Ukuqonda Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho Nenkqubo Yokutshutshisa

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho wakha isiseko socwangco lukawonke-wonke, uchaza ihambo evaliweyo kunye nokugwetywa kwabo baphula umthetho. Kubafundi nabafundisi-lwazi kwizifundo zomthetho, ukuqonda indlela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchotshelwa ngayo kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokusesikweni. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olubanzi lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ukusuka kwiinkcazelo ezisisiseko ngokuphengulula ngokupheleleyo ubomi, kuquka ukuphehlwa, ukumangalelwa, nokugwetywa. Ngokuhlola iqonga ngalinye kunye nendima yabathathi-nxaxheba, abafundi baya kufumana ukuqonda ngokucokisekileyo indlela inkqubo yokhuseleko yoluntu ngamalungelo.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho liqumrhu lemithetho nemithetho echaza izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, imisela iinkqubo zokubanjwa nokugwetywa kweengcinga, kwaye imisela izigwebo kwabo bagwetyiweyo. Iinjongo zawo eziphambili kukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, ukukhusela abantu nempahla, ukunqanda izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho olulungisa imicimbi yangasese, ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, ozisombulula iimpikiswano, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubandakanya izenzo zikarhulumente ngokuchasene nomntu othile ngokwemigaqo yomthetho. Urhulumente .

Imvelaphi Yomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho eUnited States usuka kwimithombo emininzi: imimiselo karhulumente emiselwe yiBhunga, imithetho yesohlwayo yesizwe, nemigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo ezuzwe kwisithethe somthetho saseNgilani. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. nawo ufeza indima ebalulekileyo ngokumisela igunya likarhulumente ngokulimisela ngokhuseleko olufana noMphengululo weSine (ukuphengulula okungenangqiqo nokuxhwaleka), uLawulo lweNtenu (olunelungelo lokuhlala luthulile yaye lufanelekile), uHlaziyo lweSindululo (ekunene kwimngeni elikhawulezayo nesiluleko sikawonke) kunye noMgaqo-Ande-Angq (unyaka wesi-8).

Imvelaphi Yezaphuli - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho ludla ngokuhlelwa kwiindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo ezisekelwe kubunzulu:

  • Ityala elinzulu eligwetywayo libotshwa ngaphezu konyaka, ngokufuthi kwintolongo karhulumente okanye yesizwe. Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezixhobo, nokurhweba ngeziyobisi. Ityala elinzima lingathwala intengo, ukuvalelwa kwetyala okanye ukukhutshwa kwetyala emva konyaka.
  • I-Misderars: Ityala elincinci elinobungcwaba obude obuthwala izigwebo ukuya kunyaka omnye entolongweni, ityala, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye isohlwayo. Imizekelo iquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo, kunye nokuba neziyobisi ezincinane.

Ezinye iindawo zikwaqaphela [[FLT: 0] ukwaphula umthetho okanye iziphelo, ezifana namatikiti ezithuthi, athathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye adla ngokuphumela kwintengo.

Izinto Ezibangela Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Ukuze aqiniseke ukuba uyamthemba umntu, ingtshutshiso imele ingqine izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:

  • Actus Reus (isenzo setyala): isenzo sokuzithandela okanye ukuphosa okuphula umthetho. Umzekelo, ukutsala inkcukumiso (isenzo) okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuxela imeko eyingozi (umyalelo) ingenza i-sctus reus.
  • IMALI ``Ii-Rea' (ingqondo enetyala): Imeko yengqondo yommangalelwa ngexesha lokwenza isenzo. Oku kungasuka kwinjongo (enenjongo) ukuya kukwazi, ukungakhathali, okanye ukungakhathaleli. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo lufuna amanqanaba ahlukeneyo amadoda a-rea/umreder afuna injongo, ngexa ukuhleka kungabandakanya ukungakhathali.

Ukongeza, kufuneka kubekho [[FLT: 0] i-connucturence phakathi kwe-tomus reus kunye ne-mans rea, kwezinye iimeko, ukudibanisa isenzo kwiziphumo zomonakalo. Kumacala angqongqo (umz., ukudlwengula, ukuthengisa utywala kwizinto ezincinane), akukho madoda afunekayo, isenzo sobugqhinga sanele ukuqinisekisa.

