Izixhobo zegunya elinolawulo oluphezulu leVeto kunye nokungalawuleki komthetho

IVto lisiseko sokwahlula amagunya kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomgaqo-siseko. Inika isebe eliphetheyo `nokuba ngumongameli, irhuluneli, okanye i-mond' igunya lokuchasa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Eli gunya linamandla liyingxoxo phakathi kwamasebe nokunqanda ukungxama okanye ukungahlangani komthetho. Kodwa akukho siseko sipheleleyo; izixokelelwa-nkqubo ezininzi ziquka inkqubo elawula umthetho evumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba imisele umthetho phezu kwayo nje inkcaso yegunya. Ukuqonda ukudiza phakathi kwamasebe kunye nemithetho elawulayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela oorhulumente abalungelelanisa ngayo igunya nokuphendula.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi, iintlobo, nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo, ukulawulwa kwemithetho, nemizekelo yokwenene yehlabathi ephuma eUnited States, eIndiya, eUnited Kingdom, nakwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njengeBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.

Yintoni Igunya Leveto?

Ithathwe kwibinzana lesiLatini “ Andivumeli,” amandla avela ngokwembali njengesixhobo sokukhusela elinye isebe ekulawuleni. Kule mihla, lisebenza njengovavanyo olungalunganga: umphathi weqela angawuvala umthetho, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawulawula lo mqobo. Iveto ayilogunya lemithetho yowiso-mthetho; ligunya elisebenzayo elifuna ukuqwalaselwa kwakhona. I-Vto isebenza ngokusemthethweni kwimithetho yesizwe, kwaye imithetho ethile iyahluka ngokubanzile.

Ii-vetoes zinokusetyenziswa ngenxa yezizathu zomgaqo-siseko (umphathi ukholelwa ukuba ityala liphule umgaqo-siseko) okanye izizathu zenkqubo (umphathi-mikhosi akavumelani neemfuno zemali). Kwinkqubo zomongameli ezinjengeUnited States, iveto lisixhobo esinamandla; kwiinkqubo zepalamente ezifana neUnited Kingdom, iveto ubukhulu becala ayisebenzi yaye umphathi-nkulu uyalawula ngengqeqesho yeqela kunokuba alawule isohlwayo esiqhelekileyo.

Iintlobo Zamandla Ezipheto

Iinkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezobupolitika zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zegunya leveto. Ezina ntlobo ziqhelekileyo zichazwe ngezantsi.

I-Veto Epheleleyo

I-veto epheleleyo inika igunya elipheleleyo elingaqwalaselwanga ligunya eliphetheyo lokubulala ityala. Akukho mthetho ugqithileyo unokwenzeka. Olu hlobo lukhona kwezinye ii-monarchy zomGaqo-siseko nakwiBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, apho ilungu ngalinye elisisigxina lingavala nasiphi na isigqibo esincinci. EIndiya, umongameli unendawo yokuhlawula imali kodwa kwakhona angabuyisela amatyala angahlawulelwanga imali anganyuswanga ngenxa yokuphinda athathwe kwakhona; ukuba iPalamente idlulise ityala kwakhona, umongameli kufuneka avume kwakhona.

Name

Ngaphantsi kwetyala elincinane, umphathi ubuyisela isibhengezo ngokuphikisa, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawukhupha umva ngoninzi oluqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kwimigangatho emininzi yempala yaseYurophu. Umzekelo, e Estonia, umongameli angabuyisela ityala kanye; ukuba iPalamente iphinda iwudlulise ungatshintshi, umongameli kufuneka awukhuphe. I-specular i-veto ilibazisa umthetho kodwa ayibulali.

Pocket Veto

Iveto engxoweni iyenzeka xa umphathi engenzi nto kwityala elikwithuba elichaziweyo, eliyivumela ukuba ife ngaphandle kokulaliswa okusesikweni. E-United States, ukuba iBhunga libambene neentsuku ezilishumi lokunika ityala kwaye umongameli engalityiki, ityala alibi ngumthetho. Oku kunika umongameli indlela yokuvala umthetho ngaphandle kokuzama ukuvala imvume. Inginginya ye-U.S. inginginya ye-R. i-Amperala ye-U. i-Alls ikwane-pakey i-vetoto jog.

