabantu, kwaye abantu abasebenza kumaqumrhu ejaji bazisa amava abo obomi kunye nengqiqo eqhelekileyo kwinkundla. Ijaji ebonisa ukwahluka-hlukene kwebutho labantu isenokuba inokwenzeka kakhulu ukufikelela kwisigqibo esisesikweni nesilungeleleneyo. IAmerican Bar Association igxininisa ukuba iijaji ezidityanisiweyo ngesiquphe, ziqwalasela iimbono ezithe chatha, zenze iimpazamo ezizizo zobunyani [[. Oku kungenxa yoko inkqubo esemthethweni isebenza nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqula ejaji asebenza ngokusuka kwicandelo elingummeli omdaka.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuthenjwa Nokumiselwa

Xa abemi bebukele inkqubo yomthetho besuka ngaphakathi, bayazi ngokunzulu indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo. Oku kwenzeka ngokwawo kwakha ukuthembana. Abagwebi bayabona ukuba abagwebi abakhethi, amagqwetha abambelele kwimilinganiselo engqongqo, kwaye inkqubo yenzelwe ukuba ibe nengqiqo. Babuyela kwimimandla yabo njengabameli abanolwazi lomthetho. Kwixesha lokuphelelwa kokuthembana kwamaziko, inkonzo yabachopheli yenye yezona ndlela zinamandla zokubuyisela intembelo kwijaji.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yokukhetha Ibhotwe

Inkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli-tyala, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-voir dash (igama lesiFrentshi elithetha "ukuthetha inyaniso"), yenzelwe ukuchonga nokukhupha abachopheli bogwebi abanorhwaphilizo. Xa ufaka ingxelo yomsebenzi wejaji, uza kuba yinxalenye yequmrhu elikhulu labaququzeleli-jaji. Abagwebi namagqwetha baza kukubuza imibuzo ngemvelaphi yakho, iinkolelo zakho, kunye naluphi na unxulumano kwityala. Le nkqubo ayibhekiselwa ukuba ifakele phambili kodwa kunoko ukuqinisekisa ukuba indawo yolawulo lokugqibela ingenza isigqibo ngendlela elungileyo.

Iingxaki Neziciko

Ama-athorney kumacala omabini anelungelo lokuvavanya abalawuli. Ucelomngeni lonobangela luyaphakanyiswa xa umgwebi evuma ukuba abe nokhethe oluya kubathintela ekubeni ngabangakhethi buso, njengolwalamano lobuqu neqela okanye uluvo olunamandla ngohlobo lwetyala elivavanywayo. Akukho mda kule mingeni. Ukucinezela kuvumela amagqwetha ukuba agxothe inani elisikelweyo labagwebi ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu. Noko ke, ezi ngxaki azinakusetyenziswa ukunqanda abachobi abasekelwe kuhlanga okanye kubufana, njengoko kulawulwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Ukunyaniseka ngexesha lobungozi kubalulekile. Ukuba unesizathu esinyanisekileyo sokuba ungabi namkhethe, ngumsebenzi wakho ukuthetha. Ityala lobulungisa lixhomekeke kubagwebi abanokubekela bucala iimbono zabo ze bagqibe ityala kubungqina bodwa. [[FLT: 0] Iofisi yoLawulo ye U.S. iiNkundla [[FLT: 1] inikeza ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha ngoko banokukulindela ngexesha lokhetho nokuvavanywa.

Ukuthetha Ngeengxaki Eziqhelekileyo Kwinkonzo Yokugcina Inzala

Kuyinyaniso ukuba inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala inokubangela ubunzima. Ucwangciso lomsebenzi, iimbopheleleko zokunyamekela abantwana, kunye neengxaki zemali zifanelekile. Noko ke, inkqubo esemthethweni inika iindawo zokuhlala ezithe ngqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhonza kunokwenzeka kubantu abaninzi. Ukuqonda ezi nkuselo kunokunciphisa ixhala ngokubizwa.

Izakhono zabaqeshi namalungelo asemthethweni

Imithetho karhulumente neyaseburhulumenteni ikhusela abasebenzi abasebenza kwii-jaji. UMthetho kaJury System Revelopment ka-1978 uyabalela abaqeshi ekudubuleni, ekoyikisa, okanye ekuncediseni abasebenzi ngenxa yenkonzo yabo yequmrhu lejaji lesizwe. Amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho efanayo egquma inkundla yetyala. Ngoxa umqeshi wakho enganyanzelekanga ukuba akuhlawule ngexesha lakho ungekho, kufuneka akunike ixesha ngaphandle kwesohlwayo. Abaqeshi abaninzi bakhetha ukuhlawula abasebenzi ngexesha lokusebenza kwinkundla yejaji njengomcitho. Ukuba ubizwa, thetha nomphathi wakho ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye banikele ukhuphelo lwezicelo zakho ukuze ubhale loo myalelo.