Inyathelo Lenkqubela Lokuchola Ngenyathelo

Uhambo olusuka kulwaphulo - mthetho olurhanelwayo ukuya kugwetywa luquka iinqanaba ezininzi.

1. Uphando

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho (---applice, amagosa alawulayo, amagunya, amagunya karhulumente (FBI, DEA, ATF) ) . Uphando olusekelwe kwiingxelo, kwiingxelo zobungqina, okanye kwingxelo esebenzayo. Abangenisi baqokelela ubungqina obubonakalayo (DNA, iminwe, izixhobo), amangqina kunye nabakrokreleki, kwaye bangasebenzisa ii-okhepheli, iimvume, okanye ii-asethi ezincinci ukufumana ulwazi olongezelelekileyo. Umphetho weSine weSijinga-mende ufuna ukuba uphengululo kunye nokuxhwala okusengqiqweni; uphengululo oluninzi lwekhaya okanye umntu lufuna isiqinisekiso esixhaswa sizathu esilindelekileyo. Ubungqina obufunyenwe bungagwetyelwanga.

2. Ukubanjwa

Ukuba ngexesha lophando kuqikelelwa ukuba kumiselwe umthetho ofanele ukuba ubangele ukukholelwa ukuba umntu othile owenziwe ulwaphulo-mthetho, kungabanjwa. Ukubanjwa kunokwenzeka okanye kungenziwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko. Xa ebanjwa, umkrokreli kufuneka axelelwe ngamalungelo akhe (ilungelo lobuMiranda), kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala athule kunye nelungelo lokunika igqwetha. Ukunganikezi izilumkiso i-Miranda kungaphumela ekucinyweni kwazo naziphina iziqinisekiso ezifunyenweyo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunyaziso.

3. Ukuqokelela kunye nembonakalo yokuqala

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ukrokrelelwa usiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa sokubhala: ushicilelo lolwazi lobuqu, ukuchola iminwe, ukufota, nokufaka iifoto kwisisele esibambekileyo. Kwiiyure ezingama-48 (ngokoqobo), ukrokrelwa kufuneka aziswe phambi komgwebi imbonakalo engaqhelekanga[. Kule ngxoxo, ijaji ixelela ummangalelwa ngezityholo, icebisa ngamalungelo, ibeka iimeko zebheyile (okanye ukhanka ibheyili kwiimeko ezinzima), kwaye imisa isiluleko ukuba ummangalelwa akanako ukulimela igqwetha. Kuba imbonakalo yokuqala isenokuquka ithuba lokumangalela nokufumana isigwebo.

4. Ukuqinisekisa ngesigqibo

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ifayile yetyala iya kwi-ofisi yomtshutshisi. Umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina aze agqibe ukuba angafaka kusini na izityholo eziqhelekileyo. Iimeko eziphembelela isigqibo ziquka amandla obungqina, ubunzulu betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo. Umtshutshisi angakhetha ukumangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo njengoko kubanjwa, oluncinci luquka ukulahlwa, okanye ukubekwa komnye umkhalazi. Kwezinye iindawo, ityala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala lifuneka ngenxa yetyala (inkqubo yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho) okanye umtshutshisi angafaka isikhalazo solwaphulo-mthetho ngqo.

5. Ukuva kwangaphambili

Kumatyala anzima, uvavanyo olunetyala olunentengiso lubanjwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo (ngokufuthi 10-20 iintsuku). Umtshutshisi kufuneka anikele ubungqina obaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ijaji ukuba ikho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ummangalelwa owenziwe ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukhuseleko lunganqamleza i-aximine kunye nobungqina obukhoyo obungasikelwe mda. Ukuba umgwebi ufumana unobangela oqiniswayo, ityala libotshelelwe ukuvavanywa. Ukuba akunjalo, izityholo zingarhoxiswa. Kwamanye amazwe, umlomo wokuqala unokuva uzakurhoxiswa, kwaye imeko iqhubekeka ngqo kwi-atragnment.

6. Ulungelelwaniso

Kwityala, ummangalelwa uvela enkundleni ukuze aphulaphule izityholo ezisemthethweni aze angenise isibongozo.

