Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo imela inkqubo yolawulo oluthe ngqo apho abemi besebenzisa igunya elingqalileyo kwimithetho nemigaqo, bedlula abameli abameli abamele idemokhrasi. Ngokungafaniyo nabameli abamele idemokhrasi, apho abasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo ngabom kwaye bagqibele ngabom, balathisela idemokhrasi ukuba amandla okwenza izigqibo abekwe ngokuthe ngqo ezandleni zabantu. Eyona nkqubo iphambili yoku kukuqalisa koku, inkqubo eyenza abemi bakwazi ukumisela umthetho omtsha okanye ukutshintsha nokuvota kwabo ngqo. Olu hlobo lwezimiselo-demokhrasi luye lwafumana igatya elibalulekileyo kumazwe amaninzi nakumazwe amaninzi, lunika isixhobo esinamandla sokusebenza kotyaniwa ngoxa kuphakamisa imibuzo entsoko eluncedo, ivoti, impembelelo yemali engokozwezwe.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yolawulo - melo Olungqalileyo

Ingcamango yedemokhrasi engqalileyo ayiyonto intsha. Uqheliselo lwayo lokuqala olubhaliweyo lungalandelelwa emva kweAthene yamandulo kwinkulungwane yesihlanu yeBCE, apho abemi bamadoda bahlanganisana khona kwiUnited States (phantse ngo1990-1920). Abahlaziyi bazama ukuvota ngqo kwimicimbi yezopolitiko, inkqubo yolawulo-melo, kunye nomthetho. Noko ke, ulawulo-demokhrasi lwangoku olungqalileyo(8) oluthe ngqo", olusuka kwinkqengqelel'unyaka wekhulu le-1998, bakhuthaza inkqubo ye-demokhrasi elungelelelekayo eUnited States (phantse nonyaka we-1920). Abahlali befuna ukwaphula inyathelo elinamandla loomatshini bezobupolitika kunye nezilangazelelo kwimicimbi ezininzi zelizwe ngokubanziwayo, ngokunikezela ngobuchule bokwenza ulawulo lwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-onke, nangona i-199898, ingunyaka kunye neemeko ezithe ngqo zelizwe, i-19, i-19, i-Estvolustrand, i-ethe yoographum, yaya-ethe

Ukuqonda Idemokhrasi Engqalileyo: Iintlobo Nezixhobo Zokusebenzisa Umatshini

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo asiyongcamango yohlobo olunye. Iquka izixhobo ezininzi ezahlukileyo, nganye ineenjongo zayo kunye nemithetho yayo ebhaliweyo. Ezimbini eziqheleke kakhulu zezo [[FLT: 0] izinyibilikisi kunye amanani[, kodwa ikhumbula kwakhona uhlobo lwedemokhrasi engqalileyo.

Ii-Referendendums v. Inyathelo lokuqala vs.

[[NTL:0] i-operandement yivoti ekhethekileyo esele idluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Inokuba yeyona inyanzelisayo (icetyiswe ngokomthetho wohlobo oluthile lomthetho, njengeenguqu zomgaqo-siseko) okanye ngokungakhethiyo (ifakelwe yisicelo sommi sokuvavanya umthetho omtsha). Ngokuchaseneyo, [[FLT: 2] ivumela abemi ukuba bamisele yonke imithetho emitsha okanye iinguqulelo zomgaqo-siseko ukusuka ekukrweni. Iziququbulo zinokujolisa (ukuya kwivote ethandwayo ngoko nangoko emva kotyikityo) okanye (ukungaqondakaliyo kuqala kwindlu yomthetho; ukuba ayihoywa okanye ayizange ikhanyelwe, bahambe kwibholoti.[FFFF] [FFote]]

Inyathelo eliphambili lebhola, ukugxininiswa kweli nqaku, linamandla ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba livumela abemi ukuba bangabi nanxaxheba kwimithetho-siseko. Umzekelo, xa indlu yowiso-mthetho yasekuhlaleni ingavumi ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni umyadi okanye inyuse umvuzo ophantsi, amaqela e-advocacy angaqokelela intsayino ukuze afake amanyathelo anjalo ngqo kwi-colot. Oku kukwazi ukunyanzela ivoti kukhokelela kwienguqu eziphawulekayo kwiindawo ezinjengemigaqo yerhafu, imigaqo yomthetho yezomthetho, imigaqo-mthetho yezonkalo, umgaqo-ntlalo, kunye namalungelo abantu.

