Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ehlabathini jikelele, ukhetho phakathi konyulo olungqalileyo nolungangqalanga lubumba indlela abemi abasebenzisa ngayo igunya lezobupolitika nendlela ababunjwa ngayo oorhulumente. Ngeli xesha zombini iindlela zijolise ekuguquleni ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, ziyahluka ngokwesiseko kwinkqubo, ukuphendula, kunye nentsingiselo yokumela. Ukuqonda oku kucalucalula kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda iinkqubo zezobupolitika, othatha inxaxheba kunyulo, okanye avavanye impilo yedemokhrasi. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olucacileyo lwendlela echanekileyo nengachananga yonyulo, kuquka indlela abasebenza ngayo, iingcambutho zabo, amandla abo nobuthathaka babo, kunye neengxoxo zanamhlanje ezibandakanyelwayo ekusetyenzisweni kwabo.

Luyintoni Ukhetho Olungqalileyo?

Unyulo oluthe ngqo luyindlela yokuvota apho abemi banqwenela ukuba nevoti yabo ngqo okanye iqela abalifumaneyo. Iziphumo zibonakala ngevoti yabemi ngabanye, kungekho mmeli wequmrhu elenza ukhetho lokugqibela. Le nkqubo yeyona ndlela yethuku elingenisiweyo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi: umvoti ngamnye ofanelekileyo unomvoti ngqo kwaye uyalingana ekuthini kubameleni.

Imizekelo eyaziwayo yonyulo iquka ukhuphiswano lwezihlalo zowiso-mthetho kumazwe amaninzi, njengonyulo kwiNdlu yabameli eUnited States, iNdlu yoManyano ye-United Kingdom ne-Bundestag. Ii-ofisi zongingqi ezifana noosodolophu, amalungu ebhunga lesixeko, namagosa ebhodi yesikolo asoloko ekhethwa ngonyulo olungqalileyo. Kwamanye amazwe, izibhexeshi kunye neenyathelo zombutho zivota ngqo kwimiciso yezomthetho, zinika nabemi indima ekhawulezileyo ekwenzeni umthetho.

  • [[FLT: 0] Umthabathi-nxaxheba: Wonke umvoti ofanelekileyo angathatha inxaxheba, ukwenza inkqubo idibane kakhulu.
  • Iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo: Iziphumo ezingaphandle zibalwa kwaye zibhengezwa kamsinya emva kokuvaleka kovolo, zinika impendulo ekhawulezileyo.
  • Amagosa aqwalaselweyo anokuphendula ngqo kwimisebenzi yawo.
  • Uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwevoti yommi kunye neziphumo zonyulo lulula kwaye luqondakala lula.

Luyintoni Ukhetho Olungangqalanga?

Kukho unyulo olungangqalanga olubandakanya inkqubo yeqonga apho abavoti bekhetha iqela labameli, abathi ngokulandelayo banyule umgcini-ofisi wokugqibela okanye benze isigqibo senkqubo. Le ndlela yenza umaleko wokwahlukana phakathi kommi kunye nesigqibo sokugqibela. Unyulo olungangqalanga lusoloko lusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezifuna ukuvumelana okubanzi, ukuzinza, okanye uphando olukhethekileyo.

Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo ngulo United States Electoral College, apho abavoti kwilizwe ngalinye bakhetha abavoti, kunye nabo bavoti ngoko bavotelela iivoti ezisemthethweni kumongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli. Iinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente zikwasebenzisa unyulo olungangqalanga ukukhetha intloko karhulumente: abami bavote kumalungu epalamente, kwanaloo malungu akhetha umphathi-nkulu. Ngokufanayo, kumazwe afana neIndiya neJamani, umongameli unyulwa ngokungangqalanga ngamalungu ekholeji enziwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho nezinye iziqu.

