Ukwazisa

Uphando lokunyanzela luye lwafana nolunye lwezona ndlela zokwahlula abantu nezingaqondwanga kwizixhobo zezobupolitika zaseMelika. Okokuqala, lufana nohlolisiso olufanelekileyo olusetyenziswa ngamaphulo, amajelo eendaba, kunye nabaphandi bemfundo. Kodwa ngaphantsi kwaloo mbonakalo yophando lwenzululwazi, uphando olunyanzelisayo lwenzelwe ukuba lungalinganisi iimvakalelo zikawonke wonke kodwa luyibumbe. Inkcubeko esebenzisa ngabom imibuzo ekhokelayo, izakhiwo ezikhohlakeleyo, kunye nolwimi olune oluchuliweyo ukuvelisa iingqubano ezingalunganga kwiingqondo zabavoti. Ngoxa ukuphengulula ngokwesithethe sifuna ukufundwa ngokuchanileyo komvota, kunyanzelo lwendlela yokubhejala phantsi kophano olusebenza phantsi kophando. Indaleko yayo ityhila ngokutshayo kunyaka ongamashumi amane amashumi amane adluleyo, ukusuka ekunyukeni kweminye ye-data kunye nee-data ze-data ze-data ezikhoyo.

Ligama "uphatho olunesisongelo" oluphethe isisongelo esinamandla kangangokuba imibutho yophando olungoogcisayo iwugweba ngokucacileyo lo msebenzi. I-American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR) yahlula phakathi kophando olusemthethweni, olubonisayo kunye nendlela evakalayo, kwaye lunyanzela ukuvota, olusebenza njenge "lokusasaza ulwazi olubiyo malunga nomntshukumisi. ” Nangona oku kugwetywa okubanzi, iphulo luyaqhubeka lusebenzisa ubuchule ngenxa yokuba luyasebenza: lufikelela kwivotistiki ngendlela evakala injalo, ibhadula abagcini bamasango bezixhobo zekhompyutha, kwaye kunzima ukukhangela emva komthombo wayo. Ukuqonda umjikelo opheleleyo wokurhoxava ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo kuwezo lwangowe-1980 ukuya kwimivo yayo kunika iwindow kwindlela emnyama yoomatshini yoonopolitiki.

Imvelaphi Yokungcoliswa Kubantu

Ixesha elithe ngqo lomntu aguqulela uphando lokuqala kwisixhobo kunzima ukulichaza, kodwa ababhali-mbali abaninzi kunye namaziko ezobupolitika bayavuma ukuba ukutyhalela phambili njengeqhinga elibonakalayo elacaciswayo kwiminyaka yee-1980. Ishumi leminyaka labona imvume yezinto ezenza ukuba ubuchule bukhange: ukulungelelaniswa kophando lwemfono-mfono-mfono, ukwenziwa komsebenzi okhulayo wokucebisa ngezaphulo, kunye nokunqwenela ukubhengeza okungalunganga. Ngaphambi koo1980, iphulo lwaxhomekeka kakhulu kwizibhengezo ezithengwa ngobuntlola nezintlukwano zezixhobo. Ingcamango yokuqhuba i "urvey" enyanini yayiyinxalenye yophando olusekelwe kwimbali ebuzwayo ethandabuzekayo yayiyinto engaqhelekanga.

Omnye wemizekelo yamandulo ebhaliweyo weza kwiphulo lobumongameli lonyaka ka-1984. Kulo mjikelo wonyulo, amajoni asebenzela iphulo loMongameli uRonald Reagan kuthiwa asebenzisa iminxeba yokutyhala-ngquzulana engundoqo kumaphondo aphambili achaseneyo. Imibuzo yayilungiselelwe ukugxininisa i-vnulnerities: "Ngaba unokuba unokuba uxhasa kakhulu okanye u-S/ephandle kakhulu ukuxhasa umvolo X ukuba wazi ukuba babe baxhasa ukuphakamisa irhafunxa? I-prankce zazilayiwe ngabomfele, kwaye iimfono zenziwa kumawaka evovosi phantsi kovavanyo olungathathi. Iphulo-cawa lalingakhanyela ngokunyanzela nje ukuba uphando. Iqhinga langqinempumelelo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ube uphakal'uphando oluphambili kwimilo kamva.

Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1980 kunye nasekuqaleni koo1990, ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa kwaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo kwincwadi yokudlala yamaphulo aphezulu, ingakumbi kuMzantsi. Ngo-1990, ugqatso lwendlu yendlu yemikhosi yase-U.S. kumntla Caroline phakathi kwe-Jesse Helms noHarvey Gant lwabonisa ukunyanzela ukuqhutyelwa phambili kokudlala kwixhala lobuhlanga. Lo mdlalo waba ngumzekelo ocacileyo wokuba ngaba banokufumana imvume yokuvota iGant ukuba baxhase "quas" okanye ezinye imigaqo zobuhlanga. Iphulo-Helms alizange livume ukuqhuba iifowuni, kodwa i-listverivery yayingena ngxaki. Olu hlanga lwaba ngumzekelo wokukhuthaza ukunyathelana kweminyeliso ngaphandle kokuthetha amagama.

Imvelaphi yokunyanzela uphatho idityaniswe kutshintsho olubanzi kugcino-lwazi oluchaphazelekayo kunye novoti. Kwiminyaka yee-1980, amaphulo aqala ukwakha isiseko solwazi lovoti kwiincwadi zomnxeba, iirolo ezibhalisayo, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwabathengi. Ezi nkcazelo zakudala zavumela amaqela athile amanani amanani anokuphenjelelwa. Unyulo lonyuso loqhagamshelwano lungajongwa kuphela kwabo bavoti, lwenze ingeniso eninzi nenzima kakhulu kulwazi lwesixhobo sokuchaza izinto. Ubuchule abuzalwangaveli kumphathi omnye kodwa ukusuka kwimeko-bume apho ubugcisa, ukhuphikiswano, nokuthomalalisa kwemigaqo yokuziphatha eququzekileyo.

Ubugcisa Nobuchule

Uphando olugunyazisiweyo asiyondlela enye kodwa luziindlela ezininzi ezabelana ngosukelo oluqhelekileyo: ukufaka okanye ukuqinisa iimbono ezingalunganga ngaphandle kokuba umvoti uqaphele ukuba zikho. Embindini wayo, ubuchule buxhomekeke ekuhlolweni kwemibuzo. Umvoteli osemthethweni uya kubuza imibuzo yobundilele njengo "Ungawulinganisa njani umsebenzi womvotelwano Smith?" Ukunyanzela ukubuza umbuzo owenziweyo owenziweyo ofana nowokuba ungaba unokuba unokuba nokwenzeka kakhulu okanye ungayixhasi i-Senetor Brown ukuba uyazi ukuba uvote ngokuchasene nemali yesebe lamapolisa? I-pringless ithetha ukuba i-Shost Brown ixhasa inkxaso yamapolisa echasene nenyaniso, kwanokuba intsokothe ngakumbi.

Amaqhinga aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa ekucinezeleni aquka:

  • Ulwimi oluchaphazelekayo oluphakanyiswe ngokuphandle: uphando lwemibuzo lusebenzisa amagama enzelwe ukubangela ushukumo olunamandla. Amagama afana "okrut," "okanye," "opholileyo" afakwa kwimibuzo kwimibuzo yentloko yabavoti kwicala lempendulo engalunganga. Umzekelo, "Ucinga ukuba ukuchitha imali ngokungakhathali kungxhuzula urhwaphiza uqoqosho?" Umbuzo uveza ukuthelekisa nokungakhathaleli, unyanzelela ukuvuma okanye ukukhusela okuchasene nesityholo ebengakhange ziqwalaselwe ngaphambili.
  • Iphakanyiswe Ubuxoki okanye iiPromistes ezingalunganga:[FTLT:1] Ubuchule obuqhelekileyo kukufumana ulwazi olububuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo kulo mbuzo ngokwawo. "Ngaba unokuba mancinane okanye kancinane kakhulu ukuvota umvoteli uRodriguez ukuba uyazi ukuba uxhaswa zezinye izinto eziphembelelayo zeqela? Umbuzo uchaza ukunconywa njengonikezelweyo, nokuba akukho mvume. Uvotisi uhamba ecaleni kwembono yokuba uRodriguez uxhaswa ngokugqithisileyo, nokuba baphendula njani.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Iziphumo ezingalunganga ze-Hypothetic: Uhlolo lonyuso lusoloko luchaza iziphumo ezinokwenzeka luze lubuze intsabelo yomvoti. "Ukuba uyazi ukuba udweliso lomntu Johnson luzakukhokelela ekusikeni irhafu enkulu kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, oko kuya kukwenza ube nokwenzeka kakhulu okanye ungayixhasi? Imibuzo isebenza njengento encinci: icebo likaJohnson lichazwa njengeyingozi kwizikolo, kwaye umvoti uyacelwa ukuba aphendule kweso sifundo.
  • [[NTLL: 0] Babanwagon okanye uTsibeko olubuya umva lweBanwagon Framing: Abanye bazama ukwenza uphando lokucinezela ukuba umvotelwa ulahlekelwa yinkxaso. "Abaninzi abavoti bayamshiya umvoteli uPatel ngenxa yokuma kwakhe ekufudukeni. Ingaba oku kukwenza ube makhulu okanye angaphantsi kokumxhasa? Oku kuqinisa ukuhla, kukhuthaza umvoti ukuba ashiye umxhasi abanokumxhasa ngandlela ithile.
  • Uthelekiso lobuxoki: Obunye ubuchule kukunikela isityholo esinye ngelinye nje lizenza ngathi banikela imbono elungeleleneyo. "Bobabini abathathi-nxaxheba baye bagxekwa ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kodwa uKim othathi-nxaxheba wahlawulwa ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwemali yezempela. Ingaba oko kuyayichaphazela imbono yakho ngaye? Lo mbuzo uyavuma ukuba kulungile njengenyaniso eyahlukileyo, inika ubunzima kunye nokuthembeka.

Uphando oluninzi ludla ngokwenziwa ngeminxeba ezenzekelayo okanye ngabenzi bomnxeba abahlalayo abayalelwa ukuba bangamchaphazeli umtshayeli okanye umbutho emva kohlolisiso. Iifowuni zibhalwe ngokukhohlisayo ukuze zivakalise isandi njengophando olusemthethweni, ngokufuthi ziqala ngo "Siqhuba uhlolisiso lwabavoti kwisithili sakho" okanye "Ndibiza iqela lophando olungekhoyo. Ubude boqhagamshelwano olunyanzelekileyo budla ngokumfutshane, ngokufuthi ngaphantsi kwemizuzu emibini. Ukuthoba kukhusela umvoti ukuba angakrokrelezeli kwaye avumele iphulo lokudibana nenani elikhulu labavoti abavoti-voti. Umbhalo uthe ngqo ngqo kwimibuzo nganye ukuze imibuzo iqinise umxholo ongalunganga, kwaye "ultans" isoloko ilahlwa ngenxa yokuba iphulo lo msebenzi ukhuphiso lwe-data lungakhange luthiwe.

Imicimbi engokwasemthethweni neyobuGcisa

Ulawulo olusemthethweni olujikeleze ukunyanzelwa kophatho ludityanisiwe kwaye lungaguquguquki kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Akukho mthetho ocacileyo ovala ukuhlahlela, nangona iinkalo ezithile zoqheliso zinokuqhuba ukusetyenziswa kwemimiselo ekhoyo. Imikhosi yoNxibelelwano yoNxibelelwano olukhoyo. Imikhosi yoomatiloshe igadelela i-Rodals Communits Communitals kunye neenkqubo zokufoma. I-Temfom Consure Protection Act (TCPA) ithintela ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalezo ebhalwe kwangaphambili ngaphandle kwemvume, kodwa iimfonotho zezobupolitika zikhuselwe kule miqathango. I-mvo isebenzisa izithintelo ezikhoyo ezihlalayo okanye ezishiye imiyalezo elungele ukusetyenziswa njenge "iGenethilitiki" kunokuba i-market. Ukungabikho kwezikhokelo ezicacileyo zemigaqo-sikhokelo: ixesha elide lomntu ohamba ngenkohliso ukuba axokiswe kwintlangano esingadiyo okanye urhulumente, uthunywaniso lwezibonqikelelo-og.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, inani elandayo lamaphondo afuna ukuba abantu abatsaleleka kwiminxeba yophando bachaze ukuba ngubani na oza kubhatalwa okanye umbutho ohlawulela iimfonomfono. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya, idlulise umthetho ngo 2000 efuna ukuba abafowunikazi bavume ukuba uphando luqhutywe ngenxa yomntu othile okanye ikomiti ethile. IFlorida, iOhio, kunye neNorth Carolina zinemithetho efanayo yokutyhila. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa akulingani. Inkampano zingasebenzisa amaziko eqokonkcezelo, ii-PACs, okanye abathengisithathu ukufihla umthombo wokwenene. Uvotimeta ungeva " Olu hlolo luhlawulwa ngabahlali beLung Beneful Future" igama elingabonisi nto malunga nayiphi nayiphi naleyo i-mvorente.

