Ukwazisa: INkangeleko enyukayo yeeCandidies ezizimeleyo kunyulo lwaseUS

Abavoti-nxaxheba abazimeleyo bebesoloko beyinxenye yezobupolitika zaseMerika, kodwa indima yabo kwi-primentia kunye nonyulo ngokubanzi iyanda ukuba nzima kwaye ingumphumo. Njengoko ukunganeliseki ngabavoti beqela lamaqela amabini amakhulu kufikelela kwimbali ephezulu `Galup ngokuzingisileyo ibonisa ukuba ngaphezu kwama-40% ama-American achaza njengeenkululeko/impembelelo yabaphicothi-nxaxheba ababaleka ngaphandle kwegama leqela elifuna uvavanyo olusondeleyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba ekuzingeniseni kwiziphumo eziphambili zonyulo jikelele, ngokufuthi abasebenza njengabaphangi, abaphangi bemi bemibhiyo, okanye abaphambukeli bokwenyaniso abachaphazelisiweyo bemilisela iprojelo encophe. Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenzayo phakathi kwenkqubo yonyulo lonyulo-omatilathi, abafundi, nabani nabani nabani nabani nabani nabani nabani na ufuna umfanekiso opheleleyo wedemodemokhrasi.

Abafuni ukuphumelela abangengomaqela azimeleyo. Basuka kwiqela elikwimeko ebanzi elinamaqhina anzulu engca ukuya kwimiqolo etyebileyo ehambayo ehamba phambili kwimibutho yesithethe. Izisusa zabo ziyahluka ngokubanzi: abanye bafuna ukukhuthaza umba omnye, abanye bazimisele ukuphazamisa iintambo ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo, kwaye abambalwa bagcini bezibuko banethemba lokwenene lokufumana isikhundla. Eli nqaku linwebela kwinkcazo yokuqala ngokuntywila kwizifundo zeli hlabathi, iimpembelelo zobucukubhede, imiqobo, imiqobo yokulawula, kunye nokuvela kwemikhwa ebumba umkhuphi na ozimeleyo kumava ee Prims kunye nokhetho jikelele.

Ukuqonda Izinto Ezinokusetyenziswa Kumntu Ozimeleyo: Inkcazelo Nezinto Ezingaqhelekanga

Umvotelwa ozimeleyo uchazwa kukungabikho kwelungu elisesikweni neqela elikhulu lezobupolitika. Noko ke, loo nkcazelo ilula iquka iigqubuthelo ezithe ngcembe. Abanye abazimeleyo abanamakhaya − abafumana iDidemocratic Partial explorist okanye abathathi-nxaxheba abahlukanisiweyo yi-GOP. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba amacandelo athintela ulawulo olunempumelelo. Iqela elikhethekileyo liquka abaqhubi abaqhubi abakwiqela abancinane (njengokuba abaqhubindi okanye amaqela aluhlaza) abanokuvela kwi-bolotte ngaphandle kwelebhile yeqela elithile, kodwa abasanxibelelana nentlangano ethile. Kucacile, eli nqaku libhekisa ku [[FLT:] [FLT:] [12D][FLD][10] [4]

Iimpawu Nezihlomelo Eziqhelekileyo

Ngoxa umntu ngamnye engafani, kukho iimpawu eziliqela eziphinda zivele phakathi kwabaphikisi abazimeleyo:

  • I-Non-partisanshi njengendawo yokuthengisa: Badla ngokuzithengisa ngokwabo njengekhululekileyo kwingqeqesho yeqela, bakwazi ukuvota ngokusekelwe kwisazela okanye kwimfuno ze-active kunokuba zibe namanani esabhokhwe. Oku kubhenela ukuvota inqabile i-grid lock.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amaqonga aphakathi: amaninzi axhomekeke kakhulu kwimixholo enye okanye emibini", iCampaign yemali yotshintsho, intshukumo yemekobume, okanye uxanduva lobuncinci] maxa wambi ngaphandle kwamaqonga adibeneyo.
  • Izixhobo ezinikwe inkxaso-mali yengingqi kunye nenkxaso-mali yoluntu: ngaphandle kwesiseko seqela, ezizimeleyo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiminikelo ye-dillar encinci, kwimibutho yamavolontiya, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano. Impumelelo yeBernie Sanders (owayesebenza njenge Democrat kodwa elondoloze ukuzichaza okuzimeleyo) ibonisa indlela amandla otyani obungaguqulela ngayo kwintsebe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imiqobo yokwamkelwa kwegama ephezulu: I-endependent ayifane ixhamle ingxolo ye-amajelo eendaba ezenzekelayo efunyanwa liqela leminenga, inyanzelisa ukuba ikhuphisane ukuze inike ingqalelo ngamaxesha eentsholongwane, iingxoxo, okanye iphulo lokudlala.

Ezi mpawu zisenokuba luncedo namatyala. Udumo olunamandla lwasekuhlaleni lunokuhlawulela ukungaxhaswa ngamaqela, kodwa kwilizwe lonke okanye kwizizwe ngezizwe lungabangela iingxaki ezimandundu.

Impembelelo Yokuzimela - geqe Kubasebenzi Becawa

Unyulo lokuqala lubhekiselele ngokusisiseko kumalungu eqela akhetha umthwali wawo osezantsi. Kodwa ezizimeleyo zingayitshintsha ngokunentsingiselo le miba yangaphakathi, ingakumbi kumaphondo avulekileyo okanye avulekileyo apho abavoti bengafunwanga ukuba babhaliswe liqela. Kwizixokelelwano ezinjalo, abavoti abazimeleyo banokunqumla phezulu baze bavote nakweliphi iqela, ngokunokwenzeka benika ukhuthazo kubalungisi abangaphaya kweqela.

Ukungahoywa kweQela kunamandla nokwahlula

Xa umntu ozimeleyo engena kunyulo olusisiseko , ngokudla ngokuvakalisa njenge Democrat okanye iRiphabliki ngexesha lohlanga. Bangathatha ukunyaniseka kweqela. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ngu Doug Jones ngu 2017] unyulo lweNtlanganiso ekhethekileyo e-Alabama, apho ubukho bomntu ozizimeleyo (umzamo ka-Sen. Luther Stranges?, okona kukwi-GOP) kususa amandla. Kodwa ke kulula ukuba ngunyulo olukhethekileyo lwase-20222, apho kuzimele khona AS[FLD] [[FLT]] uDemo-cracr-ign kwaye wachaphaza ivotiwe-voti edeyonke.

Ukwahlulwa kolwahlulo lusona sisongelo sithe ngqo. Kwisihlomelo esithe ngqo, umvo ozimeleyo one 5-10% ungenza nabani na umvoti omnye angafikelela kuninzi, onokuba nesizathu sokubaleka okanye avumele umvuzo wobuninzi ngenkxaso esezantsi. I-2020 Democratic fanow amanani aphindaphindiweyo "ozimeleyo" (njengoAndrew Yang noTulsi Gabbard) owayebaleka njengoDemocrates kodwa ebambe izithuba ngaphandle kweqela, ekwahlula ngokunempumelelo ivoti ye-Biden.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Yokuzimela Ngokwayo Kuooomatshini Becawa

  • [[FLT: 0] UBernie Sanders (206 & amp; 2020): Nangona iSanders zazisebenza njenge Democrat, imbali yakhe njengendlela ezimeleyo yokuthumela kwakhe. Imbonakalo yakhe enamandla kumazwe avulekileyo ibonisa indlela abavoti abazimeleyo abanokungena ngayo kwi Democratic ephambili kwaye batyhala iqela kwimicimbi enjenge-computer nekholeji.
  • Josse Ventura (1998 Minnesota GubernatorIal): [[FFLT:1] Ventura waphumelela unyulo njengozimeleyo emva kokuba eqale ukuhamba ngentloko? ngenene, inkqubo kaMinnesota ayibhastile kwirhuluneli ```Ayikho siseko esisesikweni; ifayile yabavumiweyo kwaye ngoko unyulo jikelele lusebenzisa intloko-2? Linda: UVentura ubenguMvoti woTshintsho kodwa kwakhona usebenze ngokuzimele. Wafumana 37% wevoti kugqatso oluthathu lwendlela. Indlela yakhe yayingaqhelekanga kuba igqitha kwisithethe esiqhelekileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukumkani okwi-Angus (Mayini):[ uKumkani, ozimeleyo, akajongani neqela elingundoqo kodwa angaqhuba kunyulo jikelele. Noko ke, kwindlela evulekileyo kaMaine, ubukho bakhe buchaphazela icalculus kwiprimeriers zombini kuba abavoti bayazi ukuba umnini-majoni ulindele kwi-arhente.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba izimele, nokuba akukho kwisixhobo sokuqala sokuvota, icebo lomvoti kunye nolindelo lomvoti.

