IKhomishini yeUnited States ingumsebenzi ophambili wokwenza umthetho karhulumente wesizwe, isiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMelika emiselwe yiGatya I yomGaqo-siseko. Phantse iminyaka engama- 250, yibala apho kudlalwa khona izigqibo eziphambili zohlanga, ezicociweyo, kunye nezokwenziwa. Lo mcamango wolwimi olucacileyo uchaza indlela esebenza ngayo iBhunga, ukusuka kwisakhiwo salo se-bidameral ukuya kwinkqubo entsonkothile yokuguqula ingcamango ibe ngumthetho. Ukuba ungumfundisi-fundisi ocacisa izithethe, umfundi olungiselela ukuvavanya, okanye ummi ofuna ukuqonda inkqubo ebumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla, esi sikhokelo saphula ngayo izitshixo, amagunya, kunye nocelomngeni zeBhunga.

Yintoni Ingqungquthela?

IBhunga leMicimbi yowiso-mthetho likarhulumente waseUnited States, libekwe ityala lokwenza imithetho karhulumente, ukulawula iindleko zikarhulumente, ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokuvelela isebe eliphetheyo. IBhunga LooTata abaQaquliweyo ladala indlu yowiso-mthetho yama-bimeral / amagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo----aphostiki phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko we-1787. Indlu yabameli imela abantu abasekelwe kubemi, ngoxa iNdluko yeCante inikeza umelo ngalunye olulinganayo. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba omabini umlinganiselo nolongamo rhulumente lubandakanye nolawulo lwesizwe lubandakanyekelwe kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe.

IBhunga lifumana igunya kumandla akhoyo adweliswe kwicandelo I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko, eliquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ushishino lwezombuso, imali, ukusungula ii-ofisi zeposi, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, kwaye kunikezele ngentlalo-ntle-ntle-ntle. [[FLT:] UNExastellary kunye ne Nkosi elungileyo Clauslaus[ (ekwabizwa kwakhona ngokuba yiEllastic Clausleas) inika ulungiso lokudlulisa imithetho efunekayo ukuze kuphumeze amagunya ayo ahlukeneyo, ilungiselelo eliye lavumela inkqubo ukuba incoko yemicimbi esukela kumalungelo abantu ukuya kumgangatho we-compustme. Kwimeko ye-gnometic, ukutyelela i-gnomest, [FT]

Isiseko Sengqungquthela

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-435, ngalinye elisebenza ngegama lovota elineminyaka emibini kwaye limela isithili esinye. Inani labameli kwiphondo ngalinye linqunyulwa lubalo lwedeccaliance U.S., oluvuna izihlalo ezisekelwe kumaxesha atshintshis' abemi. Amazwe anabemi abakhulu, njengeKhalifoniya (52 izihlalo), kunye neTexas (38 zezihlalo), anabameli abangakumbi, ngoxa amaphondo amancinane njengoDelaware noVermont enont engomnye. Ummeli ngamnye umele ukuba abe neminyaka engama-25 ubuncinane, ummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka esixhenxe, kunye nommi weli lizwe abamele baphile kwisithili ethile.

Indlu isebenza phantsi kwemithetho engqongqo emisela ingxoxo kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngesantya. [[FLT: 0] Isithethi seNdlu , esinyulwe liqela elininzi, ligosa eliphetheyo kwaye lesibini kumgca wobumongameli emva koMongameli. Ezinye iindawo zolawulo ziquka iNkokeli yeMajoni, iMajonity Wip, kunye neqela labo elincinane. Iikomiti kwiNdlundlwane zendlu zilapho umsebenzi omninzi owenziwa khona, ubambe iindleko, ubambe iindleko, kwaye uphawule umthetho phambi komsebenzi womgangatho. Ngenxa yokuba abameli bajongene kwakhona nyaka emibini, iNdlukwano indlu idla ngokuchazwa njengegumbi elikufutshane kubantu, ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kumbono wasekuhlaleni. Kwimisebenzi yaseHowezini, ukuhlola ulwazi lwangoku kwindlu, [FOff House] [2]

IBhunga

ICathenate iyilwe ngamalungu ali-100, kunye nee-senator ezimbini ezinyulwayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emithandathu, kwaye unyulo lungamangaliswa kangangokuba malunga nesithathu seNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso inyuselwe ukuphinda inyuswe qho qho iminyaka emibini. Le ndlela inika inkqubela kunye nozinzo `a' ngebom ukukhangela nxamnye neNdlutshane eshushu kakhulu. Abahlali-mente kufuneka babe neminyaka engama-30 ubudala, ummi wase-U.S. ubuncinane iminyaka elithoba elithoba, kunye nomntu ohlala kwiphondo abameleyo.

IBhunga lamagunya aliqela angaqhelekanga angenawo neNdlu, kuquka igunya lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (i-cabinet, abagwebi besizwe, abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo) nokuvumela izivumelwano ze-ravise ngevoti ezimbini. Umongameli oyiSizwe waseUnited States usebenza njengoMongameli weBhunga kodwa uvote kuphela ukuphula iqhina. UMongameli, hayi uMlawuli weSigqeba, umisela icebo leNtsimbiso leNkuhlalo. Indlu yemikhosi edumile ivumela impikiswano engenasiphelo, enokukhokelela kwi [[FLT:] i-flister[[FL: 0][FLT:] [FLT:]] [12] [12] [iiiiiimeko yembali ephambili].[3] Ngokufunyani-mbili, umgangatho wendlela yokusebenza ye-ewe-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi.[Foffat]

Indlela Ibhili Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo

Uhambo lwetyala elisuka kulwamkelo ukuya kummiselo luyinkqubo yamabhongo, eneenyathelo ezininzi eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa impikiswano epheleleyo nokukhusela umthetho ongxamisekileyo. Ngelixesha indlela isenokuhluka, nantsi indlela esezantsi:

  1. Ingeniso: A ithenjiswa kuphela lilungu leBhunga. Inikwa inani (umz. H.R. 1 kwiNdlu yendlu, S. 1 yeCandelo) kwaye ishicilelwa. Amawaka eendleko aziswa intlanganiso nganye, kodwa iqhekeza lingumthetho.
  2. [[NTL:0] ICommittee Referral: Imali ithunyelwa kwikomiti emileyo (umz., iKomiti yeNdlu eMandleni nezorhwebo ukwenzela iindleko ezinxulumene nezempilo). Isitulo sekomiti sigqiba ukuba ingacwangcisa na ukuva nokunyusa. Iikomiti zingayilungisa ityala, zilibulale ngentsebenziswano, okanye zilixele kakuhle kwigumbi elipheleleyo.
  3. [[NQUBO: 0] Ukucingela (Indlu):[[FLT] Endlwini, ityala lisiya kwiKomiti yeMimiselo, emisela imida yengxoxo-(ixesha, inani lemida evumelekileyo. Indlu epheleleyo ngoko impikiswano kunye nevoti. Uninzi oluqhelekileyo (218 uvote ukuba onke amalungu akhona) luyafuneka ukuze kungenelwe.
  4. [[NTL:0] Ukuqwalasela (Iziko): Kwindlu yemihlathi, iNkokeli yeMajor icwangcisa ixesha lomgangatho. Ingxoxo isoloko ingenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba imvume engqinelanayo ilinganiselwe. Uninzi olulula (51 amavoti) luyafuneka ukuze kudluliswe, kodwa ama-fillbuster angafuna amavoti angama-60 ukuze kuvunwe amahlwitha.
  5. IKomiti yoNxulumaniso: Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela idlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti yengqungquthela(iqokelelwe yamalungu avela kuzo zombini iigumbi/inika umahluko. inguqulelo yolulamaniso mayivunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi kanye njengoko kubhaliwe.
  6. Isenzo: Isivumelwano sokugqibela siya kuMongameli, ongayisayina kumthetho, okanye ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (ukuba iBhunga likwintlanganiso). Iveto ingangakhutshwa ngevoti ezimbini-3 emagumbini omabini.

Le nkqubo ithatha iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka. Kwixesha lokwenene lokufumana amatyala ngoku ehamba kwiKhonkcola, sebenzisa iChonor.gov umzila wetyala.

Indima Yeekomiti

IiKomiti zisoloko zibizwa ngokuba ngama-arhente asebenzayo eBhunga. Ngenxa yokuba akukho lungu linye linokulawula umba ngamnye, iikomiti zivumela ukwenziwa khethekileyo. Zibamba iindlebe apho iingcaphephe, abameli, namagosa karhulumente angqinela; ziqhuba ulawulo lwamaqumrhu aphetheyo; kwaye zicombulula umthetho ngenkqubo ye-, apho amalungu athetha kunye ne-alusimenti yeminxeba ngemigca. Kukho iintlobo eziliqela zeekomiti:

  • IiKomiti ezimisayo: iindawo ezisisigxina ezijoliswe kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo, enjenge-Agriculture, approprication, iiNkonzo zeSixhobo, kunye neSixhobiso. Zombini iNdlu neCante zineenguqulelo zazo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Khetha okanye ukhenketho lweeKomiti ezizodwa: Iikomiti zexeshana zenzelwe ukuphanda umxholo othile (umz., iKomiti engu-6 kaJanuwari) okanye ukwenza ufundo oluthile.
  • IiKomiti ze-'FLT' ezinamalungu akwindawo yolawulo okanye kufundisiso (umz., iKomiti edityanisiweyo yoTshutshiso).
  • IiKomiti zoConference: Iindawo zolawulo zexeshana zenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukusombulula ukungavisisani phakathi kweNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela yemali. Iingxelo zabo azinakuguqulwa/ukuvota i-ewe okanye hayi.