Iimpikiswano zembali zisebenza ngokunzulu kuneendlela zokuphepha ezisemthethweni. Abahlalutyi bathi ukunyanzela ukuthomalalisa ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi ngokukhohlisa abavoti ukuba bafumane ulwazi olububuxoki okanye olugqwethekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nezibhengezo zokuhlasela, ezixhaswa ekuhleni kwaye zijoliswe ekuhlolweni nguwonke-wonke (kwaye maxa wambi zicinezelwe), zinyanzelisa ukuchola kusebenza ebumnyameni. Umvoti akanalo lokuqinisekisa iingxelo ezicetyisiweyo zovavanyo, kwaye udliwano-ndlebe aluniki mvume. Isiphumo siluhlobo longcoliso lolwazi olufana noluvoluvo olukhoyo, apho umahluko phakathi kogcino-data kunye nokusasazwa kwemipuko. I-AAFOR neBhunga lesiZwe kwiPostpool (NCP) zombini ziye zakhupha iintetho ezithe ngqo ezigxeka ukunyuselwa "enscdmist" ngokusetyenziswa kophando olusemthethweni lwe-"

Ingozi yendlela yokuziphatha idlulela ngaphaya kwamaphulo omntu ngamnye. Xa abavoti bedibana nohlolo olunyanzelisayo, basenokungalwahluli kuhlolisiso olusemthethweni. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kuphelisa ukuthembana kubo bonke uphando nophando. Amaqondo okuphendula uphando lwemfonomfono ebelokhu encipha ngokuzinzileyo kangangeminyaka, ngokwenxalenye kuba abavoti baye batshiswa ngokunyanzela uphando kwaye abafuni ukuba nenxaxheba nako nakuphi na uphando. Umonakalo uyawa yingozi: into eyayikhe yaba sisixhobo sokuqonda iimvakalelo zikawonke wonke ibe ngumthombo wokuthandabuza abantu. Kwalo kanye igama "ubheja" liba sisixhono sokuphelo sokupheka kwemfazwe kunokuba bavume.

Enye indlela yokuziphatha ephakathi kokujongwa kwabantu abasengozini. Uphando olungumdla ludla ngokujoliswe kumaqela athile amanani abonwa ekwazi ukunyanzeliswa okanye echanabeka kwimiyalezo ethile. Abavoti abadala, abavoti abangebanga abafundi, kunye nabavoti abakhuphisana ngokungqongqo nezithili basoloko bekhokelwa. Lo mkhwa uphakamisa imibuzo yokusebenzisa ubuchule kunye nemvume: umvoti akacelanga ukuba abizwe, akazange anikwe ithuba lokuqinisekisa ulwazi, kwaye wasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuhambisa iphulo lokuphengulula iphulo.

I-Evolution ngezinto zobugcisa zamanani

Utshintsho lwamanani luye lwaguqula ngokusisiseko uphando lokunyanzelisa, luyenza ibe lula, ijoliswe kakhulu, kwaye inzima ukuyifumana. Ngelixesha inguqulelo ka 1980 ixhomekeke kumabhanki efowuni nakuludwe olushicilelweyo, inguqulelo yangoku ngumsebenzi odityanisiweyo wogcino-lwazi oludibanisa iimpahla, izibhengezo zezentlalo-ntle, imicropu echanekileyo, kwanombhalo obhalwe phantsi. Ubuchule obungundoqo bokubuza imibuzo elayishiweyo buhlala bunjalo, kodwa iziteshinawa kunye nobuchule bendlela ezisetyenziswayo ziyanda.

Ii-lopocall ezisetyenziswayo ziye zaba sisithuthi esilawula ukutyhalela phambili. Inkqubela-phambili yelizwi kunye nobugcisa bokucofa ivumela amaphulo okubeka izigidi zomnxeba ngemini kwiqhezu lexabiso labafolokazi abaphilayo. Ifowuni zinokucwangciswa ukuba zidlale umyalezo obhaliweyo ovakalayo njengomsebenzi ophilayo, opheleleyo ngeminqumamo kunye nokuzicingela okufana "uh-huh" ukwenza uthungelwano lube nolwendalo. Ushicilelo lusebenza kakuhle ngexabiso le A/B uvavanyo, ubude, kwanesandi selizwi ukubona iinguqulelo zivelisa utshintsho olungalunganga oluphezulu kwizimo zovoti. Isiphumo singumatshini wokusasa ezilungelelanisiweyo osebenza ngolawulo oluncinane lomntu.

Iiplatfomu zezentlalo-ntle zivule uphando olutsha lophando. Endaweni yomnxeba, umvoti angabona uhlolo olufakwe kwi Facebook okanye kwi-Instagram. Isikhanyiso sibonakala njenge "ngqukuva" ukusuka kwiphepha elingangeni sandi: "Siqhuba uphando lwasekuhlaleni kwindawo yakho. Ingaba uvile ngabathathi-nxaxheba uThompson kwingxelo yerhafu? Imibuzo elandelayo ifakwe iframing engalunganga, kanye njengomnqikelelo wesithethe. Umahluko omnye ulingana: ulingana namashumi amawaka abavoti abanokufikelela ngokuchanekileyo, ngokusekelwe kwindawo yabo, ubudala, utyekelo lwezopolitiko, kwanezilangazelelo zezo zezopolitiko. Imibuzo esoloko ibaleka ukusuka kumaphepha ngamagama afana "Oppedient" okanye "Unest', kunye "Unest Subser"

Imekobume yamanani inika uncedo olubalulekileyo: ukungaziqondi kakuhle. Uphando olunyanzelekileyo lungafunyanwa ngeminxeba ye-'lock' kunye neerekhodi zemfonomfono, nangona kuthatha ixesha kunye nezinto ezikhoyo. Izixhobo zezentlalo-ntle zingenziwa, zindululwe, ziphinde zithatyathwe phantsi, zishiyeke iiyure ezimbalwa, zishiya ubungqina obuncinci obudibeneyo. Isantya esifana noFacebook kunye no X (ongaphambili) zinamazwi ekwalathathathi-malini) aneenkonzo ezithintela ukubhengezwa kwezobupolitika okukhohlisayo, kodwa ukunyanzeleka komsebenzi kusebenza kwaye kuyadidanisa. Iphulo lokubhexeza eliphekayo lingaqhubeki kangangeeyure ezimbalwa, livelisa amakhulu amawaka eencwadini.

Imiyalezo isebenzisa iinkqubo ezifana ne WhatsSApp ne Signal isetyenziselwa ukusasaza uhlomelo- olufana nongquzulwano olusuka kulutsha-luya- kwinenjini. Iphulo lingadala iskripti esidluliswa ngencoko yeqela, nemiyalelo yokuyithumela kumalungu entsapho kunye nabahlobo phantsi komngxube "uvavanyo lomhlobo owenza uphando. Le ndale imela ukubuyela kwimvelaphi yengcambu ye-grountywa kunokwenzeka kuba akukho siko sangaphakathi sobizo okanye i-akhawunti yokuhlola. Iphulo linokuthi abahlali batheththsa inyathelo lokuzikhusela ekungangqinelani. Le ndaleko imela ukubuyela kwimvelaphi ye-ceatrupy erced ye-gcontist, kodwa ngoongeza uxokelelwano lwe-graccondia.

Olunye utshintsho lwamanani lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwabacuphi bomnxeba abathe bathetha okanye baphendule ngelizwi elisebenzisanayo (IVR). Ezi nkqubo zingabona xa umntu ephendula umnxeba kwaye ngokukhawuleza adlale iskripti sokutyhala esishicilelwe ngaphambili. Iphulo lingasebenzisa amawaka efowuni ezihambelanayo, kwaye inkqubo ikwazi ukususa amanani ahamba kwilizwi eliphumayo okanye angabinampendulo, aqhube impumelelo. Ugcino-lwazi oluqokelelweyo kwezi mnxeba lungasetyenziswa ukucoca ixhoba ngokubhekele phambili: ukuba umvoti uphendula ngesandi esithile okanye indlela ethile, iyakwazi ukuzithumela kwisetimethi eyahlukileyo. Umgca ophakathi kophando nobuchule bude buye budibaniswe ngakumbi xa ubuchule ngokwabo buqhela ixesha lokwenene ukuphendula.

Impembelelo Kwezobupolitika ZaseMerika

Impembelelo edibeneyo yokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kweziphumo zobupolitika zaseMelika kunzima ukulinganisela ngqo, kodwa kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokucebisa ukuba ilolonge unyulo, igxininise iimbono ezingalunganga, kwaye ifak ’ isandla kwivoti yogxeko. Kwimihlathi esondeleyo, apho ukutshintsha nje kwepesenti ezimbalwa kungafumana umvuzo, kwanoqhubo oluphantsi lokunyanzela uphangelo lungagqibelela. Isiphumo sinyuswa xa ucinezelo lokucola lungalungisi vo oluchanekileyo okanye oluneminciphi na. Uvo olungaqinisekanga ngento enokuba noluvo olungalunganga ekutyhaleni uvavanyo olunyanzelwayo, kwaye, lungenalwazi, luvumela ukuba icebiso eliyalelo lokuchasana lungathandabuzeki.

Amaphulo amaninzi eprofile ephezulu aye anxulunyaniswa nokutyhalela phambili imisebenzi yophando. Kunyaka wama 2000 weRiphabliki eMzantsi Carolina, uphando lokutyhala lwasetyenziswa ngokuchasene noSenator John McCain. Voters bachaza unxulumano olubuzwayo ukuba baya kuba banokuvota uMcKain okanye abafane bakhethe uMcCarol ukuba babesazi ukuba unomntwana omnyama (McKain kunye nomfazi wakhe bamkele intombi esusiweyo evela eBangladesh). Iphulo lobuhlanga lalicacile, kwaye i- McCain latyhola iphulo lobugggg belicicibo lokufaka unxulumano oluthe ngqo, nangona lalingakaze livunywe. Uhlanga eMzantsi Carolina lwaluyindawo yokujika, kwaye lunyanze unyusotho lwacanywa ngokubanziswa ngokubanziswa njengefek'uw'uw'uw'.

Ngexesha lonyulo lomongameli 2016, ukunyanzelisa uphando kuthathe umlinganiselo omtsha. Unyuko lwe "Imali emnyama" amaqela kunye nee-PACs ezinkulu luthetha ukuba imali enkulu ingachithwa kuqhagamshelwano lomvoti ngaphandle kokutyhilwa ngokupheleleyo. Kumaphondo emfazwe enkulu, abavoti banikela ingxelo yokufumana iifowuni ezinamazwi anamandla malunga nobuntu bamahlolo, impilo, nembali. Ezi mjikelezo zathiwa ngamaqela anamagama akhazintsonkofekeleleyo afana ne-"Melika yeSidlo sexesha Elizayo" okanye "Mercury LLLC, ukwenze kube nzima ngovoti ukuba bazi ukuba i-Rofficet wangasemva kwabo. Umjikelo ka-2016 waphinda wabona ukuphembelela uqhagamshelwano no-hlolo lwe-data olususwe njenge-data kaCambridge Analytic, eyasebenzisa imodelifashoni ye-mistrup ukutyhading kwimo yobuntu obumnyama obumnyama obumnyama obumnyama obumnyama obudileyo obunamandla kunabon.

Impembelelo idlulela ngaphaya kwemilo-ntlanu. Ukuhlohlwa ngomdla kufake isandla ekurhoxeni jikelele kokuthemba amaqumrhu ezobupolitika nakwingcamango yolwazi olunenjongo ngokwalo. Xa abavoti bedibana nemiyalezo elungiselelwe ukukhohlisa, bayathandabuza ngakumbi ngonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko. Oku kuthandabuza kusenokuba ntle ngomlinganiselo, kodwa xa kuba nzima kakhulu, kuvula umnyango wokucinga ngomquququzeleli weqhinga nokugatywa kwezixhobo ezisemthethweni, inzululwazi, kunye nokulawulwa kolawulo. Isiphumo sexesha elide singumkhethi ongazazinga kakuhle, apho abavoti bexhomekeke kwiimbono zeemvakalelo kunye nezibakala ze-Rhovens kunokuba bathembele kwiingxelo. Unyuso, ucelo, ulungela olu buchule ngokufaka ingcebiso endaweni yobungqina.

Ngakwicala elilungileyo, ukuchasana okuchasene nokunyanzeliswa kophando kukhokelele ekuhlolweni nasekuphuculweni kwemigudu. Iintlangano ezifana neBrennan Center yeJaji kunye neSiko leCampaign Le- Legal ziye zaxhasa imithetho eyomeleleyo nemigaqo ecacileyo enxulumene nee-politiki zophando kunye nemisebenzi yophando olulukunganyanisiweyo. Amanye amazwe aye aqinisa imithetho yawo, efuna ukuba zonke iintetho zezobupolitika ziquke ukuphawula okucacileyo konxibelelwano. I-FCCC icinge ukuba iyakuyivala irhintyelo elulayo yeminxeba yezopolitikitho yemi, nangona inkqubela yenkqubela ekhoyo inyanze yanyanzelwa ukuba iphule imirhumo yokunyulo yoLungisa. Impikiswano ekhoyo inyanzeleke ngakumbi: kwimizwano apho izibhengezo zenteli zijonge kakhulu kwaye zibukele, umphula-ndaba ufuna ukunqandanisa i-'injini.

Ukuzingisa Kokungcoliswa Kwentsebenziswano

Ngaphandle kogwebo lwendlela yokuziphatha kunye nomngcipheko osemthethweni, ukunyanzela uphando luqhubekeka kuba lunempumelelo kwaye lunento yokwenza nephulo elisebenzayo. Iphulo lingagcina ukukhubazeka okufanelekileyo ngokukhupha unxulumano kumthengisi wesithathu okanye iqela elimanyeneyo. Umvoti ofumana uvavanyo olunyanzelisayo akaze azi nokuba ngubani osemva kwalo, okanye nokuba ulwazi olungelulo kwimibuzo luchanekile. Ubunzima bokungqina ukukhuthuzwa kuthetha ukuba amaphulo anqabileyo asohlwaywa ngokusebenzisa izicelo zokuphothoza. Kwanaxa umthombo efunyenwe, umonakalo wenziwe: unyulo lungaphaya, kwaye ohlaselweyo usenokuba ulahlekelwe lihlabathi elibalulekileyo.

Impembelelo yemali ikwanamandla. Iphulo lokunyanzela ukuvotelwa libiza inxalenye yezinto ezithengwa ngumabonwakude, kwaye ifikelela kubavoti ngqo emakhayeni abo. Imbuyekezo yotyalo ilinganiswa kwiingqondo ezitshintshiweyo, kwaye iphulo elihambayo kwimiba yokuvota, uphando olunyanzelwayo lungaguqula amandla ngaphandle kokuhlola uluntu. Logama nje intelekelelo ehlawulwayo isetyenziswa ngokunyanzelwa, iya kuhlala isiqu sezobupolitika zaseMelika.

Ikamva Lokungcoliswa Koontlondi

Ukukhangela phambili, ukunyanzela kusenokuguquka nge-tanide engaqhelekanga, i-media ye-media, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesandi kakhulu. Izixhobo zelizwi ze-Al-general zingenza ii-roocallals ezikwazi ukwahlulwa kwincoko yokwenene yomntu, ukuvumela ukunyanzela uphando ukuba lube lude, lube lukhulu, kwaye lube nempembelelo engakumbi. Ubugcisa bobunzululwazi bobunzulu bobunzululwazi bevidiyo bungavumela ukutyhalela uhlolo oluvezwe ngezixhobo zentlalo, apho i-fathon ibuza imibuzo ethwelweyo ngomntu oza kulwayo. Ukuxuba kwe-Al, ugcino-data, kunye ne-mediadia yokwenziwa kuya kwenza ukuphembelela ukupheka kungabi nako. Umgca ophakathi kohlolisiso olufanelekileyo, uluvo, uluvo, kunye nenkohliso lungafinyela amandla okuziswe kukuchaza oko.