Inkqubo yokuqalisa yebhola ngokweenkcukacha

Ngeli xesha ingcaciso zokwahluka ngokwendlela yokulawula, inkqubo yokuthatha amanyathelo okuthatha inyathelo ilandela ulandelelwano lweenyathelo ezintlanu: ukuzoba, ukuxhasa, ukudibanisa, uqinisekiso, kunye nokuvota. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na ocinga ukusebenzisa okanye ukuququzelela idemokhrasi ngqo.

Ukudrafta Nokuphengulula Ngokusemthethweni

Abaxhasi baqala ngokuyila ulwimi oluthe ngqo lomthetho ocetyiswayo okanye ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko. Olu lwimi kufuneka lube lucacileyo kwaye lube nesandi esisemthethweni. Kumazwe amaninzi, idrafti inikezelwa kwigqwetha jikelele okanye iqumrhu elinyuliweyo lokuhlola umxholo kunye nesishwankathelo. Eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuba umlinganiselo ulawulwa ngumntu omnye kwaye awungqubani norhulumente okanye umgaqo-siseko womthetho-siseko. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniyano inomthetho ongqongqo omnye wokunqanda "umqulu" (ulungiselelo oludityanisiweyo lokutsala i-Rokitston).

Ukuhlanganiswa Kosayino Neengxelo Ezifileyo

Xa umlinganiselo uvunyiwe ukujikeleza, abaxhasi kufuneka baqokelele inani elichaziweyo lotyikityo olusemthethweni oluvela kubavoti ababhalisiweyo kwisakhelo sexesha elibekiweyo. Iimfuno zosayino zisekelwe kwipesenti yamavoti aphoswe kunyulo lokugqibela lwe-gubernarcator. Umbuso ufuna intsayino olulingana ne-8% yevoti yokugqibela eqengqelekayo yendlu yowiso-mthetho ne 8% kwinyathelo lokuqala kubantu. Ii-flines zingaba mfutshane njengeentsuku ezingama-90 (i-Illinois) okanye iminyaka emibini (amanye amazwe avumela ukuqokelelwa ngokuqengqelelwa). Indleko yotyikityo-otyikityo-otyikityo olungokileyo lungasebenza kwizigidi ze-R3, ukwenza amaqela emali etyebileyo ngokunempembelelo.

Ukuqinisekiswa Nendawo Yembumbulu

Amagosa okhetho aqinisekisa utyikityo nxamnye neeroli zobhaliso. Utyikityo olungagunyaziswanga ngenxa yeedilesi ezingahambelaniyo, abavoti abangabhaliswanga, okanye ukhuphelo aluvunywanga. Ukuba umqobo udityaniswa (amanye amazwe afuna ukusasazwa kwendawo), umlinganiselo uyaqinisekiswa kwi-colot. Abaxhasi bangandula ukulwa okanye balwele inyathelo lokuqala. I-frame ukusuka kwisiqinisekiso ukuya kumhla wonyulo ingaba mfutshane njengeenyanga ezimbalwa okanye ixesha elide njengonyaka, ngokufuthi ihlaliswa ngemijikelezo yonyulo jikelele.

Iingenelo Neengenelo Zokuqalisa Kwamaqhawe

Abaxhasi bedemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo bakhomba kwiinzuzo ezininzi ezinyanzelisayo. Okokuqala, [[FLT: 0]] inkcazo engundoqo yexabiso elingundoqo: amanyathelo anika abantu abaqhelekileyo amandla okuvelisa utshintsho xa abameli babo abanyuliweyo bengavumi ukwenza. Umzekelo, [[[FLT:]] iNgqungquthela yeSizwe yeSizwe yoRoomathi-Sizwe [iiiindawo] ekhoyo inyusa iingxelo zokuba amanyathelo angaphezu kwama-2 500 eenkqubo e-odolokhwekhweni ukususela ngowe-1904, abaninzi abakhokelela ekutshintsheni okukhulu kwemithetho. Okwesibini, [[FLT], [FLT:] [4] ukubhaliswa [[FLT] [ult:] ukuyeliswa kwemiqatha yerhafu, kunye nokunyuswa kwerhafu, umlinganiselo womthetho-onke, unyuso oluthekileyo womthetho-onke, unyuso oluthelelayo, uninzi lwesizwe, uninzi lwezi, uGonke, uGonke

