Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sonyulo loMongameli onguVimba elinguMongameli

Unyulo loMongameli onguMongameli onguVimba waseIndiya lusekelwe kwiZihlolo 63 ukuya kutsho kuma-68 womGaqo-siseko waseIndiya. Inqaku lama-66 lidala iofisi, lichaza ukuba uMongameli onguMongameli osisigxina oza kunyulwa ngamalungu ekholeji evolontiya equka amalungu omabini ezindlu zePalamente. Le "Ntosi" ikhethekileyo yeKoleji ekhethekileyo (i-Rajiya Sabha). Inqaku lama-66 libeka ngaphandle kwenkqubo yonyulo-omatilo-omatilam: umongameli uya kunyulwa ngumongameli oza kuba ngurhulumente ophezulu kunaye nawuphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na i-omnye urhulumente oqhelekileyo kodwa ayibonisi inkqubo yokhetho oluqhelekileyo. Le komiti "costate"enoretaldalse Colish Collet the Colletry jourry).

IElectoral College for the Vice Mongameli iquka bonke abanyuliweyo nabatyunjwayo bezindlu zombini. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo loMongameli, oluquka amalungu eKoleji yeSizwe e-Indiya ePhakathiswayo, iKhomishini enguMongameli ephethe ipalamente kuphela. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli onguMongameli, okhonza njengoMphathi-Sihlalo weRajiya Sabba, unyulwa kuphela yindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. IKhomishini yoNkqulo yoNgqibo-mthetho yeIndiya (ECI) iqhuba unyulo phantsi kweSigqeqeba 324, ilandela imithetho ebekwe phantsi koMongameli kunye noMphathiswa we-Equaredies Equaties, 1952, kunye noNkquluko lwe-Ecoms mithetho.

Iinkcukacha zomthetho ezithe zangentla, bhekisa ku [[FLT] umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko, ngokungqalileyo Icandelo V, Isahluko III. Incwadi yesandla yeKhomishini yoPhuliso esemthethweni ikwacacisa iproceddial reconformations.

Inkqubo yoqhagamshelwano oludluliselwa kwenye

Unyulo lobuKhosi obusisiSikhokelo lusebenzisa inkqubo ye yomelo lokhetho lobunyani ngohlobo olunye oludluliselweyo Vote (STV). Le ndlela yahlukile ku "lokuqala-phambili-mboniso" indlela esetyenziswa kwizihlalo zepalamente ezininzi. Kwi-STV, abavotisi besikhundla solawulo ngokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ukhusela umlinganiselo ofunekayo (inani levoti ezisebenzayo elabelwe linani elinye, kunye nomnye kubalo lokuqala), umvoti wemivoti yokuqala encinci ekhoyo i-STV ikhutshiwe, kwaye iivoti zakhe zithunyelwa kubagcini abahleli bezinto ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo ezisuka kwisibini. Oku kuyaqhubeka de kube omnye umbalelwa komnye.

I-STV inkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli onyuliweyo unandipha ungqinelano olubanzi kumacala onke ezobupolitika. Ngenxa yokuba amavoti angadluliswa, kwanabavoti abangelulo lokuqala boninzi abanokuphumelela ngokufumana izinto ezikhethwayo kamva. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphumelela "oyena mnqobi" ngobuninzi obumxinwa kuphela. Ukuqhelisa, inani labatshati lidla ngokuba lincinane, kwaye umlinganiselo ofunekayo ufunyanwa kubalo lokuqala ngokwalo, ingakumbi xa umlandeli wesivumelwano ebekwe emhlabeni.

Ngokwezibalo, umlinganiselo osebenzayo ubalelwa njenge: Quota = (Inani Leziqinisiso ezisebenzayo i Votes + 1) + 1. KuMongameli onguMongameli, kukho isihlalo esinye kuphela, ngoko ke icandelo liba ngu-' Quota] = (Inani leSiqiniseko esisemthethweni Votes / 2) + + [[FLTLT:3], ithetha ukuba umvote ukhusele isiqingatha esingaphezulu sevoti iyonke esebenzayo. Ukuba umvoti ufumana ngaphezulu kunoluvoti lokuqala lwe-ivoti, zichazwa ngaphandle kokudluliswa okupheleleyo. I-althmotelthis processs kwiqela lobugracces.

Inkqubo yotyumbo kunye noshicilelo

Xa iKhomishini yoNnyulo ibhengeza ucwangciso lonyulo, inkqubo iqala ngonyulo lwabanyuli abangama-20 njengendawo yesaziso sikawonke-wonke. Abachongi kufuneka bafake amaphepha abo abhaliweyo phambi komphathi obekiweyo oBuyiselo (uNobhala .Njengoko u-SAVIGeneral we Rajiya Sabha). Iphepha lonyuselo-mtyuli-mfono-mfono kufuneka lityikitywe ngabachongi abangama-20 njengabacebisi njengabachongi abangama-20 njengesibini.