Ilayini

Kwakhona ibizwa ngokuba yiveto encinane, umgca ngqaude uvumela umphathi ukuba abethe izinto ezithile okanye amalungiselelo asuka kwimali ngexa evunyelwa ezinye. Abalawuli abaninzi base-U.S. banalo eli gunya, kodwa umongameli wase-U.S. akanalo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yagalela phantsi iLine Come Veto Act karhulumente ngo1998 ( Clinton v. iSixeko saseNew York), ilawula i-ogggcionital. Noko ke, 44 ichaza ukuba ibonelela abalawuli babo ifomu ethile yelayini protainformation protemment protectionsstingto, esoloko isetyenziswa ekulawuleni uqingqo.

IVeto Efanelekileyo

EMzantsi Afrika, umongameli angabuyisela ityala kwiNdibano yesiZwe ngokuthandabuza, kodwa iNdibano ingaqhubana noninzi lwabaninzi ababini 933. Ukuba ityala likwachaphazela imicimbi yamaphondo, iBhunga lesiZwe lamaPhondo kufuneka livunywe nangamaqela amabini anesithathu sama-3. Oku kumele kuqinisekise ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho inenkxaso eyomeleleyo yokumisela imithetho echasana nomphathi-mthetho.

Ukulawula Kwiinkqubo Ezahlukeneyo Zezobupolitika

IiRiphabliki Zoomongameli: IUnited States

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (uMgaqo-siseko I, Icandelo 7) unika umongameli iintsuku ezilishumi ukuba atyikitye okanye arhoxe ityala. Ukuba iNgqungquthela iseqeleni, iveto ingangabonwa ngevoti ezimbini 933 kumagumbi omabini. Lo mqobo uphezulu wenza ukuba ingabikho inqaphazelo; ngokwembali, malunga ne 4% yomongameli ivetoes ayivanekanga. Iveto sisixhobo esicacileyo: umongameli kufuneka amkele okanye alahle onke amatyala (akukho mgca we-protomagence). Abaxhasi bafuna i-bispartarian superjoortary, ekunzima ukufikelela kumaxesha ahlukeneyo.

Inkqubo Yepalamente: IUnited Kingdom NeIndiya

KuManyano e-United Kingdom, umlawuli unelungelo lokuvala ukuvunywa kwe-ass (aveto), kodwa akukho kumkani oye wayisebenzisa ukususela ngo-1708. Ngokuqhelekileyo, urhulumente ulawula ucwangciso lwemithetho, kwaye igunya elisesikweni liyimfuneko. Umongameli waseIndiya unika i-drived: umongameli angathumela isibhaka-mali kwakhona ukuze aphinde acinge, kodwa ukuba iPalamente iyayidlulisa kwakhona, umongameli kufuneka avume. Noko ke, ngokuphathelele iindleko zemali, umongameli unesibambi-mali, ukwane-veto esipheleleyo. Umongameli waseIndiya uphethe ipokotho kwimali karhulumente kwimeko ezilinganiselwe.

IMibutho Yamazwe Ngamazwe: IBhunga Lokhuseleko LeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo

IBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo linika ilungu ngalinye lalo elisisigxina elihlaziyiweyo (iCina, iFransi, iRashiya, iUnited Kingdom, iUnited States) igunya kwizigqibo ezingaphantsi kwe-Cunity. Eli gunya liye lasetyenziswa izihlandlo ezingamakhulu, ingakumbi ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo. Akukho nkqubo yokulawula idemon. Akukho mithetho-mthetho ekhoyo; iveto ikhoyo ngokupheleleyo. Imigudu yotshintsho .

Inkqubela Yomthetho Engalawulekiyo

Ukuqukumbela kuvumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba imisele isindululo somthetho phezu kwayo nje iveto. Inkqubo ilandela la manyathelo:

  1. [[UMTL:0] Ukubuya kweBhili: Igunya libuyisela uthengiso kwindlu yalo yemvelaphi ngomyalezo weveto ochaza ukuphikisa.
  2. [[UMTL:0] Ingqwalasela: Impikiswano yegumbi lomyalezo weveto. Ngokufuthi ityala liziswa ngokukhawuleza kwivoti.
  3. [[NTL:0] I-Supermajority Vote: Iinkqubo ezininzi zifuna isibini sesithathu (okanye isithathu-55ths) uninzi lwamalungu akhoyo navota, okanye amalungu onke. KwiCanternel yase-U.S., isibini kwivoti ye-ingingqi ekhoyo kunye nevoti iyafuneka.
  4. [[UMTL:0] Isenzo secandelo elidityanisiweyo: Ukuba igumbi lokuqala ligqitha, ingcaciso isiya kwigumbi lesibini, ekufuneka iphumele ubunzulu obubodwa. Ukungaphumeleli kwigumbi ngalinye kugcina iveto.
  5. Isenzo:[ Ukuba la magumbi omabini agqithiwe, ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo oluphezulu. Kwamanye amazwe, umphathi ophetheyo kufuneka aphinde abhalise umthetho, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwendlela kuguqule i-veto corn.

