Table of Contents
Ilungelo lokuvota limi njengesona sithembiso sibalulekileyo sedemokhrasi, kodwa kwimbali enkulu yaseMelika, abafazi bakhanyelwa ngokulandelelanayo lo mmi usisiseko wamalungelo obumi. Uhambo ukusuka ekugqibeleni ukuphelisa idemokhrasi kwibhokisi yebhola imele enye yezona ntshukumo zitshintshayo kwimbali ye-U.S.ha iminyaka engamashumi alishumi eyathi yaguqula hayi nje imithetho yokuvota, kodwa kwanokuqonda ukuba ngubani okwidemokhrasi yaseMelika.
Ukuqonda indlela amabhinqa aphumelele ngayo ilungelo lokuvota [ atyhila okungaphezulu kwezibakala zembali; ibonisa indlela ezinokuqhubeka ngayo iingca ezisebenzayo zinokuyoyisa inkcaso eqinileyo, indlela intshukumo yoluntu eziguqula ngayo zize zilungelelenise namacebo azo, kwaye kutheni ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kuqhubeka namhlanje. Oku akuyonto nje ibali lokuthatha inxaxheba yedemokhrasi ehlala isebenza.
Isiseko Sokungakhathalelwa Kwamabhinqa
Ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo-melo lwangaphambili lwaseMerika
Xa ooTata abaFunyiweyo babhalisa umGaqo-siseko ngowe-1787, umbuzo wamalungelo okuvota [[FLT:] kwabafazi awufanekiselwanga ngxoxo. Intanda-bulumko eyaziwayo ye- e-publican [[[ amabhinqa abekwe ekwisikhundla esisemthethweni njengoolondolozi bekhaya abandakanyeke umsebenzi wawo ophambili wamakhaya obandakanya ukuphakamisa abemi abalungileyo, ukungathabathi nxaxheba ngqo ekulawuleni. Le ngcamango, idityaniswe nemfundiso eqhelekileyo yomthetho yesiNgesi [[FLT:][FLT]] [[FLT]]] [iFLT]] esemthethweni echaza ibhinqa elitshatileyo elinomyeni wakhe ngokusemthethweni, nto leyo ekwayilwayo ingcuphembele kubafazi babo ngokwezobubulumko obukwimeko lwezopolitiki.
Imfuno zobumnini eziya zinzima ngakumbi kumalungelo okuvota. Amazwana amaninzi aqala athintela ukuvota kumadoda aphethe impahla ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-21, ngaphandle kokhetho lwamabhinqa kodwa nobuninzi bamadoda. Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, le nkqubo yempahla isuka ngamaxesha athile yadala indlela yokuzifihla. eNew Jersey, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wanika amalungelo okuvota "bonke abemi" abahlangabezana neemfuno zempahla, bengaqondanga ukuvumela amanye amabhinqa ukuba afake impahla kwindawo ukuba avote de isombululo sathiswa ngokucacileyo yindlu yowiso-mthetho-mthetho-siseko samabhinqa ngowe-1807.
Ihlelo Lobufazi Bokwenyaniso
Ngonyaka wama-1820 kunye nowama-1830, ingcamango enamandla yenkcubeko eyaziwa njenge " iCult of Truth Wodyhood" okanye "imfundiso edityanisiweyo yengqukuva" ifakelwe. Le nkqubo yenkolelo yayibambelele ekubeni amabhinqa anobungangamsha obungokwemvelo kodwa ayengaxhaswanga ngokomzimba nabukrelekrelekrele kwihlabathi elinobugxwayiphene lezobupolitika. ingqukuva yendalo yamabhinqa idibanise ikhaya, icawa, kunye nomsebenzi wokunceda, ngelixa amadoda elawula imimandla yasekuhlaleni yezoshishino norhulumente.
Ngokudidekileyo, le ngcaciso yokuba ivalelwe amabhinqa ikwayilwa kwangoko ilungelelanisa imicimbi yawo kawonke-wonke. Ukuba amabhinqa ayengabakhuseli bokuziphatha okuhle, ngaba bekungafuneki impembelelo yabo ukulwa nokonakala nobubi? Le ngcamango yavumela amabhinqa ukuba angene kwintetho yasesidlangalaleni nge imibutho ethintelayo, ukupheliswa kwamabutho oluntu, kunye namaphulo okuguqula ukuziphatha
Ukuzalwa Kweqela Lamabhinqa Elisebenzisa Izixhobo
Indibano Yeengxangxasi ZaseSeneca: Isiqalo Sendaleko
[[FLT: 0] IConvention yeeFalls Seneca yaphawula isiqalo esisesikweni sombutho wamalungelo wamabhinqa acwangcisiweyo eMelika. Ilungelelaniswe ngu Elizabeth Cady Stanton kunye Lucretia Mottt[, bobabini abanolwazi ababekhutshiwe kwiNdibano yehlabathi e-Anti-HMBY eLondon ngenxa yobufana babo, olu nxulumano lwatsala malunga ne 300 abangeni ekunyukeni kweNew York.