Uhlolo lotyumbo lwenzeka ngomhla olandelayo womhla wokugqibela wokulayishwa. Umphathi obuyayo uhlola ukutyunjwa komGaqo-siseko ngamnye: lowo ungenelelayo kufuneka abe ngummi waseIndiya, ubuncinane oneminyaka engama-35 ubudala, ofanele ukuba lilungu leLokabhaha (ngoko ke akangeni ofisi yengeniso phantsi komzi okanye urhulumente wombuso), kwaye akamele abe ngowomGawulayo okanye ongakhutshwanga kwintywili. Nasiphi na isiphazamiso kwizicelo okanye iimfaneleko zabatshati okanye ezilandelayo zingakhokelela ekulahlweni. I-Candidate inokwahlutha uphatho lwazo lwazo lwemincuthu kwiintsuku ezimbini emva kokuba beqalisile.

Kunyulo lwakutshanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya ichazisile ukuba "isikhundla sengeniso" ichazwe ngokungqongqo. Umzekelo, Pradyut Bordoi v. IKhomishini yoNnyulo yeIndiya [2022], iNkundla ixhasa ukususwa komntu oza kubhaptizwayo owafumana inxalenye yesikhundla esisemthethweni sexesha le-1969 neenzuzo zemali. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokhetho ihlala ikhululekile kwimpembelelo yegunya elikhulu.

Imisebenzi Yokudlala: Ibhola Efihlakeleyo Nokuziphatha

Ukuncoma kwenzeka kwiPalamente House, iNew Delhi, ngomhla omiswe yi-ECI. Wonke amalungu eLok Sabba noRaja Sabba afanele ukuvota. UMgaqo-siseko ugunyazisa i-collet [[FLT: 0] eyimfihlelo[ ukukhusela inkululeko yomnyuli ngamnye, nangona kuqheliselwa ukuqhutywa kwemibutho emininzi. INkundla ePhakamileyo, [Pashupatugati v. Evolution Commission of India [[FLT:]] [20] [20], yaphawula ukuba isiqhuqhotho asigunyazi ngokusemthethweni kunyulo lobuMongameli, njengokuba ingeyivotilo oluselulekileyo.

Umvoti ngamnye ufumana iphepha loluhlu lwemiboniso yabaqhubi kulandelelwano loonobumba, kunye nonxulumano lwabo (ukuba naluphi na) kunye nemiqondiso yonyulo. Umvoti uphawula izinto azikhethayo ngokubhala "1", "3", "njl., ngokuchasene nabavoti. Ukuphawula okungagqibekanga okanye ukusebenzisa iimpawu ezingezozo manani kunokunikezela ibhola enomsebenzi. Umphathi-mikhosi olungisayo kunye namagosa aqokelelayo aqinisekisa ukuba akukho mvoti uchaza indlela abavote ngayo nabani na ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sokuvota. Emva kokuphosa, iphepha lebhola lotyikityo libekwa kwibhokisi etywinwayo.

IKhomishini yoNnyulo imisela izitishi ezininzi zokuvota kwizakhiwo zePalamente ukuze kuvulwe ngokutyibilikayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuvota kuye kwenziwa iintsuku ezininzi kumalungu agulayo okanye avalelwe phantsi kwentolongo ethintelayo, kodwa inkqubo esesikweni ithintela ukuvota konke ngosuku olunye. Abachongi beposi abavunyelwanga kunyulo lobuPhosele beSebe, ngokungafaniyo nonyulo loMongameli; kuphela kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo apho ilungu lingavota esibhedlele okanye entolongweni kunye namalungiselelo akhethekileyo.

Izibalo zeMidlalo neSibhengezo seMpuza

Ukubala kuqala ngokukhawuleza emva kwesiphelo sovolo. IGosa elibuyayo livula iibhokisi zokuvota phambi kwabavumi okanye abachongi babo. Inyathelo lokuqala kukufumana inani elipheleleyo leevoti ezisebenzayo. Iibhola ezingagunyaziswanga zezingaphawulwanga, eziphawulelwe abangeneleli abangaphezulu kokhetho lokuqala, okanye ezithwala naluphi uphawu lokwahlula.

Ukubala kulandela i-STV protocol. Kwinkoliso engaphikiswanga okanye evumelanayo, umlinganiselo wokuqala wokufumana udityaniso uhlangatyezwana. Ukuba akunjalo, umvoti onevoti encinane yokuqala 76parefe ucinywa, kwaye iibhola zakhe zisasazwa kwabashiyekileyo abasekelwe kwizinto ezikhethiweyo zesibini. Oku kusebenza kuqhubekeka de umvotelwa afikelele umlinganiselo. Inkqubo yonke ibhaliwe kwaye inokubalelwa phambi kwenkundla ephakamileyo kwisicelo sonyulo phantsi kweGatya 71.