Imiqathango yolawulo kunye nolawulo lobugcisa iyaphuhliswa. Imigangatho yokuqinisekisa unxulumano lonxulumano njengo-STIR/SHAKEN iphunyezwa ukunciphisa ii-rodocall ezingekho mthethweni, nangona abafowunikazi bezobupolitika besoloko bekhutshwa. Le migudu iyinyaniso iqalile ukukhangela ilandela kwaye ikhuphela ikhowudi yokukhangela xa sele zifunyanisiwe, zidala ingxelo kawonke-wonke enokuthi ichazwe ngexesha lamaphupha. Ezinye izibhengezo zezixhobo zonxibelelwano ziqalisile ukulumkisa abavoti ngokutyhalela ucotho phambi konyulo olukhulu, zibanceda baqonde imiqondiso. Le migudu iluncedo, kodwa iyasabela: ziyenzeka emva kokuba ukutyhalela kuqhutywe utho lwemibutho sele kuqalisiwe kwaye emva kokuba abaninzi befumene umyalezo.

Ekugqibeleni, ikamva lokunyanzelisa ukuphenjelelwa lixhomekeke ekuvumeni kwabantu kunye neenkokeli zobupolitika ukunyanzelisa imilinganiselo ephezulu yokuziphatha. Lo gama nje abavoti bewanyamezela amaqhinga okukhohlisa, kwaye lo gama amaphulo ekholelwa ukuba bangafumana umngcipheko ngabavoti abalahlekisayo, baya kunyanzela ukuba baqhubeke besenza uphando. Indaleko yokunyanzelisa kukuphembelela indaleko yezobupolitika zaseMelika ngokwazo: ulwazi oluninzi, ubugcisa obuninzi, isantya esithe chatha, kwaye ukunyaniseka okuninzi. Ukhuselo olungcono ekuthinteleni ukukhuphisa ukukhuthuzwa luluswa lulwazi noluthandabuza ngezixhobo. Kude oko kusenzeke oko kuthandabuzeka, kunyanze unyulo olufihlakeleyo, luza kuhlala lufihlakeleyo kodwa lunamandla kunyuswe kuvo lweMelika.

Abathathi-nxaxheba

  • Uphando lwePush lwavela kuma 1980 njengecebo elisebenzisa imibuzo elayishwe phantsi kophando olusemthethweni lokufaka iimbono ezingalunganga ngombango okanye umba.
  • Izixhobo eziquka ulwimi oludidayo ngokweemvakalelo, iindawo ezibubuxoki, iziphumo ezingalindelekanga ezingalindelekanga, kunye ne-framing, zonke zenzelwe ukutshintsha uluvo lomvo kunokuba ziqokelele ugcino-lwazi.
  • Ummiselo weLegial ubuthathaka kwaye uqhekeziwe, ungenaluvalo lwamazwana olumanyeneyo kwaye yimiqathango embalwa kuphela yamazwe efuna ukutyhilwa komthombo obalulekileyo osemva kokutyhalela unxulumano okanye izibhengezo zoqhagamshelwano.
  • [[IFLT:0] Izixhobo zokuhambisa ulwazi ziguqule ukhupho-volo oluqhubela phambili ngokusebenzisa iiroballall, izibhengezo zobuzwe, kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo yoontanga, iyenza ibe luncedo, ijoliswe, kwaye ibe nzima ukulandelela.
  • ukuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo lungabaluleka , ingakumbi kumaqela asondeleyo, kwaye ifak' isandla ekurhoxiseni okubanzi nokuncitshiswa kokuthemba ekuvoteleni nasekunxibeleleni kwezobupolitika.
  • [[NTL:0] Izisongelo zokufak ’ isandla ziquka i-Al-generated limes kunye namaqebengwane anzulu , anokwenza ukutyhalela unyuso phantse olungahlukaniyo kwintsebenziswano yokwenene, olucel ’ umngeni iinkqubo ezikhoyo zenkqubo.

ukuqhubekeka kofundo lwendlela zophando, tyelela i Ikhowudi yemithetho yokuziphatha kunye [[FLT:] Brennan Center yeJaji[. Kwinkcazelo ekwimimiselo yophando kwaye ubize uqinisekiso, bona [[FLT:]] FCC] Isikhokelo se Robocmals kunye [[FLT:]P]