Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokwenza imithetho

IBhunga leUnited States lamiselwa yiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, elifaka onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiqumrhu le-bamaral eliyilwe yiNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Le nkqubo yecamba ezimbini zaye zaxutyushwa ngenyameko kuxolelwano phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko wewaka we-1787. Indlu yenzelwe ukumela abantu ngokuthe ngqo, ngezihlalo ezabelwe abelwe abantu, ngelixa iBhunga lombuso ekuqaleni limele iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye norhulumente ngamnye emkela ii-senethathu. Namhlanje, omabini amagumbi anyulwa kunye athwala uxanduva lweNtloko, idityaniso, i-Admin, i-Atlantina, kunye nokulungisa imithetho elawula uhlanga.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibonisa uMseki ’ ukuzimisela ukuqhuba ngabom, ukulinganiswa kwemithetho. Ngokufuna amatyala agqithe kumaqondo amaninzi nokufumana imvume ekhuselekileyo kuwo omabini amagumbi ngaphambi kokufikelela uMongameli, inkqubo ithintela ukungxama okanye imithetho engaqwalaselwanga kakuhle. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nabemi abanqwenela ukubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo norhulumente wabo baze bagcine amagosa abo anyuliweyo ebeke ityala.

Ngubani Onokuzisa Ibhiliphu?

Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingazisa ityala. Kwindlu yabameli, ilungu liyiphosa ngokulula intengiso kwi-Phost̬ ibhokisi yokhuni kumphathi-mikhosi i’ idesika yedesika. KwiBhunga, i-senator kufuneka iqwalaselwe ligosa eliphetheyo lize livakalise ingcaciso yomthetho ̱. Ngeli lixa uMongameli engenza njalo ngoMgaqo-siseko wedilesi ye-Union, kuphela amalungu eBhunga anokuzisa izibhatozo ngokusesikweni. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba isebe lowiso-mthetho ligcine ukuzimela kwalo kulawulo oluphezulu.

IiBhili zinokuvela kwimithombo emininzi. Amalungu angakhupha umthetho osekelwe kwizithembiso zephulo, inkxalabo yezentengiso, iqela lenzala, okanye iingcebiso ezivela kumasebe aphetheyo. Amawaka eendleko aziswa kwiBhunga ngalinye leminyaka emibini, kodwa yiqhezu elincinane kuphela i̬ ngokufuzisela malunga ne4-5% ̬ ibe ngumthetho. Lo myingeno uphezulu wokungaphumeleli ugxininisa uphando olungqongqo lwesicelo ngasinye kufuneka siphile.

Uhambo Olupheleleyo Lwengqungquthela

Indlela esuka kwimali ukuya kwenye ibandakanya amanqanaba alishumi ahlukeneyo. Ulandelelwano oluchanileyo luyahluka kuxhomekeka kwimvelaphi, kwimibandela, nokuba ityala linempikiswano okanye lisetyenziswa ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Oku kulandelayo kubandakanya uhambo olupheleleyo kumacala omabini amagumbi kunye nesebe eliphetheyo.

Inyathelo 1: Udrafti nokwazisa

Phambi kokuba isindululo sivezwe ngokusesikweni, sifakwe ngokwesiluleko semithetho i-̬ iqela lamagqwetha angengomapartis aguqulela iingcamango zomgaqo-nkqubo kulwimi oluchanekileyo lomthetho. Imali inikwa inani: H.R. ilandelwa linani kwiNdlu, okanye iS. ilandelwa linani kwiBhunga. Ingeniswe kwi Conrorional Record[[ kwaye ibhekiselwe kwikomiti efanelekileyo okanye ikomiti ephethe i-pane ̱ igosapho.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Isenzo seKomiti

Iikomiti zemisebenzi yokwenene yeBhunga zilapho kwenziwa khona. Zombini iikomiti ezigcina iikomiti ezijongene nemigaqo-nkqubo enjengezolimo, iinkonzo zezixhobo, imfundo, izimali, kunye nezeejaji. Xa kubhekiswa ityala kwiikomiti, usihlalo ugqiba enoba uya kucwangcisa na ukuviwa, ukucelwa kwenkonzo yophando lweBhunga, okanye ngokulula ukuyeka le mithetho ibulawe kukungathathi-nxaxheba. Eli gunya lokugcina amasango lithetha ukuba iikomiti zilawule ngokunempumelelo iimali ezihamba phambili nezingakwenzi.

Ukuba ikomiti iyaqhubeka, ilandela inyathelo elincinci kathathu:

  • Ukuva: Ikomiti imema iingcali, amagosa esebe, abameli, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo ukuba banikele ubungqina. Iindlebe zithe zibhalelwe elubala kwaye zibhalwe rhoqo. Zinika ithuba lokuqokelela ulwazi, ukwakha irekhodi, kwaye zivelisa inkqubela yezopolitiko okanye ngokuchasene nomthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iphawup: Emva kokuva, ikomiti ihlanganisa intlanganiso yophawu. Amalungu acebisa utshintsho, impikiswano, kunye nevoti kutshintsho ngalunye. Iphawup kulapho uxwebhu lwencwadi i ’ ulwimi lubunjwe khona, maxa wambi ngokuphawulekayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umlomo ovela kuphawu ufana kancinci noguqulelo lokuqala.
  • Ingxelo ye-Committee: Xa ityala lidlulisa ikomiti ngevoti enkulu, ikomiti ikhupha ingxelo echaza irejista ye-̱ injongo, ishwankathela ukuchonga, ishwankathela iimvo ezamkelweyo, kwaye inika ukuvota. Le ngxelo iquka noqikelelo lwemali olusuka kwi-Congregal Ubaccul Office kunye nengxelo yegunya lomgaqo-siseko.

IiBhili ezingafumani voti yekomiti zifa kwikomiti. Le yiziphumo ezixhaphakileyo zomthetho. Noko ke, kukho iindlela zokugqitha ikomiti i̬ ezifana nesicelo sokukhulula kwi House ̬ kodwa ezi zinqabile ukuphumelela.

Inyathelo 3: Ukusetyenziswa Kweflodi Nokuphikisana Endlwini

Xa isindululo sithe saxelwa ngaphandle kwekomiti, sisiya kumgangatho wegumbi. Kwindlu, iKomiti yeMimiselo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kweli nqanaba. IKomiti yeMimiselo ikhupha umthetho okhethekileyo omisela ukuba impikiswano ithatha ixesha elingakanani, ukuba zingaphi iziphumo ezinokunikelwa, nokuba inkqubo yokulungisa ivuliwe okanye ivaliwe. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango unika iqela elikhulu ulawulo olubalulekileyo kucwangciso lwemithetho.

Ngexesha lengxoxo yomgangatho, amalungu aphikisanayo nanxamnye netyala. Indlu isebenzisa inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo: ixesha lengxoxo linikwa amaqela amaninzi namaqela amancinane, kwaye izithethi zilinganiselwe kwimizuzu embalwa nganye. Igosa eliphetheyo linyanzelisa imiqathango yexesha ngokungqongqo. Ingxoxo idla ngokuba yeyokuphelisa ingxabano, ingakumbi kwimicimbi ephikisanayo.

Emva kokuqukumbela, iNdlu iqhubekela kwivoti. Kwiimeko ezininzi, uninzi lwamalungu akhoyo kwaye ukuvota kuyafuneka ukudlulisa ityala. Iivoti ezingundoqo zishicilelwe ngombane, kwaye iziphumo zipapashwa kwi Record [[FLT: 0] eyiNtloko-mthetho. Ukuba ityala lidlula, lithunyelwe kwiBhunga ukuze kuqwalaselwe.

Inyathelo 4: Isenzo Esilula Kumgqeba

IBhunga leNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlela zahluke kwiNdlu. Ligumbi elincinane elinemithetho encinane ethintelweyo, kwaye lisebenza ngokuvumelana kwimicimbi eqhelekileyo. Xa ityala lifikelela kumgangatho weNdlu yeNtlanganiso, inkokeli enkulu iyalicwangcisa. Ingxoxo yeNdlu yeeNgwevu ayilungelelaniswanga njengengxoxo yeNdlu yeeNdlu: iiNtsimi ze-Angli zinokuthetha ixesha elide xa zinqwenela ukuba intshukumo yedolo lifakwe kwaye idluliswe.

ICampen’ eyona mpawu yahlukileyo yi-nviron. Ilungu okanye iqela lee-senator lingalizisa ukuvota ngokuthetha rhoqo okanye ngokusuka nje lisongele ukukwenza oko. Ukuphelisa i-Reenbuster, iNdlu yeNtsimbi kufuneka iququzelele ihlwili, efuna i-afthiftis ephezulu kakhulu (60 covotation). Oku kuthetha ukuba umthetho obalulekileyo kufuneka utsale i-bipartisan inkxaso yokoyisa isisongelo se-Pricebuster. I-filibbuster ibingumthombo wengxoxo enkulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokuphikisana kwayo ikhusela amalungelo amancinane kwaye abanye abalwayo bawenza asebenze i-proce.

Ukuba iBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi lidlulisa ityala elifana nendlu, ityala lisiya ngqo kuMongameli. Ngokufuthi, iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi iyayilungisa ityala, eliyibuyisela kwindlu ukwenzela isenzo esibhekele phaya.

Inyathelo 5: Ukulungisa Umahluko phakathi Kwamacandelo

Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela zoLawulo, umahluko kufuneka ulungiswe ngaphambi kokuba ityala libe ngumthetho. Oku kuqheleke ngenye yezimbini iindlela:

  • mentement Exchange: Indlu ingavota ukwamkela iNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala ̱ iinguqu, okanye eziphikisanayo. Ukuba omabini amaqela ayavuma, ityala liyafana kwaye liya phambili.
  • IKomiti yoNxulumano: [Ukuba umahluko uyinto enkulu, ikomiti yengqungquthela emiselwe amalungu avela kuzo zombini iigumbi ityunjwe ukuxoxa ngolalanisa. Ikomiti yengqungquthela ivelisa ingxelo yengqungquthela nolwimi oluvumelanayo. Zombini iigumbi kufuneka zivote kwingxelo yengquthela ngaphandle kokulungisa. Ukuba zombini ziyavuma, ityala lithunyelwa kuMongameli.

Iikomiti zenkomfa zisebenza emva kweminyango evaliweyo, eye yafumana ukugxekwa okuvela kubaxhasi abacace. Noko ke, zisoloko zikuphela kwendlela yokucombulula ukungavisisani okuntsonkothileyo kumthetho omkhulu ofana neendleko zokuphendula okanye utshintsho lwezonyango.

Inyathelo lesi-6: Isenzo sobuongameli

Xa imali efanayo idlula kumagumbi omabini, ityala elibhalisiweyo lishicilelwa kwisikhumba sendlu yeWhite. UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa ezigqithiseleyo) ukuze enze okuthile. Iziphumo ezine zinokwenzeka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphawu lomthetho: Isivumelwano siba ngumthetho ngoko nangoko kuMongameli ’ utyikityo. Imisitho yokutyikitya umlomo kawonke-wonke isoloko isetyenziswa ukutsalela ingqalelo kumthetho omkhulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivings ezibhadlileyo: UMongameli ubuyisela uxwebhu kwi Congress nomyalezo weveto ochaza iimpikiswano. Ingqungquthela ingayigqitha iveto nge trifts vvote kuzo zombini iigumbi. I-Vto inqabile; kuphela malunga ne 4% yeevetoes kwimbali yaseMelika ibingaphumelelanga.
  • Ungathathi nyathelo xa ingqungquthela iseqesheni:[[FL:1] Emva kweentsuku ezilishumi, ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphandle koMongameli ’ utyikityo. Oku kwaziwa njengepass yepokotho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Musa ukwenza nto ngexesha iBhunga lithe yabanjwa: Le yingxowa yeveto. Imali ayibi ngumthetho, kwaye iBhunga alinakuyilawula kuba alisekho kwintlanganiso.

Iintlobo zoMthetho

Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho akuchazi indlela iNkqutyana elisebenzisa ngayo igunya layo:

  • IiBhili ezi-Public: Umthetho osebenza kuhlanga lonke. Uninzi lwento esiyicingayo njenge ̴ imithetho ̵ ziintlawulo zikawonke-wonke. Imizekelo iquka umthetho we-Afford Care Care Act kunye nomthetho wamalungelo abantu.
  • [[NTLA] Imithetho enceda umntu othile, iqela, okanye indawo. Ityala lobuqu lisetyenziselwa uncedo lokufuduka, iimbambano ezichasene norhulumente, okanye iimali zomhlala-phantsi ezikhethekileyo. Zimbalwa kakhulu namhlanje kunakwinkulungwane ye-19.
  • [[NTL:0] Izigqibo zoMngcipheko: ezifana namatyala kwaye kufuna inkqubo efanayo yowiso-mthetho. Izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo zisetyenziswa ekulungiseni izicelo ezicetyiweyo zomgaqo-siseko (ezifuna imvume ezizii-3-3 kwigumbi lamaziko kunye nokwandiswa ngee-rative ezintathu-sine zemeko) kunye neminye imimiselo yexeshana efana nokuqhubekeka kwezigqibo zoko kuqokelelwa korhulumente.
  • Izigqibo zonyaka: Ezidlulayo ngala magumbi omabini kodwa zingathunyelwa kuMongameli. Izigqibo zexesha lomhla zisetyenziselwa imicimbi yangaphakathi efana nezigqibo zoqingqo-mali, ukumisela imihla yokukhupha idinga, okanye ukuchaza ingqiqo yeBhunga lemithetho kwimicimbi.
  • Izigqibo ezilula: Idlula ngegumbi elinye. Izigqibo ezilula ziphatha ishishini langaphakathi elifana nokutshintsha imithetho yegumbi, ukuseka iikomiti, okanye ukuvakalisa iintuthuzelo. Azinawo amandla omthetho.

Indima Yokhokelo Nezaphu Zeqela

Inkokeli namalungu eqela adlala indima ebalulekileyo kumthetho wokwalusa ngeBhunga. ISpeimer of the House kunye neNkulumbuso yeNdlu yeQela igqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala angena phantsi, imisela ucwangciso lowiso-mthetho, kwaye inxibelelana nezihlalo zekomiti namalungu aphezulu. Ngeli xesha, iinkokeli ezincinane zisebenza ukukhuthaza inkcaso nokunika ezinye iindlela.

Uphiko lunembopheleleko yokubala iivoti nokuqinisekisa amalungu eqela ukuba axhasa ukhokelo ’ indawo. Igama elithi ̴whip ̵ lufunyenwe kwimpungutye yokuzingela i— i-#820; u-wchiper-in ̵ ugcina izithende zingalahlekanga. Namhlanje, iziqhubi zivelisa ubalo lokuba intsika zichaza ulawulo, ukuba zingaphi na ezikhuselwe ngamalini. Oku kudla ngokusetyenziswa ukugqiba enoba kuzisa umlomo kumgangatho okanye ukuphonononga.

Ukubaluleka Komthetho Kulawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Umthetho ngumgaqo oyintloko osetyenziswa yiKhomishini eguqulela uluntu ukuba lube yinkqubo eqinisekisiweyo. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho esebenzayo, isebe eliphetheyo beliya kusebenza ngaphandle kokuhlola, kwaye ijaji ingalufumani ukhokelo olucacileyo. Ukukwazi ukudlulisela imithetho kukwenza iBhunga libe lisebe lokuqala likarhulumente, njengoko abaQaphi benenjongo.

Ukuqonda indlela umthetho odlula ngayo kubalulekile nakumanyano lwamafama. Izakhamuzi eziyaziyo le nkqubo zingayixhasa ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi izizathu ezibangela ukuba zikhathalelwe. Zingabona ikomiti elungileyo ukuba ijoliswe kuyo, ziqonde ukubaluleka kokuvota komgangatho kunye nokulungisa, ziqonde xa abameli bazo besenza isenzo esinentsingiselo ngokuchasene nokuvavanya. Olu lwazi lunika amandla abavoti babo abanyuliweyo ukuba baphendule amagosa abo anokuphendula kwibhokisi yebhola.

Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho inika amathuba okungena elubala kuluntu ngamanqanaba amaninzi. Abami bangangqina kwiikomiti ezichongiweyo, bakhuphe amagqabaza abhaliweyo, badibane nabameli babo i’ abasebenzi, baze babe nenxaxheba kwiiholo zedolophu nakwizikhundla zikawonke-wonke. La majelo okuthabatha inxaxheba abalulekile ekulondolozeni urhulumente osabelayo nosemthethweni.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho echazwe ngasentla iye yachaphazeleka ngokuqhubekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ukubekwa kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukunyuka komthetho we-omnibus, nokusetyenziswa okukhulayo kwemiyalelo yegunya kuye kwayiguqula yonke indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho. Abanye abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo iye yacotha kakhulu kwaye yaqiniswa, ngoxa abanye bephikisa ngelithi abaDala iMimiselo ngabom bayila inkqubo eya kwenza kube nzima ukudlula umthetho ukuze kukhuselwe inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Enye intsingiselo engundoqo kukusetyenziswa kwemali enkulu, enzima ye-omnibhu epakisha amakhulu ezinto ezingahambelaniyo kwivoti enye. Oku kunciphisa ukubonakala kwemiqathango kunye nemiqathango kwizinto nganye. Enye intsingiselo kukuxhomekeka okukhulayo kulwahlulo loqingqo-mali, inkqubo evumela umthetho othile wemali ukuba udlulise iBhunga ngoninzi olulula kunokuba ube ngumqobo wamatyala angama-60. Udibaniso lwenziwe ekuqaleni ukwenzela ukunciphisa indleko kodwa luye lwasetyenziselwa utshintsho olukhulu lwemithetho kwimpilo, irhafuzo kunye neenkqubo zentlalo.

Naphezu kwale ngxaki, amanyathelo angundoqo enkqubo yowiso-mthetho ahlala ehleli. IiBhili kufuneka zidlule zombini iigumbi, ziphumelele ekuhlolweni kweekomiti, ziphumelele kwiingxoxo zomgangatho kunye nokulungisa, zifumane imvume yobumongameli. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka ivelisa imithetho elawula zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ukususela kwimpilo nemfundo ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe nakwimekobume.

Indlela Yomthetho Obonisa Indlela

Abafundi, abafundisi - ntsapho nabemi abatshayelelanayo bayakwazi ukukhangela amatyala ngexesha lokwenene ngezixhobo ezininzi ezikhoyo ekuhleni:

  • [[FLT: 0].Gov & #821; Ugcino-lwazi olusemthethweni lomthetho wequmrhu. Abasebenzisi bangaphendla ngenombolo yephetshana, igama eliyintloko, isixhasi, okanye ikomiti. Eli nxuwa linika iingxelo zekomiti, umqulu ubiza ivoti, ne ConRecordial [.
  • [[FLT: 0] GovTrack. & #821; Inxuwa elizimeleyo elidibanisa ugcino-lwazi lokubona, uhlaziyo, kunye nezilumkiso ze email. I GovTrack iphinda ithathe indiva umsebenzi wemithetho-siseko wamalungu ngamanye.
  • Ukunika inkxaso.gov neNdlu.gov ̵ Iiwebhsayithi ezisemthethweni zegumbi ngalinye zinikezela ngentlanganiso, izabelo zekomiti, kunye nenkqubo zomgangatho ezisetyenziswa kwiwebhu.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokuguqula ityala libe ngumthetho yenye yezona ndlela zemfundo zenkqubela zezolawulo lwaseMerika eziyilwe ngenyameko. Ukusuka ekuqaliseni ukusebenza kweekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ingqungquthela, kunye nesigqibo somongameli, inyathelo ngalinye lifeza injongo esemthethweni ngabom. Inkqubo icotha ngabom kwaye ifuna ukuvumelana okubanzi. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda le nkqubo akuyonkqubo yokuqheliswa kwemfundo nje kuphela. Kusisiseko sokubandakanyeka kwezentlalo. Xa abemi beqonda indlela imithetho ekwenziwa ngayo, bayakwazi ukuxhasa kakuhle imigaqo abayixhasayo, bagcine abameli babo benoxandumiso, kwaye baqonde ukufaneleka okuntsonkothile kwezilangazelelo ezichaza ulawulo-demokhrasi.