Isiphumo sokugqibela sivakaliswa ngumphathi obuyayo, othumela isiqinisekiso esityikityiweyo kuMongameli. UMongameli omtsha uthatha iofisi ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphelelwa kwegama lomanduleli okanye kwisaziso sikaMongameli, aze afunge ngesikhundla phambi koMongameli okanye komnye umphathi omiselweyo.

Isizathu Sokuba IRaje Sabha Ibe Nendima Ephambili

Nangona ikholeji yabanyuli iquka zombini iiHome, unxulumano lukaRaje Sabha kuMongameli onguMangameli lunzulu ngokungaqhelekanga. Inqaku lama-64 lenza uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli osisigxina u-ex publicio Caiman weRajiya Sabba. Oku kuthetha ukuba iRajya Sabhah yigumbi eliphambili lepalamente apho uMongameli wobuKhosi elawula khona. Umongameli weSebe usebenza njengoMongameli xa umva engakwazi ukukhulula imisebenzi ngenxa yokungabikho, ukugula, okanye ukuphelelwa. Le ndima idityani yenza uMongameli oyisekela-mongameli weSigqeqeshi phakathi kweSigqeba nendlu.

Ngenxa yokuba iRajiya Sabba ibunjwe ngamalungu anyulwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente namalungu atyunjwe ngurhulumente, imela umelo lwe-Indiya. UMongameli ongumongameli, njengoSihlalo, kufuneka alondoloze ukungacalucalucalulo nokuphakamisa isidima seNdlu. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yonyulo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umtshayeli ufumana intembelo kungekuphela nje kwiqela likarhulumente kodwa kwanobubanzi beqela lengingqi kunye namaqela aphikisayo. URajiya Sabba ungowakhe ngokungqalileyo kwaye aqhubeke (ngalawulwa kukugqibelela) unyulo, njengoko iNkshayeza ubunzima kwindlu esoloko iphicotha isonka kwinkile yezopolitiki.

Kwimbali, iRajiya Sabba ngezihlandlo eziliqela ibiyindawo enkulu yokulwa unyulo lomongameli. Ngo-2022, unyulo lukaJagdeep Dhankhar lwabona ulawulo lweNational Democratic Alliance (NDA) luqokelela inkxaso evela kuzo zombini izindlu, kodwa ukhuphiswano lwatsala ingqalelo kuba iRajiya Sabba wayenolwabelo olukhulu lwekholeji yabanyuli (amalungu angama- 230 ngexesha). Umxhasi wenkcaso, Margaret Alva, wabophelela amavoti angosi angoota nxamnye noDhanhar's 528, kodwa umlinganiselo wokuvota kwiRajiya Sabbaha ngokwawo wajongwa kakhulu njenge-bhatemmeter yenkxaso yepalamente.

Ukuthelekisa nokhetho lobuMongameli

Unyulo loMongameli onguMongameli osisiXhosa lusoloko luthelekiswa, kwaye luthelekise------ kunye nonyulo loMongameli wase-Indiya. Zombini zisebenzisa umelo olulungelelanisiweyo lwe-STV kunye nevoti yasemfihlekweni. Noko ke, kukho umahluko ongundoqo:

  • Ikholeji yezemali: Ikholeji yoMongameli equke amalungu anyuliweyo eLok Sabha, Rajiya Sabba, kunye nayo yonke iRhulumente yoMgaqo-siseko (kuquka iSikolo seSizwe saseDelhi nePucherry). Ikholeji enguMongameli iquka iindibano zephondo.
  • Ixabiso levoti: Kunyulo lobuMongameli, amavoti aqiniswa ngokusekelwe kwimithetho eqwalasela abemi belizwe ngalinye. Kunyulo lomongameli oPhantsi, onke amalungu ePalamente anexabiso levoti elilinganayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa kophazamiso: KuMongameli, umncomi ufuna iingcebiso ezingama-50 kunye neziphinda-phindi ezingama-50; kumongameli onguMongameli, imfuneko ngu 20 ngamnye.
  • ath: uMongameli ufunga ukuba uza kulondoloza, akhusele, akhusele, akhusele umGaqo-siseko; uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli osisiGqibiso ufunga ukuthwala ukholo lokwenyaniso nokunyaniseka kumGaqo-siseko nokuphumeza ngokuthembeka imisebenzi yeofisi.
  • I- Ukubhatala: Indawo eofisini kaMongameli kufuneka igcwaliswe kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu; isithuba kwi-ofisi yoMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo asinawo umqathango wexesha elifanelekileyo, kodwa unyulo ludla ngokubakho ngokukhawuleza.

Le micalulo igxininisa indima yoMongameli onguMongameli wePalamente, hayi yeyonyulo olubanzi lwamagunya.

Imbali Nezinto Eziphawulekayo

UGqr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, uMongameli wokuqala waseIndiya, uSarvepalli Radhakrishnan, wanyulwa ngo-1952. Ukususela ngoko, unyulo luye lwancinwa izihlandlo ezili-11 kuphela konyulo olukwi15 njengo-2022. Ukhuphiswano olukufutshane lwenzeka ngo1967 xa u-V.V.V.Gri woyisa iBhunga loMbutho loMphathi-Mkhosi ngomda omxinwa wevotelo kuphela lwama-51 kuphela emva kwengxelo. Ngo-2017, uM.Vkaidu Naidu wafumana ngovoti nxamnye no-516 no-244 noGopalkrishna Gandhin, umvotisi wonyulo oweyonga kakhulu.

Okuphawulekayo kukuba, unyulo lobuPhakathi beNkundla ePhakamileyo lwathiwa luphuthile. Olona celomngeni luphezulu lwavela ngo-2002 xa unyulo lukaBaighon Singh Shekhawat lwaliwa, kodwa iNkundla yaluxhasa. Uzinzo lwale nkqubo luthetha ngendlela eyomeleleyo yomatshini abanyuliweyo phantsi kwe-ECI.

I Rajiya Sabra Sectariat igcina uvimba opheleleyo weziphumo ukususela kwinkululeko. Umntu angafumana le data nge iKhomishini yoKhetho loMongameli onguMongameli wonyulo iphepha.

IQuorum, iTiegrade Grouding, kunye nezinye izicwangciso-mali

Akukho mfuneko yencincane ye-quolm ngexesha lokuvota; uvotelo lusebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuba linani liphela leevoti eziphosiweyo, ukuba unyulo luqhutywa kakuhle. Noko ke, ukuba inani lilonke levoti ezisebenzayo lingaphantsi kobuncinane obufunekayo ukwenza iqumrhu (umz., lingaphantsi kwevoti ezimbini ezisebenzayo), unyulo lubonakala lungaphumelelanga qha.

Ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana inani elifanayo ngqo leevoti zokuqala ezithathelwe ingqalelo kubalo lokugqibela, umphathi obuyayo uzoba amaqashiso ukufumanisa umnqolobi. Lo mqathango wodibaniso unikezelwa kuMthetho wama-23 woMongameli kunye noVice à Premidelitial Evolutions, 1974. Umzobo wamaqashiso ungqinela abathathi-nxaxheba okanye abameli babo kwaye ubhalwe kwimizuzu elandelayo.

Enye intsingiselo kukuphatha amalungu atyunjwe amatyum. Amalungu angenaziqu zombini Izindlu afaneleke ngokupheleleyo ukuvota, ngokungafaniyo nonyulo loMongameli apho amalungu atyunjweyo owiso-mthetho akakwazi ukuvota. Oku kuqukwa komeleza umelo lwengcaphephe namazwi amancinane.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka kwePalamente 76 Kukhetho

Unyulo loMongameli onguVimba-mandla waseIndiya ngamalungu ozo zombini izindlu zePalamente luyinkqubo elungiswe kakuhle yomgaqo-siseko. Iqinisekisa ukuba umntu oza kuhlala kwiofisi yesibini ephakamileyo kakhulu, kwaye usebenza njengonogada weRajeya Sabha iingxoxo `igunya elithe ngqo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ukusetyenziswa komelo oluthe lwadluliselwa kwenye indawo kukhuthaza ukuvumelana kolwakhiwo kwaye kunciphisa amathuba okoyisa okupheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, inxaxheba ePalamente igxininisa indima kaMongameli onguMongameli wepala, hayi ummeli wamazwe.

Njengoko idemokhrasi yase-Indiya iguquka, unyulo loMongameli onguMongameli oyiSekelayo luhlala lusisalathisi esingundoqo solungelelwaniso lwezobupolitika kunye nee-intergraditys. Ukuqonda inkqubo yayo `ukusuka kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ukuya kwindlela yokubala ye-STV(ibalulekile) kumntu ofuna ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yokwakheka yezomGaqo-siseko wase-Indiya. Kubafundi abanomdla ekunyukeni okunzulu, [FLT] [FL:1] PRS Legis Legis umphaccendical chazar[ [FLT] uphatho oluntle lolwendo oluphezulu lolwenziweyo lomgaqo-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko sobuzwelonke].[FT:3] lunika isishwankathelo esiphezulu sonyuso sifuno senkqubo sakutshanje sonyulwano sonyuso sinyelwe-ukulwano