  • [[Ukhetho:0] Ukukhetha okukhoyo: Abavolontisi bakhetha abathunywa okanye abanyuli, abathi basebenzise ugwebo lwabo kwivoti elandelayo.
  • Iziphumo ezilibazisiweyo: Isiphumo sokugqibela singathatha iintsuku okanye iiveki ukugqiba, kuxhomekeka kumgca wexesha wevoti yomlamli.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isigqibo sezehlo: Abahlalutyi okanye abameli bacingelwa ukuba banexesha nolwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezithe kratya kuluntu ngokubanzi.
  • Ubuchule bokwenza unyulo olungangqalanga lungasithintela ekutshintsheni ngokukhawuleza kuluvo lukawonke-wonke kwaye lunciphise ulawulo lwe-CRC.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Phakathi Kokhetho Oluthe ngqo nolungangqalanga

Ngoxa zombini ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa kulawulo - melo ehlabathini lonke, zisuka zihambele phambili ngeendlela eziliqela ezibalulekileyo.

Inkqubo Yokuthumela

Kunyulo olungqalileyo, ivoti yomvoti igqiba ngqo ukuba ngubani ophumelele olu khuphiswano. Kunyulo olungangqalanga, ivoti yomvoti ikhetha umlamli owenza ukhetho lokugqibela. Lo mahluko uchaphazela indlela abavoti abayiqonda ngayo impembelelo yabo nendlela amaphulo acwangcisiweyo ngayo.

Ukuphendula nokumelisana

Amagosa anyuliweyo ngokungqalileyo ajongene nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwimibutho yawo; anokuvotelwa kunyulo olulandelayo ukuba ayasilela ukwanelisa isiseko sawo. Amagosa anyuliweyo ngokungqalileyo okanye amaziko asenokuziva ephantsi kwengcinezelo evela kuwonke-wonke kuba ekhethwe liqela elincinane labameli. Noko ke, abo bameli ngokwabo bamele baphendule kubavoti babo, bedala ityathanga lokuphendula.

Ubuntsonkothile Nokubonisa ngaphaya

Unyulo oluthe ngqo lulula ukuqonda kwaye lucace ngakumbi: umvotelwa ofumana olona luninzi. Unyulo olungangqalanga lubandakanya imithetho emalunga nendlela abanyuli abanikwa ngayo (umz., abaphumeleleyo bathathe zonke ii vs) ngokulinganayo, enokuthi ibhidanise unxulumano phakathi kwevoti eziqhelekileyo neziphumo zokugqibela. Umzekelo, umvotente angaphumelela kwi-U.S. umongameli ngaphandle kokuphumelela kwivota ethandwayo yesizwe, uphawu olubangela impikiswano edla ngokubanzileyo.

Impembelelo Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Unyulo olungangqalanga ludla ngokuqinisa indima yamaqela ezobupolitika. Iinkokeli zeqela zingalawula ngokuphawulekayo ukuba ngubani osebenza njengomnyuli okanye ummeli, kwaye ingqeqesho yeqela ingabumba uvoti lokugqibela. Kunyulo olungqalileyo, amaqela anjalo, kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba bangabhenela ngokulula ngakumbi kwimibutho yangaphandle.

Imbali Yokhetho Olungqalileyo

Imvelaphi yonyulo lwedemokhrasi ibuyela eAthene yamandulo, apho abemi babotela ngokuthe ngqo kwimithetho neenkokeli (ihlobo lwedemokhrasi ngqo). Noko ke, njengoko amazwe athe akhula, inxaxheba engqalileyo yaba yinto engasebenzi, ikhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo yabameli.