Indibano yavelisa Ukwenziwa kwetyala le-Sentiments, uxwebhu olufuziselwe ngabom kwiSibhengezo senkululeko. "Sizigqala ezi nyaniso njengezibonisayo," yavakalisa, "ukuba onke amadoda namabhinqa adalwe ngokulinganayo. Uxwebhu ludwelise izikhalazo ezilishumi elinesibhozo ezichasene nobukhulu bamadoda, kunye nomxholo wamabhinqa owenziwe ngabom uluhlu. Kuzo zonke izigqibo ezicelweyo, sazingqina impikiswano enkulu. [ichaza kuphela izikhalo ezimfakelwayo emva komda kaDouglas, i-Americcium edumileyo e-Estlicains, yathetha ngokuvumayo.
Iinkokeli Zamandulo Nendlela Zazo Engafaniyo
Iqela lamandulo lezobundlobongela latsala iinkokeli eziye zaneemvelaphi neentanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zahlulwe phakathi/isizathu:
USusan B. Anthony wazisa ukuzinikela kobuntlola nokungakhathali kwentlangano. Owayesakuba ngumfundisi- ntsapho ongatshatanga, uAnthony wanikela ubomi bakhe bonke babadala kumalungelo amabhinqa, waba bubuso obubonakalayo. Umanyano lwakhe noElizabeth Cady Stanton lwadibanisa ingqondo ka-Anthony nentetho enamandla kaStanton.
Inyaniso Yomnatha, owayefudula elikhoboka, wazisa imbono yokudibana kwemida eyacel ’ umngeni ubuhlanga kunye nobufanasini. 'eyaziwa kakhulu "Im'endimakazi? ngo1851] intetho yamelana notyekelo lwembutho lokujolisa kwimfundo, kwimfuno yeklasi ephakathi yeminye imibandela yabafazi abamhlophe.
Ilitye leLucy laba bhenela inkqubo ethe kratya, igcina igama lakhe lobutshato emva komtshato (ukukhuthaza igama elithi "iiiVilistar") ngexesha wayekhuthaza amaphulo karhulumente ngenkalo yephondo kunokuqhuba kwesizwe. Indlela yakhe yabhenela kwabo bafumana iStanton kunye noAnthony ingqongqo kakhulu.
I-Frances Willard idibanise ukuthomalalisa, iphikisa ngelithi amabhinqa ayefuna ukuvota ukukhusela amakhaya kwimpembelelo etshabalalisayo yotywala. Eli cebo landisa isibheno sentsebenziswano kumabhinqa onqulo abambelele kwizithethe eziqhelekileyo asenokuba aye akuphepha ukusebenzisa ezopolitiko.
Ubuchule, Imiqobo Nephulo Elide
Umgaqo-siseko woMthetho wokuHlaziya
Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, ababhali-zincwadi babenethemba lokuqala lokunyanzeliswa kobuhlanga obulinganayo beza kubandakanya ukulingana kwe-asent. Ukuzinziswa kwemida kunye ne-15, okwanika amadoda ayengamakhoboka amalungelo okuba ngummi wasemazweni nokuvota, kwanika omabini amathuba kunye nokuphoxeka. Xa uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu luthi luchazelwe ukuba amalungelo okuvota akanakukhanyelwa "uhlobo, umbala, okanye imeko yangaphambili yobukhoboka" kodwa okungekhona okubhalisa ngokwesini kwaziva kungcatshiwe.
Oku kwakhokelela kulwahlulo lokuqala olukhulu kwintshukumo. I-National Woman Suffge Association (NWSA), ikhokelwe nguSusan B. Anthony noElizabeth Cady Stanton, balandela ulungiso lwemithetho-siseko lwamaqumrhu kunye namaqhinga ongquzulwano. Merika Woman Suffge Association (AWSA ], ekhokelwa nguLucy Stone noHen Henry Blackwell, ebhekise kumkhosi wesizwe-mgamstriants kwaye agcina indlela elungeleleneyo.
Ukufuduka Okutsha Nokungathobeli Kwabemi
Ngonyaka wama-1870, amanye amabhinqa amkela iqhinga elibizwa ngokuba yi-'New Interpresence" ephikisa ngelithi amabhinqa aye anamalungelo okuvota phantsi kolawulo loMndululo we-145th. Amakhulu amabhinqa azama ukuvota kunyulo lwe-1872. u-Sasan B. Ukubanjwa kuka-Anthony ngenxa yokuvota okungekho mthethweni eRochester, New York, kwaba yeyona nto idumile. Ukuvavanywa kwakhe, apho wayekhanyele ilungelo lokungqina kukhuselo lwakhe kwaye elungile (ewalile ukuhlawula).
Inkundla ePhakamileyo ngokugqibekileyo yala igatya le ngxoxo Mineor v. Haprestett (1875), igqiba ngamxhelo mnye ukuba ubumi abukhange bunikezele amalungelo okuvota. Esi sigqibo sanyanzela iincwadi ezinyanzelisa ukuba zivume ukuba kuphela ulungiso olutsha lomgaqo-siseko okanye iimpumelelo zikarhulumente ezinokukhusela usukelo lwazo.
Uloyiso LwaseNtshona Nokuchaswa KweMpuma
Ngokumangalisayo, i- yaseNtshona Merika yaba ngummandla wokuqala wokwamkela impepho yamabhinqa. Ingingqi yeWyoming yanika amabhinqa ivoti ngo1869, ilandelwa yiUtah Territory (1870), iWashington Territory (18883), kunye neMontanal Territory (1887). Xa uWyoming waba ngurhulumente ngo1990, wanyanzela ukuba agcine amabhinqa ekhuselwe ukuwashiya, isithi, "Siza kuhlala ngaphandle kweUni ekwiminyaka elikhulu kunalapho engenamabhinqa."
Kwakutheni ukuze iNtshona ikhokele? Iimeko eziliqela zanegalelo:
- Fromatial pragmation iminikelo yamabhinqa exabisekileyo kulwakhiwo loluntu
- ukungalingani kokuPhuhliswa kwemihlaba imimandla ethetha ukutsala abafazi abaphambukeli
- Ivumela iimatshini zezobupolitika ezisemgangathweni ukwenzela iinkqubo zovavanyo ezithe zangenwa
- Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamabhinqa kwezoqoqosho kuluntu lwaseNtshona kwakubonakala kakhulu kwaye kwamkelekile
Ngeli thuba, amazwana aseMpuma naseMazantsi ahlala engaxhathisi. Imibutho engenisa imali , ngokufuthi ekhokelwa ngamabhinqa afumileyo, aphikisa ngelithi ukuvota kungawaqhatha amabhinqa, kutshabalalise iintsapho, kuphelise nemisebenzi yendalo. Ishishini lotywala lifumana inkxaso-mali, lisoyika ukuba amabhinqa anokurhoxa arhoxise umlomo.
Inkulungwane Entsha Nothetho Lokugqibela
Ukuvela Kokhokelo Olutsha
Ngo-1900, oovulindlela bokuqala babesaluphala okanye befile. Isizukulwana esitsha sazisa amandla amatsha kunye namaqhinga. Carrie Chapman Catt, owalandela uSusan B. Anthony njengomongameli weNational American Woman Saffnge Association (wayilwa yi-merng "SA kunye ne-AWSA ngo-18905), waphuhlisa uCPlang" uCebo lokuHLONGA"[] ubuchule obuntsonkothile bokwenza urhulumente nolu nxulumano lwamazwe ngamazwe ngelinye.
[[NTLT: 0] Bafundisa uPaul noLucy Burns, bephenjelelwa ziindlela zomkhosi zeBritane, baseka i iParti Yomfazi wesizwe (NWP) ngo1916. Basungula iindlela zongquzulwano ezazingabonwayo ngaphambili kwiMelika ye-suffgerivism: ukuthatha iNdluwale, ukutshisa iikopi zeentetho zikaMongameli Wilson, nokudubula indlala xa bevalelwe. Paul's, imfundo yobutsha (ibambe amaqondo amathathu omthetho), kwaye bamele ukurhoxakeka okunga okuphambili kwezombutho zobupolitiko.
IMfazwe Yehlabathi I: Iinguqulelo
[[FLT: 0] Imfazwe yehlabathi I yaguqula ingxoxo eshukumayo. Njengoko amadoda ayesiya kumadabi aseYurophu, amabhinqa azele imisebenzi yemizi - mveliso, ekhonza njengabongikazi, kwaye ethengisa amaqhina emfazwe. Ukuphikisana kwaba ngenakuba nakuthinteleka: iMelika inokubambana njani "yenza ihlabathi likhuseleke kwidemokhrasi" ngexa ikhaba labemi bayo lithathela inxaxheba yedemokhrasi?
I-NWP's " Silent Sentinels" yaqalisa ukuthatha iNdlu eWhite ngoJanuwari 1917, isiba liqela lokuqala ukuthatha isikhulu esiphetheyo. Iibhanile zabo zabuza imibuzo ecacileyo: "Mnum.Mongameli, Ungakanani Abafazi Abade Abamele Inkululeko?" kunye "Umongameli Wilson" //Ukubambangi weMongameli kwinkokeli ye-Jamani. Xa iUnited States yangena emfazwe, abaninzi bakujonga oku kubhiyo njengokungathanga. ] Arevestars, nangaphezulu kwamabhinqa angoomati abavalelweyo[FOLD [FOLD:3].
Ukuphathwa kwemibutho yokubhalisa evalelweyo kwabangela ungquzulwano. Abafazi abasuka kwiintsapho eziphambili bajamelana neemeko ezimaxongo kwindlu yokusebenza yase-Occoquan. " I-NTYY of Terrorit" ngoNovemba 15, 1917, babona abalindi bebetha bethuthumbisa amabanjwa. Xa uAlice Paul nabanye babephethe indlala, amagunya asabela ngokunyanzela okungcungcuthekisa.
Ukwakhiwa kweSizwe
Ngeli xesha ugalelo lweziqu zentloko-ndaba zikarhulumente lufumene uloyiso olubalulekileyo. Ngonyaka ka1919, amaphondo alishumi elinesihlanu aye anika amabhinqa ukhuthuzo olupheleleyo, ngeli xesha amanye avumela amabhinqa ukuba avote kunyulo lomongameli okanye kwi-priminaries. Urhulumente wonke waseNtshona ngaphandle kweNew Mexico wayeneengcungcuthekiswa [. Oku kwabangela uxinzelelo olunamandla lwezobupolitika lwamabhinqa, olunokwamkela umongameli kunye noNgqungquthela kwamanye amazwe kodwa hayi amanye, kubalase ubuvuvuvu bobu bobugovu.
Unyulo lwe Jeannette Rankin ukusuka eMontana njengebhinqa lokuqala kwiKhonklare lwanika umqondiso onamandla. Xa wafaka ivoti yakhe ekuchasene nokungena emfazweni yehlabathi I (omnye wamalungu angamashumi amahlanu eNdlu ukuba enze njalo), abagxeki bathi ingqina ukuba amabhinqa awawafuni azobupolitika. Kanti i-Rankin i-Gradimin i-list yathetha ngokudinwa yimfazwe.
UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo We - 19: Uloyiso Nemida Yalo
Idabi Lengqungquthela
UMongameli Woodrow Wilson, owayekudala echasa uphazamiso lwezinyuso, ekugqibeleni wagunyazisa ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko ngoJanuwari 1918, eyibiza ngokuba ngumlinganiselo wemfazwe. Le House yawuthiya utshintsho ngocoselelo lweziqu ezibini ezinesithathu ezazifunwa yiqonga elithi lishiye igosa elifileyo lomfazi wakhe ukukhupha ivoti. IBhunga labonakala linzima ngakumbi, lala ukupheliswa kabini ngaphambi kokuba ekugqibeleni liyidlulise ngoJuni 4, 1919.
Ulwimi olulula lwesi sakhiwo lwayiguqula impembelelo yalo yenguquko: " Ilungelo labemi baseUnited States lokuvota aliyi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe nguUnited States okanye nguRhulumente ngenxa yesondo."
Idrama Yokuhlaziya Imitha
Ukwenziwa kwemingxuma kwakufuna imvume esuka kumarejista 36, `ikota ezintathu zezingama-48 ngoko ke kuManyano. Kwisithuba sonyaka, ama-35 aye agunyaziswa. Idabi lokugqibela lenzekile eTennessee ebudeni behlobo lika1920. u-Anti-suffrajustries kunye nobhaliso lwe-suffra ehla eNashville, i-acriftings eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"Imfazwe yamaRose"",/iiibhanki zazinxiba ii-rozi ezimthumbisi ngoxa abachasi babenxiba ezibomvu.
Ivoti yendlu yaseTennessee yehlela [[FL:0] .Harry Burn, ummisi-mthetho oneminyaka engama-24 ubudala owayenxiba i-rose ebomvu kodwa ethwele ileta evela kunina. "Hurrah, kwaye uvote u-suffile." uChb Burn wayebhalile. "Ungalibali ukuba ungumfana olungileyo kwaye uncede uNksk. Catt ubeke i'i-'irt' ekuqinisekisweni." uHarry Burn waguqula ivoti yakhe, waphula iqhina. Kamva wacacisa, "Ndazi ukuba icebiso likamama lisoloko likhuselekile ukuba umfana wakhe alandele."
Ku [[NTL:0] August 26, 1920, unobhala weBridge Colby wezwe waqinisekisa ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesithoba. Emva komzabalazo weminyaka engama-72, amabhinqa aseMerika aphumelele ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuvota.
Uloyiso Olungaphelelanga
Ingxelo yeSinyusi seshumi elinesithoba yaphawula ukuphunyelelwa okukhulu, kodwa amalungelo ashiyeka kude kumntu wonke. Ukupheliswa kwalelwe ukucalucalulwa okusekelwe kwiintlobano zesini kodwa akuzange kucombulule eminye imiqobo emininzi ethintela amabhinqa amaninzi ekuvoteleni:
[[FLT: 0] Amabhinqa ase-Afrika ajongene nooMalathika base- ajongene nemithetho efanayo ye-Jim Crow edibanisa amadoda antsundu amnyama, iirhafu zophangelo, iirhafu zomnquba, iirejista, kunye nezoyikiso logonyamelo. Xa amabhinqa amnyama ayezama ukubhalisa eMzantsi, ayejamelene nempindiselo yezoqoqosho, ugonyamelo, kunye nezisongelo zokufa. [[FLT:] Imanyano yesizwe yamabhinqa amibalabala [[[FLT] , ikhokelwa nguMary Terrell, walwa nezi zinto zingekho sikweni, kodwa utshintsho olunentsingiselo luye luye lufike de kube amashumi eminyaka kamva.
Amabhinqa aseMelika ayengenakuvota ngenxa yokuba ayengabathathi njengabemi de kube nguMthetho woBumi baseIndiya ngo1924, kwaye kwanangoko, amazwe amaninzi afumana iindlela zokuthintela ukuba bangenelele de kube ngoo1960. Amanye amaphondo athi amaMelika amaIndiya ayephila kwiimeko ezingezo zikarhulumente; amanye ayefuna ukuba bashiye izithethe.
Amabhinqa ase-Asiya aseMerika ajamelana nemiqathango yobumi esekelwe kuhlanga. UMthetho we-Exclusion waseTshayina wonyaka ka-1882 kunye nemithetho eyalandelayo yathintela abaphambukeli abaninzi base-Asia ekubeni babe ngabemi base-Asia, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ekuvoteni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba babekhe bahlala ixesha elingakanani eMelika. Le miqathango ayizange iphakanyiswe ngokupheleleyo de kwangoo1940 kunye noo1950.
Amabhinqa ase-Latina adibana nemiqobo yolwimi, usongelo, nemibuzo entsonkothileyo yobumi. EMzantsintshona, abaninzi bajamelana neemvavanyo zesiNgesi kuphela zokufunda nokubhala ezazicetyelwe ukungazifaki izithethi zeSpanish, nangona ezinye iintsapho zazihlala kummandla phambi kokuba zibe yinxalenye ye-United States.
Ukuqhubeka Kulwela Ukuphana Ngamalungelo
AmaLungelo Abemi Nenkqubela Enqamlezeneyo
Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wangoku woo1950 kunye no 1960 ekugqibeleni wathetha imiqobo emininzi eyashiyeka kuLawulo lweshumi elinethoba. Abafazi abanjengo Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, kunye noDiane Nash badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulweni amalungelo okuvota ezakunceda bonke abantu baseMerika kungakhathaliseki uhlanga okanye ubufana.
Umthetho wobuVoting Rights ka-1965 wangqinwa uguqulo, ukuvalwa kweemvavanyo zokufunda nokungaququzeli konyulo kwimimandla eneembali zocalulo. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, abafazi abaninzi bemibala bangasebenzisa ngokukhululekileyo umthetho wasekunene [ ukuba iincwadi ezimhlophe zibhiyozele iminyaka engama-45 ngaphambili. Phakathi konyaka ka-1965 nowe-196969, inani lamabhinqa amaBlalda abhaliswe ukuvota eMississippishishe lanyuka ukusuka kwi-5% ukuya kumashumi ama-60%.
Iphulo Lokuhlaziywa Kwamalungelo Alinganayo
Ababhali abaninzi bencwadi babekholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamabhinqa kuzakukhokelela ngokukhawuleza kukwalingana okupheleleyo okusemthethweni. Xa oku kungaphumelelanga, uAlice Paul wabhalisa uGawulayo lwamalungelo e-Equal (ERA) ngo1923, echaza ngokucacileyo: "Umgangatho wamalungelo phantsi komthetho awuzukukhanyelwa okanye uvalelwe ngu United States okanye ngurhulumente ngenxa yesondo."
Iphulo le-ERA, elafumana uqhubeko kwi1970 phambi kokuwa kweemeko ezintathu ezisilela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokwahlula ngo1982, labonisa ukuba kuphela kumalungelo angenakuqinisekisa ukulingana kwelungu lebhinqa. Ukungaphumeleli kokulungisa kwabalaselisa ulwahlulo oluqhubekayo malunga neendima namalungelo amabhinqa kwibutho lamaMelika.
Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo Nocinezelo Lwezinto Ezisebenza Ngegesi
Namhlanje, abesifazane bavota ngokwexabiso eliphezulu kunamadoda `ukuguquka ukusuka kumashumi eminyaka okuqala emva kokuphuma komnxeba apho amabhinqa amaninzi ebengasebenzisi ilungelo lawo elitsha. Kunyulo lwakutshanje lomongameli, unyulo lwabafazi luye lwadlula kwiincam ezi-3-4 zamadoda. Kodwa ucelomngeni luyaqhubekeka:
Imithetho ye-ID yeVoter [ ngokugqithisileyo ichaphazela amabhinqa atshintsha amagama awo emva komtshato okanye uqhawulo-mtshato kwaye angawahlaziyi onke amaxwebhu. Amabhinqa akhulileyo angenayo imvume yokuqhuba ajongene nobunzima obuthile.
Indawo yokurhweba ivala kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni nakwizixeko ibangela ubunzima kumabhinqa asenokuswela ezothutho okanye angazifumani ixesha lokuyeka ukunyamekela umntu.
[ Imithetho yokwahlula-hlula ichaphazela izigidi zamaMelika, kunye namabhinqa] amabhinqa anemibala engafaniyo, abonisa icandelo elikhula ngokukhawuleza labemi abavalelweyo.
Amabhinqa omhlaba [[FLT: 0] kumathandabuzo asoloko engenazikhewu eziqhelekileyo ezifunekayo ukuze kubhaliswe uvoti kwaye angaphila iiyure ukusuka kwindawo ekufutshane yokuvota.
Izifundo Ezivela Kwintshukumo Yokuhlasela
Indaleko Yeendidi Ezikhethekileyo Nezeentshukumo
Intshukumo ye-suffgela yaphumelela ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokuba yasebenzisa izicwangciso ezininzi ngexesha elinye. Ngelixesha abanye abaxhasi befuna ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko, abanye bajolise kumthetho karhulumente. Ngelixesha ezinye zilondolozwe zihlonelwa, ezinye zamkela impatho. Ezi mpawu zecebo, nangona ngamanye amaxesha zibangela ingxabano yangaphakathi, ekugqibeleni zomeleza intshukumo ngokutsala kwintengiso eyahlukeneyo kunye noxinzelelo kwimiba emininzi.
Intshukumo zale mihla zentlalo zingafunda kobu buninzi obuninzi. Kunokuba zifune ucoceko lwengqiqo, intshukumo eziphumelelayo zenza isithuba sokufikelela kolunye uhlobo loxa ugxininiso kusukelo oluphezulu.
Amandla Enkqubela Yokoyikisa
Umzabalazo weminyaka engama-72 wobunzima bamabhinqa ubonisa ukuba utshintsho lokulungelelaniswa lusoloko lwenzeka kwi-. Uloyiso ngalunye lwesizwe lwakha uxinzelelo lwendlela elandelayo; ngalunye aluphumelelanga ukuzama ukufundisa izifundo ezibalulekileyo. Amatheko aseNtshona anika ubungqina bokwenene behlabathi ukuba ukuvota kwamabhinqa akutshabalalisi iintsapho okanye ukungquzula kwezobupolitika, ukulwa noloyiko lwabachasi.
Lo mzekelo ```Inkqubela-phambili yelizwe ngentla ekhokelela kwintshukumo yorhulumente------------yenze ukuba intsebenziswano yentlalo yamaMelika iphawule intsebenziswano, ukusuka kulingana komtshato ukuya kukwenza umlinganiselo womjumba osemthethweni. [[FLT: 0]] uloyiso lwengingqi lwengingqi yengingqi lwenza imizekelo [ eyenza utshintsho olubanzi lunokwenzeka.
Ukwakha Umanyano Ngaphandle Komahluko
Ulwalamano lwentsebenziswano nemithetho yobuhlanga lwabonakala luntsonkothile kwaye lusoloko lukhathaza. Abanye abamhlophe ababhalisayo basebenzisa iimpikiswano zobuhlanga, besithi abafazi abamhlophe abafundileyo bafanele ukuvota ngaphezu kwamadoda aphambukeleyo okanye amnyama. Abanye, njengoIda B. Wells-Barnett, babelwela ukuqhatha jikelele ngeli xesha bevavanya ikhethe lobuhlanga lombutho.
Ngaphandle kwale ngxaki, intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe yangqineka inamandla. Inkxaso kaFrederick Douglas eSeneca Falls, umboniso odityanisiweyo olungiselelwe nguAlice Paul (nangokuba wayechaswa nguMazantsi) kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwee-'dlbug' zamabhinqa amaBlack's , konke kwaba negalelo kwimpumelelo epheleleyo yembutho.