Imigudu yokungakhathalelwa inqabile kuba ifuna ukuvumelana okubanzi. KwiBhunga lase-U.S., ngu 112 kuphela kuma-2 590 evetoes (malunga ne-4,3%) obengathandwa ukususela ngoGeorge Washington. Impumelelo ephawulekayo iquka uMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi we-Civil ka-1866 (olawula i-Andrew Johnson’sveto) kunye neSigqibo se-Rower Sobuzwi lika-1973 (obeyisa uRichard Nixon’s theveto).

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lembali

EUnited States: UAndrew Johnson noMthetho weOfisi

UMongameli uAndrew Johnson waphakamisa iTenare of Ofest Act ngo1867, eyayifuna imvume yeNdlu yamaBhunga yokususwa kwamagosa orhulumente. Ingqungquthela igqithise iveto yakhe, kwaye umthetho waba sisiphelo esikhokelela ekungakhutsheli kukaJohnson. Eli tyala libonisa indlela ukubetha kwemiqathango nokulawula okunokuthi kubangele ngayo amanqam omgaqo-siseko.

IRekodi kaFranklin D Roosevelt

I-FDR yakhupha amatyala ama-635 ngexesha lobungangameli bayo, ngaphezu kwawo nawaphi na omnye umongameli. IKhomishini engaphezulu kakhulu kwethoba kuphela kwezo zixhobo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo rhoqo kweveto ngokwengxenye yayiyimpendulo kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eyayigatya umthetho omtsha Wokwenza Imali; wasebenzisa isisongelo seveto ukubumba amatyala. Umlinganiselo ophantsi wokulawula ubonakalisa iDemocratic eCongress ebudeni bee-1930, ovumelana nocwangciso lomongameli.

EIndiya: IPresidential Veto kwiBhili Yemfundo YaseKerala

Ngo-1958, uMongameli Rajendra Prasad wasebenzisa i-vestave wirethis edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho yeKerala, echaza inkxalabo ngamalungelo amancinane. Lo mthetho wabuyiselwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, kodwa awuzange udluliselwe ngendlela efanayo. Eli tyala labalaselisa indima kamongameli njengomgcini womGaqo-siseko, nangona amandla enqabile ukusetyenziswa.

IBhunga Lokhuseleko LeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo: ISuriyan Vetoes

Ukususela ngo-2011, iRashiya iye yamisela izigqibo ezininzi zeBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngenjongo yokumisela isigwebo okanye ukumisela amanyathelo okunceda abantu kurhulumente wase-Siriya. Ezi zixhobo, ezisoloko zidityaniswe neTshayina, ziye zathintela ukusetyenziswa kwenkonzo yeqela. Ukungakwazi ukuphelisa i-veto esisigxina yelungu elisisigxina kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kuvuselelwe, kuquka nokuzibamba ngokuzithandela iimeko zobundlobongela.

Ukucel ’ Umngeni Nokugxekwa

Utshixo lwe Grid kunye nokulibazisa

Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweveto kungawuthintela umthetho. Koorhulumente abahluleleneyo, abalawuli basenokuyirhoxa yonke ityala elikhulu elivela kwiqela eliphikisanayo, elikhokelela ekupheliseni uwiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, uMongameli wase-U.Back Obama wajongene neBhunga laseRiphabliki eladlula irepeal à âCA; wakhupha imali-mali-mali nganye. I-gridlock yanyanzeliswa kuphela xa i-omatiloshe abaphezulu babenokufikelela.