Iingxaki Zemali Nomvuzo

Iinkundla ezininzi zihlawula ijaji umrhumo wemihla ngemihla ogama lingumsebenzi wazo. Abasebenzi bejaji abasebenza ngesebe ngoku bafumana ii-50 (R1,50) ngosuku, kunye nemali eyongezelelekileyo yemayile. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisoloko zihlawula imali encinane, kodwa ezinye imigaqo zinikela iindleko eziphezulu kwiimvavanyo ezithe xhaxheyo. Ukuba ukukhonza kungabangela ubunzima obubalulekileyo bemali, ungacela ityala elibekelwe umnxeba okanye elidala. Iinkundla ziyaqonda ukuba asingomntu wonke onokuthi angakwazi ukusebenza ngoko nangoko, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ziyakwazi ukutshintsha ekumiseleni inkonzo yakho ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka Nehambo yokuvavanya

Olunye utshintsho olukhulu lwezijungqu zale mihla luthintelo lwezityholo ze-elektroniki. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa, abagwebi bayalela abagwebi ukuba bangasebenzisi iimfonomfono, amacwecwe, okanye iikhompyutha ukuba baphande ityala, bakhangele amagama asemthethweni, okanye bahlole imithombo yezonxibelelwano malunga nemicimbi. Lo mthetho unyanzelekile. Ukuwutyeshela kungaphumela ekuzifumaneni okanye ekuzijongeni phantsi izityholo zenkundla. Injongo kukuthintela ulwazi lwangaphandle ekuphembeleni isigqibo sabachopheli-mthetho. [[FLT: 0] IZiko lobuzwe lezentlalo-ntle yeeNkundla zoRhulumente [ linikela izibonelelo zokunceda izigqi ziqonde le mithetho kunye nemithetho esemva kwazo. Ukulungiselela usuku ngaphandle kokunxibelelana okuzinzileyo kungumvuzo kuncinane ukuhlawula ukutyala.

Ukubonakala Kwalo Nabashwankathelayo

Ukuze ufanelekele inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, kufuneka ufikelele iimfuno ezisisiseko. Kufuneka ube ngummi waseUnited States, ummi wesithili esigweba unyaka omnye, ubuncinane oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, kwaye ukwazi ukufunda, ukubhala nokuqonda isiNgesi. Abantu abaye babanjwa ngetyala kwaye abakhange babuyiselwe amalungelo abo asemthethweni basenokungamkeleki, nangona imithetho iyahluka ngokwesizwe. Ukuba ufumana izicelo, inyathelo lakho lokuqala kukuqinisekisa ukuba ufanelekile kwaye emva koko ulandela imiyalelo ekwifomu.

Ukungahoyi ukubizwa kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala akuyongcamango ilungileyo. Iinkundla ziyithatha nzulu le mbopheleleko, yaye ukungazenzi ukubonakala kungaphumela ekuhlawuleni, ekuchaneni, okanye kwanokuba yisiqinisekiso sebhedi. Ukuba ngokunyaniseka akunakukhonza ngomhla ochaziweyo, phendula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ucele ukumiswa. Iinkundla ezininzi zinika elinye ityala ngaphandle kokubuza. Inkqubo ixhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokuthembekileyo, kwaye uninzi lwabemi lufumana ukuba xa lusebenza, amava aluncedo kakhulu kunokuba babekulindele.

Iingcamango Eziqhelekileyo Ngemisebenzi Yobunyulu

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba baza kuzenza bangabi namdla wokusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo okanye ukuba ixesha labo liza kudlalwa. Ezi intsomi ziyakudibanisa ukuba nenxaxheba kwaye ziyenze buthathaka inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala. Inyaniso kukuba iinkundla zisebenzisa ixesha lejaji ngendlela elungileyo. Ngoxa kukho ukulinda okungenakuphepheka, iinkundla ezininzi zifake iinkqubo zokunciphisa ukulibazisa. Inkolelo yokuba "abantu abagwebi bayaphuma kwinkonzo yejaji" ikwabubuxoki. Iinkundla zifuna ukuthenjiswa, abemi abanolwayo ukuze bakhonze. Abo bazama ukuphepha ukuphosa ithuba lokunikela ngokungqalileyo ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi yabo.

Enye intsomi iqhelekile yeyokuba ukusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala kukruqula okanye akunamsebenzi. Enyanisweni, ukuvavanywa kungenza umdla. Abachopheli bafumana indawo ephambili kwinkqubo yomthetho, beva ubungqina obuyinyani kumangqina kwaye bebona indlela amagqwetha athetha ngayo. Abagwebi abaninzi banikela ingxelo yokuba amava aguqula indlela yabo yokujongana nenkqubo yokugweba ngendlela engcono. Kuyimfundo ephazamisayo kwimfundo yequmrhu engenakulinganiswa kuyo nakweyiphi na iklasi.

Isiphelo

Inkonzo kaJury asiyombopheleleko esemthethweni; lilungelo lokuba ngummi wesizwe. Abaqulunqi babeka abachopheli-tyala kumbindi wenkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika ngenxa yokuba babethembe abantu abaqhelekileyo ukwenza izigqibo ezinzima ngokusesikweni nangokusesikweni. Ngaliphi na ixesha ummi ekhonza kwinkundla yetyala, bayaphinda baqinisekise ukuba ukholose. Bangqina ukuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ngabantu, kungekhona kurhulumente okanye kubagwebi kuphela. Ukuba uyamkelelwa, uyayamkela. Yilungiselele. Yibonise kwaye wenze umsebenzi wakho. Impilo yedemokhrasi yaseMelika ixhomekeke kubemi abakulungeleyo ukuba babe nenxaxheba, bangamagunya, nabagwebi. Imicimbi yakho.