Ukubaluleka Kokwenza Umthetho Wolutsha
Ukuqaliswa kwenkokeli ezincinane njengoAlice Paul kwavuselela umbutho owenziwe waqina. Aba baxhasi abatsha bazisa amaqhinga amatsha, amandla, nokungabi namonde kwinkqubela-phambili yolwandiso. Babekulungele ukubeka engozini ukubanjwa, udumo lwabo, nempilo yabo ngenxa yesizathu.
Le ndlela iphinda imbali yonke ```Kumfundi Nonligth Cording Commond Commotion in Civil Rights Movement to intslobano yemozulu yangoku. [[FLT: 0] utshintsho lwesizukulwana phakathi kwemibutho' lusoloko lunika uxinzelelo lokugqibela olufunekayo loloyiso.
Intsingiselo Yomhlaba Wonke Nempembelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe
Ukufunda Kwiintshukumo Zezizwe Ngezizwe
Umbutho we-Melika ophenjelelwa yi yaphenjelelwa ngamalungelo amabhinqa azwenibanzi. Oomququzeleli bamaMelika bafunda iindlela zemfazwe zaseBritani, bangena kwiingqungquthela zezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye bakha ii-internat ezinqamleza umhlaba wonke.
INew Zealand yaba lelokuqala ilizwe ukunika amabhinqa amalungelo okuvota ngo-1893, lalandelwa yiOstreliya ngowe-19902. Le mizekelo yanika amaxwebhu abhaliweyo eMelika anezimpikiswano ezinamandla, ngokunjalo xa amanye amabhinqa olawulo-bulusayo ayenokuwafaka iliso ngaphandle kwentlekele, kutheni iUnited States ingenakukwazi?
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uloyiso lwamaMelika ngo1920 oluphefumlelweyo ehlabathini lonke. Ixesha lemfazwe labona amazwe amaninzi enyusa amalungelo okuvota kumabhinqa , ngokwenxalenye ephenjelelwa ngumzekelo waseMelika kunye nezenzo zobuGqr.
Umlo Oqhubekayo Emhlabeni Wonke
Ngoxa amazwe amaninzi ngoku enika ngokusemthethweni amalungelo okuvota, imiqobo eluncedo iyaqhubeka emhlabeni wonke. Kwamanye amazwe, imiqathango yenkcubeko, ugonyamelo, kunye neemfuno ezisemthethweni zithintela ukungenelela okupheleleyo kwezobupolitika zamabhinqa. Umzabalazo wokulingana kwezobupolitika zamabhinqa uyaqhubeka, kunye namaqhinga ombhali-zincwadi waseMerika asasebenza kumalungu aphambili ehlabathi lonke.
Izicelo zale mihla kunye nokubuyiselwa
Inxaxheba Yamabhinqa Kwezobupolitika Namhlanje
Inkulungwane emva koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesithoba, ukudityaniswa kwabafazi kwezobupolitika kuye kwaguqula idemokhrasi yaseMelika . Amabhinqa avota rhoqo ngesantya esiphezulu kunamadoda kwaye aye aba ngamandla apheleleyo kunyulo. "Umsantsa ophambili" kwimilinganiso yokuvota `amabhinqa axhasa ngokuqhelekileyo abathathi-nxaxheba kunye neembambano kunamadoda `indlela zokulwa nenkqubo eziphambili.
Kanti abafazi abasahlala bengaphantsi kwesikhundla esinyuliweyo. Ngaphandle kokuba kukho ama- 51% abantu, abafazi babamba malunga nama-28% kwizihlalo zoMbutho kwaye abakhange bafikelele umelo olulungelelanisiweyo kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye kwiindawo eziphezulu. Imiqobo ayisekho ngokomthetho kodwa iyayimiqobo esemthethweni kodwa isakhiwo: imingeni yokuxhasa imali, ingxubevange, imibandela yomlinganiselo wobomi bomsebenzi, kunye noguquguquko oluqhubekayo malunga nobuchule bokhokelo bamabhinqa.
Imilinganiselo edityanisiweyo yoxinzelelo lwesixhobo sokukhupha igesi
Imigudu yokucinezela i-'FLT' idla ngokuba neziphumo zobufanasini ezithi zivelise imizekelo yembali. Imiqathango ekuvotelweni kwasekuqaleni nakumaphepha angaphakathi eposi ichaphazela ngokukhethekileyo amabhinqa asenokuzama ukufikelela kuvavanyo olukhawulezileyo ngenxa yeembopheleleko zokunyamekela. Umqulu osombulukileyo uchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa nayiphi na indlela amabhinqa atshintsha amagama emva komtshato okanye uqhawulo mtshato.