Izihlalo zekomiti, zisoloko ziphuma kwiqela elininzi, zinamandla abalulekileyo kucwangciso. Bagqiba ukuba zeziphi iindleko ezifumana ukuva, amangqina abizwayo, nokuba ngaba yiyiphi intengiso yomthetho ebhekisa ezantsi. inkqubo yokungalawuleki [ isoloko imisela iinkqubo zosihlalo, nangona ukhokelo lweqela lunokuphembelela izabelo. Iqela eliphethe imixholo emxinwa kwisikhundla sekomiti, livumela kwananoqwalaselo olunzulu oluthe ngqo kwimiqatha lekomiti, i-Atlantis, [[FLT:] Commetes kwiB Congress iphepha.[FLT]

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

IKhomishini ifakwe kwinkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo apho isebe ngalinye (ukunqumla, ukugweba, ukugweba) lingajonga amanye. Oku kuhlola kuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni kwaye kusembindini woyilo loMgaqo-siseko. Imizekelo engundoqo iquka:

  • I-Vto Engalawulekiyo: Ukuba uMongameli ususa umthetho, iKhonkethi ingawugqitha loo mbutho ngesithathu semisinga ephezulu emagumbini omabini. Oku akufane kwenzeke, kodwa malunga ne 4% yevetoes ayizange isetyenziswe kwimbali yase-U.S.
  • Amandla okubhalisa: Indlu inamandla okuphela ekuwiseni (umgwebo) amagosa orhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye nabagwebi. Indlu yeNtlanga yandula ke izame ukuphembelela; ivoti yesithathu esibini iyafuneka ukuze ikhutshelwe kwaye isuswe. Ngabona bakhululi abathathu kuphela (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump) abagwetywa yiNd House; akukho nanye eyagwetywa yiBharme.
  • Ukuqinisekisa amadinga: UMongameli ubeka ikomkhulu elingunobumba-bhala, iijaji, iijaji zesizwe, kunye nezigwebi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa iNdlu yeNtlanganiso kufuneka ibaqinisekise ngevoti enkulu. Oku kunika impembelelo ebalaseleyo kumasebe olawulo kunye namasebe eenkundla.
  • [[NTL: 0] Isivumelwano sokwandiswa kwenqanawa: uMongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano, kodwa zifuna uvumo ngesibini sesithathu seBhunga leNtlanganiso. Oku kukhokelela kwizivumelwano ezininzi ezilungiswayo, ezilibazisiweyo okanye ezilahliweyo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Amandla ePurse: ilawula yonke inkcitho yemali karhulumente. Indlu iqalisa iindleko zemali (ingeniso yokuyila), kwaye zombini iigumbi kufuneka zidlulise iindleko zentengiso phambi kokuba imali isetyenziswe. Oku kuvumela iBhunga ukuba lilwele ukuchasa inyathelo lesebe elilawulayo.
  • Ukuphanda nophando: Iikomiti zingawafaka amaxwebhu amapopuena, amangqina okumema, kwaye zibe namava ukuvavanya indlela imithetho ephunyezwa ngayo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu, njengoko kubonwa ekuhlolweni kwehlazo leWatergate, iIran-Contratine, kunye nemibuzo yakutshanje.
  • I-Advice kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo: indima yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtsimbi ithathe inxaxheba enkulu ekuqinisekiseni izigwebo, kunye nento nganye echongwayo ekuyihloleni ngokunzulu. Ukwala ukubamba iindlebe kuMerrick Garland ngonyaka ka2016 kunye nesiqinisekiso esiphelisiweyo sika-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020 zibonisa indlela le ngxelo enokuthi itshintshe ngayo ngokusekelwe kulawulo lwezobupolitika.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ngapha koko kwenziwa komthetho, amalungu eBhunga asebenza njengemitshato phakathi kwabemi norhulumente worhulumente.. "Ngokufuthi] iinkonzo ezibizwa ngokuba umsebenzi wesicaka .Umngxuma omkhulu wexesha lommeli okanye ummeli. Amalungu eqela ancedisa ekuqhubeni iingxaki zentlalo-ntle, iingenelo zamavanjili, iimbambano zokufuduka, iMedicare, kunye namanye amasebe orhulumente. Amalungu edolophu afumana iintlanganiso, athumela amaphetshana, agcina iiofisi zesithili ukuze ahlale enxibelelane nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Kuzo zombini iindlela: amagosa alindeleke ukuba athethele kwisithili okanye kwiphondo lawo lo gama eqwalasela umdla wesizwe. I-sentenel evela kurhulumente wezolimo inganyanzela ukuba ifama ifumane imali exhasayo, ngeli xesha ummeli osuka kwisithili sonxweme angabeka phambili utshintsho lwe-inshorensi ekhukulayo. Uxinezeleko phakathi kweembono zoluntu kunye nezohlanga luyinxalenye yobomi boburhulumente. Ukunyuka kwezixhobo zoluntu kunye neendaba zenTambo ziye zandisa uxinzelelo lokubhenela kwi-cesvonso, maxa wambi ngendleko yokulalanisa kwi- bipartarian.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Neengqungquthela