Unyulo olungangqalanga lunembali ende yomgaqo-siseko. Abalawuli be-Electoral College badala iElctoral College njengolwahlulelwano phakathi kwabo bafuna iKhomishini yokukhetha umongameli nabo bafuna uvotelo oluqhelekileyo. Bangathembanga ulawulo-melo oluthe ngqo kwaye bakholelwa ukuba iqela labanyuli abanolwazi liza kwenza ukhetho olulumkileyo. Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente zavela ngokungangqalanga: abaphathi abamiselweyo, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, abo balungiseleli babanokuphendula kwimithetho enyuliweyo, besenza unyulo oluthe ngqo lwabefundisi abakhulu.

unyulo olucacileyo lwafumana uphakamiso ngexesha lenkulungwane ye19 neyamashumi amabini njenge ntshukumo yedemokhrasi etyhalelwa ukuba angenelele kakhulu kubemi. Ulwandiso lwe-suffige, ukusungulwa kwe-spost yomfihleko, kunye neenguqu ezifana ne-primporives ezithe ngqo eUnited States zonke zibonise utshintsho ekunikeni abavoti ulawulo oluthe ngqo. Namhlanje, uninzi lwemibutho yemithetho yezolawulo-mthetho kwidemokhrasi inyulwa ngqo, ngexa iindlela ezingangqalanga zigcinelwa iintloko zikarhulumente kwiinkqubo zepalamente okanye kwiindawo ezithile ezifana neejaji ezikhethekileyo kumazwe athile.

Inzuzo yokhetho oluthe ngqo

Abaxhasi bonyulo olungqalileyo babalaselisa iingenelo eziliqela zedemokhrasi.

Amandla Nentsebenziswano

Xa abemi bevotela iinkokeli ngokuthe ngqo, bavakalelwa kukuba banamandla okusebenza kwezobupolitika. Uphando lubonisa ukuba unyulo olungqalileyo lungandisa umvoti nonyulo kuba abantu balubona ngokucacileyo unxulumano phakathi kokuthabatha kwabo inxaxheba kunye neziphumo.

Ukubonakala kwelinye icala

Le nkqubo icace gca: umntu ofumana ivoti eninzi uyaphumelela. Oku kulula kunciphisa amathuba okusebenzisa iincutshe kwaye kwenza kube lula ukuba amajelo eendaba kunye nebutho labantu lijonge iziphumo.

Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona

Amagosa anyulwe ngokungqalileyo asabela kakhulu kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Kufuneka asoloko enyamekela iimfuno neembono zabaququzeleli bawo ukukhusela unyulo kwakhona, olunokuthi lukhokelele kwingqalelo engakumbi nolawulo olulungelelaniswayo.

Iingozi Zonyulo Oluthe ngqo

Nangona luthandwa, unyulo olungqalileyo luneempazamo.

IPopulism kunye nenkqubo yolawulo

Unyulo olungqalileyo lunokwenza abo batshateyo kodwa abangakufanelekeliyo baphumelele esikhundleni ngokubhenela kwiimvakalelo nakwiziqubulo ezilula. Umngcipheko wokufumana igunya uphezulu xa izigqibo zenziwe ngokuvota kwabantu abaninzi kunokuba kubhenwe iziqu ezideleyo.

Ubunzima Obukhulu

Kuluntu olwahlukeneyo, unyulo olungqalileyo lungathoba isidima samaqela amancinane. Iqela elininzi lingasoloko linyulwa ngokuziincamisa okanye lizichasa iimfuno ezincinane. Le yinkxalabo ebalaseleyo kwingcamango yedemokhrasi, kwaye abanye baphikisa ngelithi iinkqubo ezingangqalanga okanye ezilungelelanisiweyo zikhusela amazwi amancinane bhetele.

Ukudinwa kwezixhobo zokuhambisa ioli kunye nemiqobo yolwazi

Unyulo oluthe ngqo lweeofisi ezininzi lufuna abavoti ukuba benze uphando ngabantu abaninzi abaza kuvota. Oku kunokukhokelela ekudinweni ngumvoti naku izigqibo ezisekelwe kwinkcazelo elinganiselweyo, njengokuqaphela igama okanye ukudibana neqela kunokuba neendawo zenkqubo.

Iingenelo Zokhetho Olungangqalanga

Unyulo olungqalileyo luzisa iingenelo zesakhiwo ezithi abanye baphikisane nazo zivelise ulawulo olulunge ngakumbi.

Ukuzinza Nobulumko

Ngokuhluza uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngequmrhu labameli abanyuliweyo, unyulo olungangqalanga lungakhusela urhulumente ekuguqukeleni kwexesha elifutshane kwiimvakalelo eziqhelekileyo. Abameli bacingelwa ukuba banexesha elininzi nobuchule bokuvavanya abo batshayo, nto leyo enokubakhokelela kukhetho lobulumko. Umzekelo, iElectoral College ye-U.S. yenzelwe ukukhusela amandla angaphandle okanye i-demoggie ukuba iphumeze unyulo oluthe ngqo.

Umelo oluncinane

Kwezinye iinkqubo ezingangqalanga, umelo lulungiselelwe ngabom ukunikela ilizwi kwiingingqi okanye kwimimandla encinane. IBhunga leNtlanganiso laseUnited States (ekuqaleni elanyulwa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho) neElectoral College zombini zinikela ubunzima obungenakulinganiswa nanto kumazwe angamiyo kakhulu, ziqinisekisa ukuba inkxalabo yawo iyaviwa.

Ukwanelisa Iinkqubo Ezikhulu

Kumazwe amaninzi, ukulawula unyulo olungqalileyo lweofisi enye elawulayo kusenokuba lucelomngeni oluthe ngqo. Unyulo olungangqalanga lungayikhupha inkqubo ngokunciphisa inani leevoti ezinqgobileyo kwiqumrhu elilawulekayo labanyuli okanye abamisi-mthetho.

Iingozi Zokhetho Olungangqalanga

Abahlalutyi bathi kukho iingxaki ezininzi.

Uqhawulo - nxulumano Nobuxoki

Abavoti abakwinkqubo ezingangqalanga badla ngokuvakalelwa kukuba abasebenzi abafumananga ngxaki. Xa isigqibo sokugqibela sisenziwa ngumnyuli okanye ummisi-mthetho, abemi bangaqonda ukuba ukhetho lwabo olungqalileyo luyatyeshelwa. Oku kuphambuka kunokudandathekisa kwaye kuthob ’ isidima sokholo kwidemokhrasi.

Ukuntsonkotha Nokudideka

Kunzima ukucacisa nokuqonda unyulo olungangqalanga. AmaMerika amaninzi akayiqondi ngokupheleleyo indlela esebenza ngayo iElectoral College, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudidekeni malunga nesizathu sokuba umntu oza kubhaptizwa aphumelele kumongameli ngaphandle kokuphumelela kwivoti ethandwayo. Oku kungabi nakukhanyela kunokubangela ukungathembani.

Umngcipheko Wokubanjwa Ngelitha

I-media isenokuphenjelelwa ngabalawuli beqela, abaququzeleli, okanye abanomdla okhethekileyo. Le nkqubo ingangqalanga ivelisa amathuba okunyanga nokusebenzisana ngempazamo okunokuphazamisa ukuthanda okuthandwayo. Imizekelo yembali iquka “abanyuli abangakholwayo” e-U.S. abavotela ngokuchasene nomntu oza kungenela inxaxheba yabo, nangona inqabile kwaye isoloko isohlwaywa.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elizayo Nezindululo Zotshintsho

Kumazwe amaninzi, ukhetho olukhoyo phakathi konyulo olungqalileyo nolungangqalanga lungumbuzo ophilayo wezobupolitika.

Utshintsho Electoral College eUnited States

Emva konyulo olubini lomongameli kwinkulungwane yama-21 apho umvuzo uphulukane novoti ethandwayo yesizwe (2000 kunye no-2016), kuye kwakho ubizo olunamandla lokuphelisa okanye lokuguqula iElectoral College. Iipropals zoluhlu ukusuka kwi- yesizwe ePopular Votestation Compaven Compation, enokuthi iqinisekise ukuba umongameli umlawuli kwivotimenti yelizwe lonke, ukupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko yenkomfa yokhetho oluthe ngqo. Abagxeki bonyulo oluthe ngqo baphikisa ukuba izakunciphisa impembelelo yamazwe amancinane kunye namaphandle, ngelixa abaxhasi besithi ingenza ivoti nganye elingana. Funda okuninzi [[FLT:] koomatila: Ellksi wogcino-onke [Foctrenti:]

Inkqubo yePalamente kunye neNtloko kaRhulumente

Kulawulo-melo lwepalamente ezininzi, umphathi-nkulu unyulwa ngokungangqalanga. Noko ke, amanye amazwe aye aqhubela ekukhetheni iinkokeli ngokuthe ngqo. Umzekelo, uSirayeli wazisa unyulo olungqalileyo lwenkulumbuso (emva yashiywa), kwaye i-Itali iphikisana ngotshintsho olufanayo. Urhwebo-phakathi kozinzo nozinzo olungqalileyo luyaqhubeka luphikiswana. Kwinkcazo yenkqubo zepalamente, bona [[FLT: 0] IDEA: Iinkqubo zePalamente .

Utyekelo Lwehlabathi Lonke: Ulawulo - melo Oluthe Ngqo

Ngaphezu konyulo oluvotelwayo, ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obuthe ngqo bedemokhrasi (iindlela zokusebenza, amanyathelo, kunye neenkumbulo) kwande ehlabathini lonke. Amazwe anjengeSwitzerland kunye namazwe amaninzi ase-U.S. avumela abemi ukuba bavote ngqo kwimithetho kunye neenguquko zomGaqo-siseko. Oku kubonisa imfuneko ekhulayo yokuba abami bathathe inxaxheba ngaphaya kokukhetha abameli. Noko ke, ubungozi bolawulo lwedemokhrasi nomthetho omkhulu buye banda kule meko. Ukudlala phakathi kwezi zinto ngqo nezinga ngqo nezingangqalanisi kungumqondiso ongundoqo woyilo lwedemokhrasi yale. Okunye intsingiselo yokufundwa kwedemokhrasi inokufunyanwa ku [[FT: 0] ulawulo-demokhrasi oluthe ngqo].

Isiphelo

Unyulo oluthe ngqo nolungangqalanga lumela iintanda-bulumko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zomelo lwedemokhrasi. Unyulo olungqalileyo lubeka inxaxheba kubemi, lulula, luye luziphendulele ngoko nangoko. Unyulo olungqalileyo lugxininisa uzinzo, uphando, kunye nokhuseleko lwemidlalo yabambalwa okanye yengingqi. Ayikho inkqubo ephezulu ngokwemvelo; nganye ineempawu ezifanele imo yezobupolitika kunye nobuthathaka obunokudodoba iingcamango zedemokhrasi.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi benzululwazi yezobupolitika, ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubaluleke kakhulu kungekuphela nje ekuhlolisiseni indlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo kodwa kwanokulungelelanisa izicelo zokuguqula iinkqubo zokhetho. Njengoko ulawulo-moya luguquka, uxinezeleko phakathi kweendlela ezithe ngqo nezingangqalanga luza kuhlala lungumxholo ophambili kwiingxoxo zokuchaza indlela engcono yokuguqulela ukuthanda kwabantu kwimpumelelo nakulawulo olusemthethweni.

Ekugqibeleni, ukhetho phakathi konyulo olungqalileyo nolungangqalanga lubonisa amaxabiso anzulu amalunga nendima yommi kwidemokhrasi. Ingaba ummi ngamnye ufanele athethe ngendlela efanayo nengqalileyo, okanye ngaba kububulumko ukucoca ukuthanda okuqhelekileyo ngoqumrhu labameli? Impendulo iyahluka-hluka ngokwelizwe, inkcubeko, nembali, kodwa umbuzo udala njengolawulo-melo ngokwalo kwaye ungowexesha lonyulo olulandelayo.