  • I-Guilty: ukuvuma isono, esikhokelela ngqo ekugwebeni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ayinatyala: Ukuchasa izityholo, ezifuna ukuvavanywa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Akukho mbutho (Nolo Ujaji): Ungavumi ukuba netyala kodwa wamkele isohlwayo; isoloko isetyenziswa kwisicelo socaphulo ukuphepha ityala lasekuhlaleni.

Ukuba ummangalelwa ucela ukuba angabi natyala, inkundla imisela umhla wokuchotshelwa kwetyala kwaye isenokumisela ixesha elimiselweyo lokuthatha inyathelo langaphambi kwetyala nokufunyanwa kwalo.

7. Intshukumo yangaphambili nokufunyanwa

Phambi kokuvavanywa, omabini amacala abandakanyeka kwi iziphumo. I-Acterns projects inika ubungqina kunye neenqanaba zamaNgqina. I-chuwa kufuneka ityhile ubungqina bokuzikhusela (uncedo lwendalo kukhuselo) phantsi Brady v. Maryland. Le ntshukumo i-attor file yangaphambi kwemingenis ukucombulula imiba, njengeminyanzelo yokucinezela ubungqina (ngokubhekiselele ekuphembeleni okungekho mthethweni okanye ekuphunyezweni), ukurhoxinzeleni ukuphelisa ukuswela kwesizathu esilindelekileyo, okanye ukutshintsha indawo eqhubekayo. Le mijikelezo ingenza uvavanyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ikhokelela kwimeko yokugxothwa komthetho.

Ukulungisa intsimbi

Ngaphezu kwama-90% amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asombululwa nge- e-plea ye-procence kunokuba abekwe icala. Umtshutshisi kunye nokhuseleko uthethana: ummangalelwa ucela ityala elincinci okanye kwelinye lamanani amaninzi ukutshintshisa ngesigwebo esinconyelweyo okanye ukugxothwa kwezinye izityholo. Ukucebisana ngengenelo inkqubo ngokulondoloza ixesha kunye nezibonelelo, kwaye kungenelwa ummangalelwa ngokunciphisa umngcipheko. Noko ke, kufuneka ukuba abe ngowokuzithandela nangobulumko, kwaye inkundla ifanele ivume isivumelwano. Ijaji ayibotshelelwa ngumtshutshisi okanye ityala.

9. Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba akukho sibongozo sifikelelwayo, ityala liyaqhubeka lichotshelwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo elisemthethweni lokuchophela ityala ngabachopheli-tyala (kuze kuthethwe amatyala anzulu) okanye kuchotshelwe ityala elikwisihlalo esiphezulu phambi kwejaji. Le nkqubo yokuchotshelwa ilandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo:

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha (Inani elipheleleyo): IAttorney zamacala omabini zibuza abalawuli abanokuchonga ikhethe indawo yolawulo elungileyo. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa ucelomngeni olungenasiphelo ukukhupha abachongi ngaphandle konobangela (inani elilinganiselweyo) kunye nocelomngeni lobangela (ukungathintelwa).
  • IiNgxelo ezivulayo: Ityala (othwele umthwalo wobungqina) linikela ushwankathelo lobungqina elifuna ukubuzisa. Ukhuseleko lunganikela ingxelo yalo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza emva okanye luyigcine de kube kamva.
  • Ukucuthwa kocaka-'Ityala-ngeSinyuko: Ukubethwa kwamatyala kuxelelwa kunye nokuboniswa kwemiboniso yokungqina isiqalelo ngasinye solwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukhuseleko lunethuba lokunqumla i-aximine qho.
  • Ityala loMcimbi loMcimbi: Emva kokuma, ukhuselo lunganikela ubungqina balo, kuquka amangqina kunye nobungqina bommangalelwa. Ummangalelwa akafuneki ukuba anikele ubungqina, kwaye ingtshutshiso ayinakugqabaza ngokuzola kommangalelwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iimpikiswano ezichazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa isizathu sokuba abachopheli-tyala bafumane ityala okanye ubumsulwa. Ingxengxezo ithetha kuqala neyokugqibela (ekwakungachatshazelwa).
  • [[UMTL:0] Imiyalelo ebhaliweyo: Ijaji icacisa umthetho osebenzayo kubachopheli-mthetho, kuquka iziqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina, kunye nemfuneko yesigqibo esidibeneyo.
  • I-Delibheration kunye neSigwebo: Abachopheli-tyala ngasese kwaye kufuneka bafikelele isigqibo esimanyeneyo sokugweba okanye sokugweba. Ukuba abachobi abakwazi ukufikelela kwisigqibo esingalawulekiyo (abagwebi abagwebi), ityala lingavakaliswa ngokuphosakeleyo, kwaye ingtshutshiso ingakhetha ukuphinda ilicinezelela eli tyala.

10. Ukugwetywa

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyanwe enetyala, ijaji ibeka isigwebo kwisigwebo esahlukileyo. Isigwebo singasenzeka ngoko nangoko kwimposiso okanye emva kokuvunywa kwangaphambi kokuvunyelwa kwetyala. Izinto eziqwalaselwayo ziquka uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, iingxelo zeziphumo zexhoba, kunye nemigaqo yokugweba (enokuthi ibe yeyokunyanzeleka okanye yeyokugweba).

  • Ukuvalelwa entolongweni (ekungagqibelelini, entolongweni ngenxa yamatyala)
  • Iprojekthi (ikhutshwe ngokukhutshwa
  • Imali entle nehlawulelwa amaxhoba
  • Inkonzo yoLuntu, unyango lweziyobisi, okanye iinkqubo zemfundo
  • Isohlwayo sokufa (kumazwe agunyazisa isohlwayo sentambo ngenxa yezenzo ezimandundu ezinjengokubulala)

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesibhozo uyalwalela isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, ngoko izigwebo zimele zingqinelwe njengolwaphulo - mthetho.

11. Izibheno

Ummangalelwa ogwetywayo unelungelo lokubhenela ityala okanye isigwebo kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno zisekelwe kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezenzeka ebudeni betyala, njengokuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, ukunganyaniseki komtshutshisi, okanye uncedo olungaphumeleliyo lwesiluleko. Inkundla ye-appellate ihlola ingxelo yokuchotshelwa kwetyala kwaye ingavuma, ibuyeke, okanye iphinde ibekwe kwityala elitsha. Ityala lidla ngokungenzeki ukubhenela ukuva ityala ngenxa yokuzikhusela okuphindwe kabini, kodwa urhulumente angabhenela kwisigwebo esithile sangaphambi kwenkundla okanye izigwebo.

Indima Yomtshutshisi

Abagwebi bangamagqwetha karhulumente amela urhulumente kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Umsebenzi wawo asikokufumana iinkolelo nje kuphela kodwa kukufuna okusesikweni. Iimbopheleleko zomthetho ziquka:

  • Ubungqina bokubengezeleleka: ukuchaza enoba ubungqina obuqokelelwe ngumthetho onyanzelisayo banele kwaye bufunyenwe ngokusemthethweni ukuxhasa izityholo.
  • Ukubulala nokuba Kuphina Ukutyhola: Ukusebenzisa ubuchule bomtshutshisi uku faka iityala okanye ukurhoxa kwetyala, maxa wambi ukuphambukisa amatyala kwiinkqubo ezizezinye (umz., iinkundla zeziyobisi).
  • [[UMTL:0] Izivumelwano zePlegatia: Ukuncedisa ekucebiseni ukucombulula amatyala ngokunempumelelo ngeli lixa kuqinisekiswe ukuba kulungelelanisiwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuchaza uRhulumente ekuchotshelweni: unikela ubungqina, uvavanyo lwamangqina, kwaye uxambulisana nabachopheli-tyala.
  • Intengiso ezithengiselwayo: Ukubeka igalelo elikhethekileyo elihambelana nezikhokelo kunye nezilangazelelo zobulungisa.

Abatshutshisi banamandla kakhulu, yaye imithetho yokuziphatha ifuna batyhile ubungqina bokucalula nokuphepha iingxabano ezibangel ’ umdla.