Nangona iCongress iselulungiselelo oluqinileyo, ijongene nemiqobo emininzi enzulu echaphazela ukusebenza kwayo nokuma kwayo kwabantu:

  • Icala lobuzwe kunye ne-Gridlock: ukwenziwa kwemimandla ephakamileyo yezobupolitika kuye kwanyuka ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adluleyo. Ukuvota kweqela ngoku kungumgaqo, kwaye i-monibulister kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso ifuna amavoti angama-60 ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu. Lo mqobo ukhokelela ekunqandeni kokungalawuleki kwemithetho elawula ukutshintsha kwemiqathango efana nokufuduka, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokulawula imipu. Ngokutsho kwePew Research Center, amaMelika ngokuya ajonga ukungqubana kwe-R372 njengengxaki enkulu.
  • Ukuqhuba: Kumazwe amaninzi, imida yesithili itsalwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukuze zincede iqela elinye, zidala izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo ezinciphisa unyulo lokhuphiswano. Oku kungakhokelela kubameli abaxhasa iingcamango ezigqithisileyo kunokuba bafune indawo eqhelekileyo.
  • Imali nemali kwezaPhondo: Ukusukela iBhunga kubiza imali eninzi, kunye nemijaho yeNdlu yeNdlu ebiza izigidi kunye neqela lezigidi. Abathathi-nxaxheba bachitha ixesha elininzi beqokelela imali, enokuthi isuse inkxalabo kulawulo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi iminikelo emikhulu inika izityebi nempembelelo egqithisileyo.
  • Ukuthemba uluntu ngokubanzi: Ulwamkelo lwengqungquthela luye lwashukuma malunga nama-20% kangangeminyaka emininzi, lubonakalisa ukunxunguphaliswa okusasazekileyo yi-grid lock, amahlazo, kunye nokungafezeki okucingwayo. Ukuthemba okusezantsi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu kumalungu ukuba athathe inyathelo elikhaliphileyo, i-bipartarian yokoyika ukuvota.
  • Ukufakelwa kweMiba yaNgoku: Izihloko ezifana nobuntlola obungeyoyamvelo, ukhuseleko lwe-inthanethi, kunye nokulungisa impilo zifuna ulwazi olunzulu lobugcisa. IBhunga lixhomekeke kwiikomiti, kwiNkonzo yophando loMbutho, nakwi-Ofisi yoLawulo yeNkcubeko ukuze linikezele ubuchule, kodwa ukuntsonkotha kobuRhulumente kungacotha ukwenziwa komthetho kwaye kukhokelele kwiziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.
  • [[NTL:0] Ingxoxo yeFilibuster: Abanye abaguquli baphikisa ngelithi iNdlu yeNtsimbi kufuneka ishenxise okanye ilungise i-monicbuster ukwenza kube lula ukudlulisa umthetho ngobukhulu obulula, njengoko i Home yenza. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi i-Ndlubuster ikhusela amalungelo amancinane kwaye ikhuthaza ulwakhiwo. Le ngxoxo ayikaphenduli.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Inkqubo yomthetho ingabonakala icotha kwaye idibene .* kodwa inika amathuba amaninzi okungeniswa, ingxoxo, kunye nokuphuculwa. Ukusuka kwiholo ye-fodya yedolophu ukuya kwigumbi lokuva lekomiti ukuya kwivoti yomgangatho, inyathelo ngalinye libonakalisa injongo yabaseki yokudala injongo yokwakha isiqu esilingana nesantya esisisilumkiso. Abafundisi kunye nabafundi abanolu phawu olubalulekileyo bangaqwalasela kakuhle iziganeko zangoku, basebenzisane nabameli babo, kwaye basekele imigaqo abayikholelwayo. Ngelixa iBhunga lijongenemingeni, umsebenzi walo ongundoqo, ukusekela abantu baseMerika nokubumba imithetho efana nolubalulekileyo namhlanje njengoko kwakunjalo ngo-1789.