Ukuvalwa kwee-ofisi ze-DMV kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kwenza ukufumana i-ID yomvoti kube nzima kakhulu kumabhinqa akhulileyo angakwaziyo ukuqhuba. Ikholege abafundi[]. Ngoku uninzi lwamabhinqa . "indawo yokuhlala" imfuno ezenza kube nzima ukuvota kwawo. Le miqobo yale mihla ifuna ukuqapha kunye nesenzo esiphawula umbutho wokuqala we-suffgege.
Ishishini Elingapheliswanga Lamalungelo Alinganayo
Inkokeli zombutho zithathe amalungelo okuvota ngokwemvelo akhokelela kumlinganiselo opheleleyo. Kwinkulungwane kamva, olo qikelelo luye lwangqineke luqinisekile kakhulu. Amabhinqa asajongene nocalulo lomsebenzi, unyango, imfundo, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi. Ukusilela ukukhupha uLawulo lwe-Akhawunity kwashiya i-United States ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa okusemthethweni ukuba umgangatho wendoda nendoda iyalingana.
Intshukumo zangoku njenge #MeToo kunye namaphulo okuhlawula intlawulo ziqhubekeka umsebenzi obhaliweyo eqalisiweyo. Le migudu isikhumbuza ukuba [[FLT: 0] amalungelo, ngexa eyimfuneko, amele nje isuntswana elinye lolingana kwezentlalo-ntle.[[FLT: 1].
Isiphelo: Imbali yamabhinqa Ilungelo lokudlala i Vote eMelika
Imbali yokuzimela kwamabhinqa eMelika isifundisa ukuba asiyompumelelo emiselweyo kodwa ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Iminyaka engama 72 ukulwa ukusuka kuSeneca Falls ukuya kuMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesithoba ibonisa ukuba ukwandisa inxaxheba yedemokhrasi kufuna ukuthatha inxaxheba eqhubekayo, ukucinga okulungeleleneyo, kunye nokuzingisa okungaxengaxengekiyo xa kujongwa nenkcaso.
Uloyiso lwamavoti lwalungaphelelanga okanye lungagqibekanga. Amabhinqa amaninzi, ingakumbi amabhinqa anombala, ayelindele amashumi eminyaka ukufikelela kovoti. Imigudu yokucinezela namhlanje isikhumbuza ukuba amalungelo anokuphumelela anokulahleka [ ngaphandle kokuhlala ephaphile. Umzabalazo wangaphakathi wohlanga, udidi, kwaye ubuchule bunika izifundo ngokwakha imibutho edityanisiweyo ngoxa kugcinwa usukelo olugxilile.
Mhlawumbi okubaluleke kakhulu, umbutho ungqina ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo bangafumana utshintsho olungaqhelekanga[. Amabhinqa awafumana ivoti ayengabo banamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo . babengabafundisi-ma, oomama, abasebenzi, nabavukeli abangafuniyo ukwamkela ubumi beklasi yesibini. Bajamelana nokugculelwa, ugonyamelo, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, kunye noloyiso lwamashumi eminyaka phambi kokuba baphumelele.
Ilifa labo alipheleli kumalungelo okuvota ukuze baquke iinguqulelo ezisisiseko kwindlela amaMerika abuqonda ngayo ubumi, ulawulo-melo, nobufanasini.
Njengoko sijamelene nocelomngeni lwexesha lethu kumalungelo okuvota kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, umbutho okhuthazayo unika intuthuzelo kunye nezifundo ezisebenzisekayo. Usikhumbuza ukuba inkqubela inokwenzeka kodwa ayinakuphepheka, ukuba amalungelo kufuneka akhuselwe ngokukhutheleyo, kwaye udemocracy ixhaphakile xa iquka onke amazwi . Amabhinqa awalwelayo ukuvota aqonda ukuba isithembiso sedemokhrasi asizaliseki logama nje abemi bengaphakanyiswa. Ukuqonda oku, kwaye ukuzinikela kokusebenza kuso kubaluleke njengangenkulungwane edluleyo.
Umzabalazo wamalungelo okuvota amabhinqa ngokusisiseko aguqulelwe kwakhona kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika, ungqina ukuba isithembiso somGaqo-siseko sokulingana singanwenwa ngaphaya kombono olinganiselweyo. Olu lwando alwenzeki ngokuzenzekelayo okanye lula.
Ongezelelweyo Oovimba
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi kweli xesha libalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika, oovimba bobuzwe boovimba bogcino-lwazi banikezela ngonikezelo kuxwebhu lokuqala kunye nezinto zokufundisa. Ithala leencwadi leBhunga likwagcina ingqokelela ebanzi [ yabafazi ebuyisela la mazwi embali ebomini ngoonobumba, iifoto, kunye neengxelo zobuqu ezisuka kulo mbutho.