Indima Yeathom Yokhuselo

Igqwetha elithethelelayo liyigosa letyala, liqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akhuselwe kwaye urhulumente ungqina imeko yakhe ngaphandle kokuthandatyuzwa. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukucebisa okugqithisileyo: Ukuchaza izityholo, izisohlwayo ezinokwenzeka, kunye nokhetho olukhoyo (uvavanyo, njalo njalo.).
  • Ukungenisa ityala: ukuphengulula ngokuzimeleyo, ukubuza amangqina, kunye nokuhlola ubungqina.
  • Ukuthethelela Umzekelo wotshutshiso: iintshukumo zokutyhalela phantsi ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, amangqina anqamlezayo, nokunyusa uewebo lokuzikhusela (wesiqu, ukugcuma, isimin, isibi).
  • [[UMTL:0] Imisebenzi enika isantya esiphezulu: Ukufuna eyona miphumo ilungileyo ingeyiyo ukuvavanywa xa kufanelekile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuchaza intelekelelo yenzondelelo ekwityala: inikela ubuchule bokuzikhusela obudityanisiweyo, kuquka ukunikela amangqina kunye nokwenza iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni.

Abameli abangakwaziyo ukunikela icebiso banelungelo legqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla (umkhuseli kawonke-wonke) phantsi koMthetho-siseko weSithandathu. Uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko lilungelo lomgaqo-siseko; ukufaneleka komelo okunganelanga kusenokuba zizizathu zokubhenela.

Ukukhusela komGaqo-siseko neziqinisekiso zokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo

Inkqubo yobulungisa baseMerika yolwaphulo-mthetho yenzelwe ukukhusela iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo norhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Imigaqo engundoqo iquka:

  • Ukuvunywa kobuNqanawa: Bonke abamangalelwa bacingelwa ukuba bamsulwa de bagwetywe benetyala. Uxanduva lokungqina luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwintshumayelo.
  • Isiqinisekiso sokungaqiniseki okusengqiqweni: Owona mgangatho uphakamileyo wobungqina kumthetho, ufuna ukuba abachopheli betyala baqiniseke ngokupheleleyo ukuba banetyala ngaphandle kokungaqiniseki okusengqiqweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukulungileyo kwicebiso: Uhlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni nanini na kuxa kunzima ukutshutshiswa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukuya kwityala lobundlobongela neloluntu: ukhusela uvalelo olungagqibekanga kwaye ukhuthaza ukubonakala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ekunene kuMphathi ongenamkhethe: AbaKhuseli bangavavanya abagwebi abanekhethe kwaye bacele utshintsho lwendawo ukuba usasazo lwangaphambili luneengcongconi kwiqula lasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukhuselo oluchasene nozinyo: IsiHlomelo sesihlanu sivumela abamangalelwa ukuba bahlale bethulile. Intelekelelo engalunganga ayinakususwa ekuthuleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuselo oluchasene noMngxuma Ophindwe kabini: IsiHlanzi sesihlanu soMmiselo sikwalela ukuvavanywa kabini kwetyala elifanayo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukuqinisekiswa.

Le ndlela yokukhusela iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ihlala isesikweni, kanye njengokuba ifuna ukohlwaya ububi.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho kunye nenkqubo yokutshutshisa zininzi kodwa zibalulekile kwibutho labantu abasebenzayo. Ukusuka kuphando lokuqala ngokugwetywa nokubhena, iqonga ngalinye limele ulungelelwano olululo phakathi kwamandla orhulumente okunyanzelisa imithetho kunye nelungelo lomntu ngokweenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Kubo bafunda okanye bafundisa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, baqonda la manyathelo `enye ngokuhambisana neendima zabatshutshisi, amagqwetha, amagqwetha, kunye nemigaqo-siseko somGaqo-siseko, limisela isiseko esiqinileyo sokuhlolisisa iimeko zokwenene zehlabathi. Inkqubo ayifezekanga, kodwa inkqubo yayo eqhubekayo iphuculwa ziinguqulo zomthetho, inkundla, kwaye isebenza ngokusesikweni okulungele ukulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i- iCornell Information ye-Istagement comcantment comcammental short , i- U.S. Isebe lesikhokelo sobulungisa kwi-gureyiti ye-, kunye ne-[FLT]Melika Comment=Ilungu le-Criminal Justice Icandelo [ loovimba bobuGcisa-mthetho bolwaphulo-mthetho.