Indima Yeziphakamiso Ezizimeleyo Kunyulo Jikelele

Unyulo jikelele lelona qondo lingundoqo apho inkululeko ingaphembelela iziphumo, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokulungelelanisa kwisabelo sabo sovoti. Isiphumo somonakalo yeyona nto ixoxwayo, kodwa ezizimeleyo zizisa iingcamango ezintsha kunye nokunyanzelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili ukuba bacombulule imicimbi engahoywanga.

Iziphumo zonyuso ezingaphakathi: I-Spoolers v. I-Catalyst

Ngokungazenzisiyo othe wafumana ivoti ezimeleyo kunyulo olungundoqo, olunokutshintsha umvuzo. Amatyala amaninzi acatshulweyo ngala Ralph Nader ngo- 2000, othe wathatha ivoti eyaneleyo e-Al Gore eFlorida ukuze anike unyulo kuGeorge W. Bush, kunye [[FLT] [[FLT]] [2] ROS [[FLT] ngo-1 1992, owahlula ivoti engaqhelekanga yaza i-Clinton yaza yanceda u-B no-FFFTS withon kuphela nge- 43% yevoluvo yothandwa. [FFFFFFFF] kunye nomthetho okhoyo) ngokufanayo, ngoko ke, anokufumana ngokunyanzelela ngokunyanzelelayo.[3] kwaye angenza amanqaku amaqela ahlukeneyo.

Impembelelo Ekutsaleni Amazwe Nemijaho Esondeleyo

Kunyulo lomongameli, iElectoral College iphakamisa ifuthe labathathi-nxaxheba abazimeleyo. Kwilizwe eligqitywe yi-1%, inxenye yesithathu ene-1-2% ingagqiba isiphumo. Umzekelo, ngo-2016, i-Libertrian Garson wafumana i- 5.2% yevoti eNew Mexico kunye ne 4.3% ku-Utah-smes ezaya e-Clinton kunye ne-Trump ngokulingana no-Trump ngokulingana no-1.8% ingayimisela iziphumo zemeko yokuba i-Trump (2.8%) i-exced) ku-FFFFFFF:[1] ngokufanayo, ngo-202020, iLibertrianty ne Green axreds epheleleyo kuGeorgia, iWiscovern, kunye ne-Arizona zigqiyenziwa yimeko esezantsi.[3][3]

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka Fairvote lubonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu nabazimeleyo baye batshintsha iziphumo zonyulo lomongameli abathandathu ukususela ngo1944. Ngelixesha kungeyo yonke inqanaba egqitywe ngozimeleyo, umlinganiselo uhlala uphezulu kumaxesha afikeleleka encam yomhlaba.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nezigqibo Zokuzimela

Imiqobo yabafuna ukuzimela ngokwabo inamandla kwaye isoloko yakhiwe. Le mingeni inqanda abaninzi abanokufumana inxaxheba kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba kuphela yeyona miqobo iphambili, okanye ethandelwe kakuhle, iyakwazi ukunyusa ukhuphiswano.

Ukufikelela Kwibhola Encinane: Ingxaki Enkulu

Imithetho yokufikelela yebhola yodidi lwesibini iyahluka-hlukene kakhulu ngokwemeko kwaye isoloko yenziwe ukukhusela inkqubo yecandelo le 2016. Kumazwe amaninzi, umbhaptizi ozimeleyo kufuneka aqokelele inani elikhulu lotyikityo lwesicelo ngaphakathi kwefestile emfutshane, ahlawule intlawulo yeshefu, ahlangabezane neemfuno zokuhlala. Umzekelo, eTexas, umtshayeli wobupolisa ozimeleyo ufuna istelects (1% yevoti 2016) kwaye kufuneka azibeke phambi konyulo jikelele. Ngonyaka wama-20202020, iKanye West yasilela ukufumana ibholoti kwiimeko ezininzi ngenxa yezi zithintelo. Iballopedia igcina i [[FLT:] isikhokelo [FLT][FLT] [FFLT:1] esineehawuhlulwayo] ibonisa ukuba ubunzima obusuka kunyuko olulula (ielweyo lweziiibhili-mawaka ambalwa) kumazwe asezantsi.

Umahluko wemali

Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana inzuzo kwiikomiti zeqela elixhasayo, ezilungelelanisiweyo, kunye ne-PACs. Abalawuli abaphezulu abanayo le ngxaki. Ngoxa besenza i-PACs yabo, basoloko bejongene neendleko eziphezulu kwi-dola nganye ngenxa yokuba abanayo isiseko sokunikela esikhuliswe kwiminyaka edluleyo. Imithetho yeFEC ivumela abantu ukuba banikele kwii-R3,300 ngekota kwikomiti yezemali, kodwa abazimeleyo abanqabileyo banenenene noxokelelwano lokuphuma ngaphandle. Ngo-202020, abamele ukunyuka (amaqela azimeleyo) banyusa umlinganiselo we-R3-4, ngokuthelekiswa nezigidi ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ze-R3 zezigidi ze-Biden ne-Trump idiyolitha edityaniswe. Iminikelo encinci-Smadplane nge-Act Blue okanye u-Dlueves okanye u-dians (iiiP) ayikho ngokokusetyenziswa njengeediyo okanye i-mali yabo.

Ukwamkelwa kwegama

Imithombo yendaba ithambekela ekugqumeni ukhuphiswano, kwaye izikhundla ezizimeleyo azifane zigqalwe njengezikhuphiswano kwangoko. Oku kudala umjikelo onzima: ukugquma okusezantsi kuthetha ukuqwalaselwa kwamagama asezantsi, okuthi kucuthe amanani ophatho, okuthi ngokubhekele phaya kunciphise ukudityaniswa kwemali. Oku kuzenzeke xa isibhaka-bhakathi-bhaka sinomo (umz.[FLT], [[FLT]]]]] umbango lomevalo luncediweyo) okanye xa iindonala ezimfebe zithe kratya. [FLT:], [FLT] Av5], kodwa [FLT], [55],[5] kodwa u-FT] u-FOV: [5] u-FT] u-FT]

Ukoyisa Imiqobo: Imiqobo Esebenzayo

Phezu kwayo nje le miqobo, abanye abantu abazimeleyo baye baphumelela:

  • Isakhiwo sokubhalisa: ukuncedisana namaqela angengawo amaqela esizwe, amaqhina (xa kungqinelana ngokweengcamango), okanye iinkqubo zokushicilela zinganika ukhuthazo namatsha - ntliziyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izixhobo ze-media zolawulo lobucukubhede: Imacandelwana afana Andrew Yang (owabaleka njenge Democrat kodwa wakha ulandelo oluzimeleyo) osebenzisa amaqonga kwi Internet ukudlula kwimijelo yesithethe. "Iqela lenqanawa" lamnceda walufanelekela iingxoxo kwaye wanyusa izigidi.
  • Iphulo lolwakhiwo lwe-Grassroot: ukucangca ngesango, iziganeko zobulali, kunye neeholo zedolophu zisebenza ngokunempumelelo kodwa ziyasebenza ekwakheni ukuthembana, ingakumbi kwimilo yemithetho-mthetho yasekuhlaleni okanye yesizwe.
  • Izixhobo zokwahlula kunye nokungafundi: Abanye abaza kucela ukuvavanywa bavavanya imithetho yokufikelela enkundleni. Umzekelo, amaqela aluhlaza kunye neLibertrian amangalele ngempumelelo ukudambisa iimfuno kumazwe amaninzi.

Icebo eliluncedo yiprojekthi ye Voter ezimeleyo , elandela imigudu yotshintsho kwaye inika ukhokelo kubaqhubi abazimeleyo.

Ikamva Lezinto Ezizimeleyo: Imikhwa Nezinto Ezingekhoyo

Indima yokuzimela akumi ngapha nangapha. Izakhiwo ezininzi kunye nenkcubeko zinokunyusa impembelelo yazo kwiprimrive kunye nonyulo jikelele kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo.

Ukwanda kwezixhobo zokudlala ezizimeleyo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, isabelo samaMelika achaza ukuzimela siye sanyuka ngokuthe ngcembe. Kumazwe amaninzi, izikhundla ezizimeleyo ngoku zingaphezulu kwabavoti ababhalisweyo. Oku kunyanzelisa ukuba amaqela omabini abhenele kwisiziko, kwaye kudala ukhuthazo lwendalo kubathathi-nxaxheba abazimeleyo. Noko ke, abavoti abazimeleyo abasoloko bexhomekeke kwiqela elinye elisebenzayo; abasoloko befuna ukubhaliswa ngokuzimela ngokwabo. Sekunjalo, ukukhula ekubhalisweni ngaphandle komvoteko oluqhelekileyo kucebisa ukuba isidima sokushiya iqela eliziiindawo ezimbini zihamba ngokuzimelayo siyawohloka.

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral: Imisebenzi eshicilelweyo e-Choice kunye nokuvula iiPrimers

Utshintsho olufana nokuvota okucetyiweyo. Oku kwenza kukhuseleke kwi-RCV kunye nokuvuleka kwe-primporate kunciphisa iziphumo zokuphanga kwaye kusenokukhuthaza ii-odoli ezizimeleyo ukuqhuba. Kwinkqubo ye-RCV, amavoti akwizikhundla (ukuba akukho mntu uphumelelayo, umntu wokugqibela ukhutshelwa indawo ekhoyo, kwaye uvotelwa ngokukhuselekileyo. Oku kwenza ukuba kukhuseleke ukuba abavoti baxhase ukhetho oluzimeleyo ngaphandle kokuba “bathathi thathi nxaxheba. Maine noAlaska usebenzise i-RCV kunyulo lwamastiom, kwaye amadolobha amaninzi ayamkele. Ubungqina bakuqala be-Alaskaskauskah 20222222 (osetyenziswa phezulu-nesine sisixhobo esingeyo sobugqeba esilandelwa nguRCC.[3][3][3]

Ukuqhubela phambili kobugcisa

Umgangatho wobuxhakaxhaka wobuxhakaxhaka womgangatho wokudlala ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukuqokelelwa kwesicelo soluvo (e- si si siqhinga) kwenza kube lula ukufikelela kwebhola kumazwe amkela ezo zinto. Uqinisekiso lunganciphisa inkxalabo yokuqhatha. Unxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ntle luvumela umvoti ngqo ngaphandle kwezibhengezo ezihlawulayo, kwaye amaqonga angqukuva anjenge gqegqe iplainpac okanye i Kickstarder asetyenziselwa imali yempelamza yempempe. Noko ke, kwabubugcisa bunye buvumela amaqela amakhulu ukuba afumaneke kwimicroscopents, kodwa abafuni bezixhobo zamanani abazimeleyo basenokusebenzisa iindleko ezingaphezulu kuneendleko zezixhobo zezixhobo zekhompyutha kunezolwazi.

ICANDELO: Ukwenziwa

Asizizo zonke izicwangciso ezilungileyo. Ukuba ukwenziwa kwezobupolitika kuya kuba mandundu, abavoti bangakucel ’ umngeni ukushiya iqela labo befuna ukuzimela. Abafuni abazimeleyo basenokujamelana nohlaselo olunzima oluvela kwiimatshini zeqela. Kwamanye amazwe, amaqela amakhulu aye acela ngempumelelo ukususa iinkululeko kwiingxoxo okanye atyhalelwe imithetho yokufikelela engqongqo. I 2022 "IKhomishini yokuzibophelela" kumazwe ahlukeneyo ajolise ekugcineni abathathi-nxaxheba bengekho zibhoti.

Isiphelo: Intsingiselo Ehlala Ihleli Yamarhamncwa Azimeleyo

Abavotelwa abazimelayo bakwindawo engaqhelekanga kwaye ephantsi kwexabiso kunyulo lwaseMelika. Bangaphazamisa iziphumo zonyulo olungundoqo, ukubumba iziphumo jikelele, kwaye banyanzelisa amaqela amakhulu ukuba acombulule imibandela engahoywanga. Ingxaki yabo /ukufikelela kwezemfundo, inkxaso-mali, ukuchanaba kwezixhobo zezixhobo zezixhobo zekhompyutha, kodwa ayingoyiki. Njengoko ukungathembani kwamaqela kukhula kwaye kuneziguquko ezifana novota oluphantsi kwemiqatha, iwindow yabafuni-yo abazimeleyo inganwenwaba. Ukuqonda indima yabo asiyo nje ingeniso yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile kuye nabani okholelwa ukuba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi oluphilileyo lufuna amazwi amaninzi nokhuphiswano lokwenene. Ukuba ngabaphangi, ama-mastings, okanye abasebenzisi bokwenyaniso bokwenyaniso, abazimeleyo iya kuqhubeka ukuphembelela unyuso lwe-US onyulo nyuko lwexesha elizayo.