Ufikelelo olungaphezulu

Ilayini xetting vetoes kunye neevetoes ezincinane zinganika abalawuli abaphezulu ulawulo oluninzi kakhulu ekusebenziseni kunye neenkcukacha zenkqubo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi abalawuli kumazwe anegunya elinobundlobongela procesgrain bayakwazi ukuphinda baluthenge ngezindlela indlu yowiso-mthetho engakhange icebe, icuthe amandla owiso-mthetho. Ngo-2018, iRhuluneli yeWisconsin Scott Walker yasebenzisa i-veto ekhetha inxenye yayo ukususa amagama athile kwimiqathango yemithetho, iguqula intsingiselo yemithetho `a' kamva ithintelwe ngumGaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Ukukhuthaza Ukulalanisa

Ngokuchaseneyo, amandla angakhuthaza ingxoxo. Ukwazi ukuba iveto inokwenzeka, abamisi-mthetho banokuquka izinto eziphambili kwimiqathango yemali ukunqanda ukukhutshwa kwendlela ephezulu yokulawula. Kwimithetho yepalamente, isisongelo sokungavumi ukuvunywa kwenkosi (nangona kunqabileyo) kunganyanzela urhulumente ukuba avumelane ngakumbi. Iveto isebenza “njengesigingqi esithe sapheliswayo” esikhuthaza ukuvumelana okunzulu.

Inkxalabo Ngomthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

KwiBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iveto yamalungu asisigxina iye yagxekwa njengengenademokhrasi kwaye ingumqobo wokusebenza kwiimeko zoluntu. IVito Imbalela eyandululwa yiFransi neMexico ngo-2015 yacebisa ukuba amalungu amahlanu asisigxina angayisebenzisi i-veto ngokuzithandela xa kusenzeka izenzo zenkohlakalo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yiFransi ne-UK kuphela ezityikityelweyo; iRashiya, iTshayina, ne-U.S.

Imikhwa Neingxubusho Zakutshanje

IVeto yaseUnited States Esetyenziswa Ngenkulungwane yama - 21

Abalawuli uGeorge W. Bush, uBarack Obama, uDonald Trump, noJoe Biden baye basebenzisa iveto ngexabiso elahlukileyo. UTrump wadibanisa iindleko ezilishumi ngexesha lakhe, zonke ezithi zingahoywa yiDidemocraticāphered House kodwa hayi yiNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Ukwenziwa kwethafa okuphezulu phantse ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka, njengoko umqobo wesithathu somjelo wamagumbi omabini. Oku kuthathele umqaba kwisixhobo somgaqo wokunqanda umthetho kunokuba kube nguvavanyo lokugqibela lwe-6362.

Iingcebiso zomgangatho

Amatyala amaninzi ase-U.S. aye amisela imithetho elinganisela okanye eyandisa i-veto. Irhuluneli yeKentucky ingafaka umgca àitem venropring, ngelixa irhuluneli kaMaine ingabuyisela amatyala ngokuphikisa kwaye kufuneka ivote ezimbini 933 ukuthoba. Amanye amazwe aye azama “ipakethe” enyanzelisa irhuluneli ukuba yamkele okanye ingayamkeli ityala, inciphisa amandla omgca .

Imibutho Yotshintsho Lwezizwe Ngezizwe

INdibano Jikelele yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo iye yaphikisana ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngohlaziyo lweBhunga loKhuseleko, kuquka nee-veto ezisikelwe umda. Ngo-2022, indibano yamkela isigqibo esifuna ilungu elisisigxina elifuna ukuchaza indlela elisebenzisa ngayo kwingxoxo ekhethekileyo(a umlinganiselo wokubonakala ngokucacileyo, hayi umlinganiselo ophantsi. Iveto ihlala ingomnye wezona ntlobo zemfazwe zolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lweveto luzinkqubo eziyimfuneko zogcino lwee-check kunye nolungelelwano. Ziqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye lingamisa imithetho, linyanzelisa unxibelelwano kunye nokuvumelana okubanzi. Uyilo lwesixokelelwano seveto . "nakanjani" ukuba isakhiwo sigqibekile, i-supensa, ipokopo, okanye umgca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abafundi borhulumente nomthetho kufuneka baqonde ukuba iiveto aziyomiqobo nje ephumayo; zizixhobo ezisebenza kakuhle eziphumele kwiziphumo zenkqubo yokubumba. Ufundo lwamandla eveto lukhanyisa uxinezeleko olungapheliyo phakathi kolawulo oluninzi nocetyo, phakathi kolawulo oluluninzi nokhuseleko oluncinane. Njengoko iinkqubo zokulawula ziguquka, ingxoxo ngegunya leveto, ingakumbi kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe.