Isithunzi soMongami: Isiseko esingabhalwanga

Umgaqo-siseko waseBritane uyakwazi ukuphelisa ulawulo-siseko olulula. Ngokungafaniyo noninzi lwedemokhrasi zale mihla, alukho kuxwebhu olunye, oludityanisiweyo. Endaweni yoko, yinto ephilayo, ephefumlayo emiselwe ngumthetho womthetho, umthetho oqhelekileyo, igunya lobukumkani, kunye nothungelwano olukhulu lweendibano ezingabhalwanga. Kuyo kanye le nkqubo entsonkothileyo ihlala inguMlawuli. Ibali lomgaqo-siseko womgaqo-siseko waseBritani asiyobali nje lemithetho neloorhulumente; libali elingunyaka wama-80 000 ukuchaza amandla phakathi kokumkani, izikhulu, icawase cawa, kwaye ekugqibeleni, abantu.

Eli nqaku lilandelela loo ncam, lihlola iincam ezinkulu zokujika ````iibharon''' ukusuka kwimiqathango enyanzelisa umgaqo-siseko e Runnymede' ukuya kuvavanyo lwamanani lwenkundla yangoku'.

I-Anglo-Saxon neNorman Seeds (Pre-1215)

Phambi kweNorman Consolation ngo 1066, ookumkani baseNgilani base-Anglo-Saxon abazange balawule ngegunya elingathintelwayo. Witan (ii-"zilumko"), indibano yamanene nabefundisi abaphambili, babesebenza njengebhunga lengingqi. Bacebisa ukumkani ngemicimbi yomthetho, umhlaba uyanika, kwananokhetho lwabathathi-nxaxheba. Ngoxa ukumkani wayeyinkokeli eyintloko, iWitan yayimela ukulindela kwangaphambili okwakufuneka ukuba kudibane nezigqibo eziphambili.

UWilliam uMnqobi wazisa inkqubo ephakathi ye-liveral eNgilani. Wayenelizwe, ecebisa ukuba anyaniseke ngokupheleleyo, kwaye efuna ukunyaniseka okupheleleyo. Kodwa, wamisa i-Ciria Regis (INkundla kaKumkani), iqumrhu labaqeshi kunye nabefundisi ababemcebisa. Kwinkulungwane elandelayo, phantsi kookumkani abanjengoHenry I noHenry II, iCuria Regis yaqalisa ukumisela umthetho. Utshintsho olusemthethweni lukaHenry II lwadala iziseko zomthetho uMthetho [[FLT:]] .[FLT] [3] [iiiiiiiindlela esemthethweni yokulawula ummandla wonke.]

Itshati Enkulu: Magna Carta (1215)

Ulawulo lwengozi lukaKumkani John oluphawulwe yirhafu enzima, ukungaphumeleli kwemikhosi eFransi, ingxabano ekrakra noPopu `imposiso yamaNgesi ukuya kwinqanaba lokwaphuka. Ngo1215, bavukela, babamba iLondon kwaye banyanzela uKumkani ukuba athethe. Isiphumo yaba yiMagna Carta (iSicatshulwa esikhulu). Ngoxa uxwebhu luye lwathetha ngezikhalazo ezithile zengxabano, lwalunemigaqo emibini eyayizakuba yi-enkulungwane.

Okokuqala, ukumkani wayengenakuyihlawula irhafu ngaphandle "kokuvumelana nommandla. Le nto yatyala imbewu yokulawula ipalamente. Okwesibini, uClaus 39 wathi akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi afakwe entolongweni, agxothwe, okanye agxothwe "ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni wabalingana naye okanye umthetho welizwe." Lo mgaqo wenkqubo ye engaphambili nomthetho wawusebenza nakukumkani.

UMagna Carta waphinda wadityaniswa waqinisekiswa kaninzi ngabaphathi bempuma kamva, ingakumbi uHenry III noEdward I, ababefuna inkxaso yezopolitiko yoobhishophu. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, yaba luphawu olunamandla lwenkululeko yamandulo, eyayisoloko ikhankanywa ngabameli bePalamente kumlo wabo nxamnye noStuartabsolist.

Ukuzalwa kwePalamente (1265-1485)

Ngokulandela uMagna Carta, umgaqo wokuthethana wakhula. Ngo1265, uSimon de Montfort, owayekhokela ekuvukeleni uHenry III, wabiza ipalamente eyayibandakanya kungekuphela nje izalathisi nabefundisi kodwa kwanabaphathi-mikhosi abasuka kwiishires kunye neebhoti. Oku kwaba lulwando lwenguquko.

Edward I, oyingcali yezobuqhinga, wavuma ukuba luncedo kwepalamente ebanzi ukuvuma ukuhlawula irhafu enzima efunekayo kwiimfazwe zakhe. " IPalamente yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana ye1295 yaba yisikhokelo sexesha elizayo. Ngenkulungwane ye14, iPalamente yahlulwe yaba ziindlu ezimbini ezahlukileyo: [[FLT:] indlu yaBalawuli [[FLT] [indlu] yoomati noomatilo ophezulu] kunye [abefundisi abaphezulu] kunye nendlu yeZindlu Zobulali [[FLT] eziqhelekileyo] (iiiveki kunye neBhobhosbosbos). Isitshixo: okuthiweyo kufuneka kuvunywe ngabomnqamlezileyo, ngaphandle komjinga wolawulo, i-R.

I-Tudor Monarchy: I-Supremacty kunye nePalamente

Ulawulo lwamaTudor lwabulungisa ngokuphawulekayo ulwalamano lwe-modyuli nomgaqo-siseko. Umnqweno kaHenry VIII wokuqhawula umtshato wakhe noCatherine wase Aragon wammisela kwikhondo longquzulwano noPapa. Isisombululo sakhe yayikukwaphula iRoma kwaye azivakalise njengoMphathi weCawa yaseNgilani [[[FLT] [ngendlela edlula kuMthetho kaSupremacy ngo1534].

Oku yayikukuthethelelwa okubalaseleyo kolawulo lobukumkani. Noko ke, ukuze afeze oko, uHenry VIII kwafuneka asebenzise iPalamente. Kwafuneka ukuba amiselwe ukuba kumiselwe ulwaphulo, ukuze kutshatyalaliswe iindawo zoonongendi, kwaye ayenze iSidlo sibe ligunya elipheleleyo kwimicimbi yokomoya neyexeshana. Oku kuphakamisa iPalamente: ukumkani wayengenakukwazi ukufikelela iziphelo zakhe zokuvukela iPalamente ngaphandle kwegunya lepala. Ekupheleni kwexesha leTudor, iBhulume lalinamandla kakhulu, kodwa lalilawulwa ngumthetho, yaye umthetho wawufuna iPalamente.

Ingxaki Ebangelwa NguStuart: Imfazwe Yamakhaya Nezizwe Ezimanyeneyo

Ukungena kohlanga lolawulo lukaStuart ngowe-1603 kwazisa ucelomngeni olungqalileyo kolu lungelelwano luvelayo lomgaqo-siseko. UJames I nonyana wakhe uCharles I bakholelwa kwilungelo lobuthixo lookumkani .Ingcamango yokuba ukumkani wayenokuphendula kuThixo kuphela, hayi kwiPalamente. UCharles Inzame yokulawula ngaphandle kwePalamente (Umthetho KaSomgamzi" ukususela ngo1629 ukuya ku1662) kunye nokwenziwa kwakhe kwerhafuzo njenge "mali yenqanawa" ngaphandle kokuvuma.

Xa ekugqibeleni wanyanzeleka ukuba akhumbule iPalamente, kwavela ingxaki engokomGaqo-siseko. Ipalamente yamnika iSindululo sokuLawula Icala elisekunene ngo1628, inyanzelisa ukuba ayeke ukuvalelwa nokuhlawulwa kwerhafu ngokungekho mthethweni. Isivumelwano sikaCharles ekugqibeleni kunye nokungathobeli kwayo kwayiphelisa ukuthembana. Imfazwe yaya ikhula yaya kuMkhosi wabemi baseNgilani [[FLT] [[FLT:] [FLT] [[FLT]] [1642],1651], umlo onzima phakathi kweBhulumelwano nePalame. Ukubulawa kukaCharles I ngo1649, yayikukungathotyelwa ngokupheleleyo kolawulo olupheleleyo lolawulo olupheleleyo. IRiphabliki lwasemva kwe-Corthrom yayisingela ngokufutshane kwaye ingenamdlamyo, kodwa yabonakalisa ngokusisigxinayo ukuba "ingeneyo lombuso-mbuso-ogneyo, i-kumkani, i-mo yesigaba esithe kokumkani.

Imvukelo Ezukileyo neBhili yamaLungelo (168-1689)

UCharles II waphinda walawula lo mlawuli ngowe - 1660, kodwa uxambuliso lwakudala ngonqulo nokulawula lwakhula.

Iqela lezikhulu ezinqamlezayo lamema amaProtestanti uWilliam wase Orange kunye nomfazi wakhe uMary (intombi kaJames engumProtestanti) ukuba bahlasele baze bathathe itrone. UJames II wabaleka, kwaye "INguqu Ezukileyo" yayingenagazi eNgilani. Noko ke, phambi kokuba uWilliam noMary bathweswe isithsaba esisemthethweni, iPalamente yabanika i- Bhill yamalungelo [ ngo-199. Olu xwebhu lulolunye olubalulekileyo lwesiseko somthetho-siseko somGwalderhu.

IBhili Yamalungelo Yavakalisa ukuba ukumkani akanako:

  • Imithetho yokuNqumamisa eyenziwe yiPalamente.
  • Irhafu yeLevy ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente.
  • Gcina umkhosi omile ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente.

Kwakhona yaqinisekisa ilungelo lezifundo ukubongoza umlawuli, inkululeko yokuthetha kwiPalamente (ii-debates zazingamele ziphathwe imibuzo kuyo nayiphi na inkundla), kunye nemfuneko yeepalamente ezisoloko zikho. Isivumelwano sokunyamezela soMthendeleko sonyaka wama 1689[ salandelwa, sinika inkululeko yonqulo kumntu ongengomProtestanti (nangona angomaKatolika). Isenzo sokuThintelwa kwePalamente ye 1701[FLT] esitheneyo] esithe kratya amandla aqinileyo ngokuqhuba umgca wokulandelena ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukumkani ongumProtestanti, umgaqo owisethiweyo, umisela umgaqo-mthetho wemithetho-siseko wemithetho-siseko, uwiso siseko sobuthixo, ozimisele ukuphatha isithsaba solawulo.

Inkulungwane Ye - 18: Urhulumente Wesithsaba NoweKhabhinethi

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwabakho ukutshintshwa okuthe ngcembe kodwa okugqibeleleyo kwegunya lezobupolitika ukusuka kukumkani ukuya kukumkani wePalamente nabefundisi bayo. Eyokuqala ukumkani weHanoverian, uGeorge I (1714-171727), wayethetha isiNgesi esincinane kwaye wayengasithandi kakhulu isiqu solawulo lwamaBritane. Wathembela kakhulu kubalungiseleli bakhe ukuba baqhube ilizwe, bayeke ukuya kwiintlanganiso zeKhabhinethi. Oku kwabeka isiseko senkqubo ye- i-Cabinet[ kunye nendima yomphathiswano Prime.

UMhlekazi uRobert Walpole, osoloko ethathwa njengoMphathiswa wokuqala weNkulumbuso (1721-1742), olawulwa ngumlawuli omkhulu kwiNdlu yamaPhondo. Wenza oko egameni loKumkani, kodwa igunya lakhe livela ePalamente. Olandelayo ookumkani, njengoGeorge III, bazama ukuphinda bazame ukulawula ngokobuqu, kodwa ukulahleka kwamathangalamente aseMelika ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe kwabekwa ityala ngokubanzi ekusileleni kolawulo lwamabamba ebukhosi, ngokubhekele phandle kongenelelo olusebenzayo kwezopolitiko. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, umgaqo wamiselwa ngokuqinileyo ukuba ukumkani kufuneka ahlale phezu kweqela lezobupolitika kwaye alawule abalawuli abayalela inkokeli bepalapala.

Ikhaya LaseVictoria: Imimandla Ebekekileyo Nenesidima

Inkulungwane ye-19 yagqiba utshintsho kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko olupheleleyo. Uthotho lwezenzo (1832, 1867, 1884) lwandisa ngokuphawulekayo unyulo, lususa oyena mthombo wegunya lezobupolitika kwiBhunga kunye nezihandiba ukuya kwiNdlu yamaPhondo.

Oyena mqwalaseli uqaqambileyo wolu myalelo mtsha nguWalter Bagehot. Kumsebenzi wakhe wentsimbi, umGaqo-siseko wamaNgesi (1857], uBagehot wahlula-hlula umgaqo-siseko wahlula-siseko wawamacandelo amabini: [["'inxenye edityanisiweyo" [ amalungu (ukumkani neNdlu lweNkosi), awenza umsebenzi wolawulo. imodeli yayiyindima yesizwe, ekhuthaza inyaniso, idityaniswe nokugcina ukunyaniseka kwabantu, kwaye i-[[FLT]"'ikhululo"''''''''. [inxenye zendlu eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-Abitmaster, , ezisebenza ngokwenene umsebenzi wolawulo lwesizwe. i-modemistman yayingumzekelo womanyano lwesizwe, ukukhuthaza, kwaye ingcerts, kunye nokukhuthaza i-Privey.

UKumkanikazi uVictoria, phezu kwayo nje imigudu yakhe yokuphembelela inkqubo, walandela kakhulu lo mzekelo kwiminyaka yakhe yamva. Ukurhoxa kwakhe kubomi bezobupolitika emva kokufa kukaPrince Albert kwaqinisa ingcamango yokuba ukumkani usiside kunokuba abe ngumcuphi wezopolitiko. Ukumkanikazi akasenagunya; wayelifuzisela.

Inkulungwane yama - 20 Inkqenkqeza phambili: Ukungavisisani Nomanyano

Inkulungwane yama-20 yavavanya ulawulo lomGaqo-siseko ngemingeni engathethekiyo. UMthetho woMgaqo wonyaka we-111 wawanciphisa ngamandla endlu yooSords, wasusa amandla ayo okuvala iindleko zemali nokulinganisela ityala layo phezu komnye umthetho, usomeleza ngakumbi igumbi labameli.

I-Westminster ngo-1931 icacisa kwakhona indima yeBhunu kwi-Empire, iqonda ulawulo (i-Canada, i-Australia, i-South Africa, njl.) njengamazwe azimeleyo, alinganayo amanyaniswe kuphela ngokuthembeka kwawo kuBhumbu. Oku kwaguqula ulawulo lolawulo lwaba luphawu lombutho wokuzithandela wezizwe ezikhululekileyo ```i-FLT'] .

Ingxaki enkulu yomgaqo-siseko wenkulungwane yayiyingxaki enzima kakhulu yeBhunga lobuGawulayo yowe-1936. Ukuzimisela kukaKumkani uEdward VIII ukutshata noMgaqo-siseko we-America owadityaniswa kabini uWallis Simpson wamenza wangqubana ngqo nekhabhinethi, iCawa yaseNgilani, kunye nezinye iiNkundla zobuGawulayo. Indibano yokuba ukumkani usebenze kwicebiso labalungiseleli bakhe yavavanywa yaza yafunyaniswa iphelele. U Edward VIIII wanyanzelelwa ukuba ashiye, kwaye umzalwana wakhe wamlandela njengoGeorge VI. Imeko yabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iminqweno yobuqu ye-Rompere-morty ayisoze ivunyelwe ukuba iphazamise ukuma komGwambutho.

UmGaqo-siseko ongaqalwanga: Iintsika zenkqubo yale mihla

Umgaqo-siseko waseBritane awuzange uqinisekiswe, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kulawulwa yimithombo emininzi eyahlukeneyo yegunya elinyanzela ulawulo lolawulo lookumkani. Ukuqonda ezi ntsika kungundoqo ekuqondeni isiseko somgaqo-siseko sangoku.

Umthetho oqingqiweyo

Imisebenzi yePalamente yeyona iphezulu yomthetho. Imisebenzi engundoqo ikhoyo ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi komthetho womthetho. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka iBill yamaLungelo (1689), i [ i-Act of Secrime (701), , iPrimement [[[FLT:]] [[4]]] Imisebenzi echaza imisebenzi (11/1999), , kunye [[FLT]] i-incocse kwiSibeko soMTHEtho (2010)[FLT], eyaphela inkqubo ye-pritmonure. Le midaycess, imidayceast, ye-omGenegar, kunye namalungiselelo eMandlalk).

Iindibano zomGaqo-siseko

Le mithetho ingabhalwanga ayinyanzelekanga ngokusemthethweni kodwa ijongwa njengebophelelekileyo kwezobupolitika. Iindibano ezingundoqo ezibandakanya ulawulo lookumkani ziquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Asspect e-Royal: ukumkani uzakunika iRoyal Assekect kwiPalamente edluliselwe umthetho. Ukhabe lokugqibela lwaba ngo-1708 (Queen Anne).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukutyunjwa koMphathi-mikhosi oPhakamileyo: Ukumkani umisela inkokeli yeqela elinokuyalela uninzi kwindlu yamaQela.
  • ILascelles Principles (1950): Iseti yeendibano malunga namandla okumkani okwala isicelo soMphathiswa oPhakamileyo sokupheliswa kwePalamente.
  • Ummandla wobundilele: ukumkani kufuneka ahlale engoondilele ngokupheleleyo kwimicimbi yezobupolitika kwaye enze ngokwecebiso labalungiseleli.

Udidi lwe

La ngamandla angasebenziyo eSihlalo, asetyenziswa kumaxesha anamhlanje yiNkulumbuso kunye norhulumente. Aquka amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, izivumelwano zotyikityo, ukuthumela imikhosi exhobileyo, ukulawula inkonzo karhulumente, kunye neepassport zokukhupha imibandela. Nangona ngokwentelekiso, la magunya asetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwicebiso labefundisi. Umlinganiselo wegunya uxhomekeke ngakumbi ekuhloleni inkundla.

Igunya Kwinkulungwane Yama - 21

Namhlanje, indima engokomGaqo-siseko yokumkani waseBritane ichazwe ngokucacileyo. UKumkani uCharles III, njengonina phambi kwakhe, usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente engeyoyopolitiki. Imisebenzi yokumkani ubukhulu becala ingokomsitho kwaye iyamanyanisa: iSiko sokuVuleka kwePalamente [, ukunikezelwa koKumkani weSpeech (ubhalwe ngurhulumente), ukunikwa uzuko, nokumele uhlanga kumatyelelo nomkhosi wesizwe okanye umbhiyozo.

IGrant enguMongami uGant (iphakanyiswe yipesenti yengeniso yeSikhundla solawulo) ukuxhasa imisebenzi esemthethweni ye-moslam, inkqubo ejongwe ukususa iBhunu ekuthembeleni ngqo kuThinte. Inkxaso kawonke-wonke kakumkani wolawulo lwe- kumkani ihlala ibalulekile, kodwa isiko lijongene nohlolo oluqhubekayo kumaziko eendaba kunye neqaqobanana elizingisileyo. Ulawulo lwama- 21-phakathi lwe-lipopublic kufuneka luthethelele iindleko zalo kunye nokubaluleka kwalo kwi-demokhrasi, kunye nolawulo-ntle yabantu.

Isiphelo: Indaleko Ezizingisileyo

Imbali yomgaqo-siseko wolawulo lwenkosi yaseBritane libali elibalaseleyo lokutshintsha. Lilibali eliphawulekayo lokusuka kwigunya elipheleleyo, elimiselwe nguThixo ukuya kwigunya elinyanzelwa ngenyameko, lokomfuziselo. I-monarchy ayizange ivele nje inikezele igunya layo; ngokuthe ngcembe yapheliswa ziziganeko, imigaqo-siseko, imvukelo, kunye neZenzo zePalamente phantse kwiminyaka eliwaka. Okuhlala kungumsebenzi onzulu wemithetho-siseko: iNtloko kaRhulumente ayinawo amandla okwenene ezobupolitika, ukanti inyanzeleka ukuba isebenze kwelo rhulumente laseBritani. Igunya lorhulumente, libandakanya ukuqhubekeka kohlanga, kwaye lisebenza njengengqinovavanyo kumandla ezobupolitika angoonyanzelo mgangathanga mganga.

UmGaqo-siseko waseBritane awubhalwanga, kodwa indima yesiBhulu icacile kunanini na ngaphambili: ukulawula, hayi ukulawula.