Amanyathelo ebhola akwanyusa ukubotshwa kweso sizwe. Xa abemi bebandakanyeke ngqo ekulungiseni imithetho, banokufumana ulwazi olungakumbi kwaye basenokuba nokwenzeka ngakumbi ekuvoteleni kolunye unyulo. Uhlolisiso oluvela kwiZiko lophando [[FLT: 1] lucebisa ukuba umvoti anganyuka kumazwe ngemilinganiselo ephezulu ye-profile, ingakumbi phakathi kwabemi abaselula nabathe chatha abaziva behlukanisiwe nezithethe zezobupolitika.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Phezu kwaso nje isibheno, amanyathelo okuvota ajongene nogxeko olunzulu. Olona celomngeni lubalulekileyo lukukungaqondani kwemibandela [[FLT: 1]. Amanyathelo amaninzi abandakanya iziphumo zorhwebo ezintsonkothileyo zenkqubo enzima enxibelelana neprojekthi enye e-eye-okanye no-okanye. Iincwadi zisenokungaliqondi ixesha okanye ubuchule bokuqonda ngokupheleleyo ixesha elide, elisemthethweni, kunye neziphumo zentlalo. Oku kunokubangela ukuba kungakhokelelwa kwiziphumo ezintsonkothileyo zentengiso , umzekelo weKhalifoniyaniya, iproce 13, lo gama ithandwa, igxekwa ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezindlu kunye nokunqongophala kwezikolo zikawonke.

Impembelelo Yemali

Inkampane yokuchitha iphulo lokusebenzisa i-colot ithe yanda kakhulu. Abantu abanobutyebi, imibutho, kunye namaqela enzala angachitha izigidi zeerandi kwizibhengezo okanye ngokuchasene nomlinganiselo othile. Umzekelo odumileyo ngu 2018 Uber-ebre-emva kwephulo le-colot yaseKhalifoniya (Prop 22) elithi licebe abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-gigg njengeziko lobuqu; iinkampani ezithutha ipetrolifiki ezichithwayo ezichithwayo zixabisa ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-$200,000 [200,000], zinokuyenza i-owona mlinganiso we-colottelba exabiso elininzi kwi-U.S. Imbali yabagxeki iphikisa into yokuba lemali i-ammetting ithanda i-democracy. [[FLT.0]

Ukudinwa Kweenqwelo - moya Nokubuya Umva

Kwiimeko apho amanyathelo adla ngokuqalwa, abavoti banokufumana "ukudinwa kwebhola" iibhola zomsebenzi ezinde ezinemilinganiselo emininzi enzima zingadimaza ukuqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo. Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba abavoti basoloko bexhomekeke kwimibutho enconywayo okanye i-heurism kunokubandakanyeka kwinto ekhoyo. Ukongeza, xa amanyathelo ebonakala kuphela kwiibhola zonyaka ophambili okanye ongaqhelekanga, ukubhadula kusenokuba phantsi kwaye kutsalelwe kwiivota zemfundo engongoma, kuphakamisa imibuzo engakumbi ngokumela.

Iingxabano Ezingokwasemthethweni Nezomthetho

Amanyathelo aphambili asoloko ejongene neengxaki zomthetho emva kokudlula. Abachasi basenokuphikisa ukuba baphula umgaqo-siseko wesizwe okanye wesizwe, okanye ukuba bachasa amagunya amanye amasebe orhulumente. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi aye abona inyathelo eliye labethwa ziinkundla ngenxa yeziphene okanye ukungqubana kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Oku kudala umjikelo obiza imali eninzi nongaqinisekiyo wokuzimela.

Uhlolisiso Oluphawulekayo Lwetyala Lokuqala Lomdlalo

Uhlolisiso lwemizekelo ethile lubonisa impembelelo, kunye nemigibe,(yedemokhrasi) ngqo.

  • ICalifornia Proposition 13 (1978): Irhafu encitshisiweyo kunye nokuncitshiswa kwerhafu ngonyaka. Yabangela ukuvukela kwerhafu yesizwe yaza yatshintsha indlela oorhulumente abaxhasa ngayo iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Iziphumo zayo ezingacwangciswanga (umz., iingenelo zepropati yerhafu, ezikolweni eziphakanyisiweyo) zihlala zihleli ziphantsi kwengxoxo enzulu.
  • UHlaliso lweColorado 64 (202): olusemthethweni lokuzonwabisa umya wemfama kubantu abadala abangaphaya kweminyaka engama-21. Yabeka umzekelo owakhokelela ekunikezelweni ngokusemthethweni kwamanye amazwe angama-20. Inkqubo yokuthabatha inyathelo lokuqala yavumela abaxhasi ukuba baphume kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ethanda ukurhoxisa. Isiphumo siye savelisa ingeniso yerhafu eninzi kodwa saphakamisa nocelomngeni lokuzimisela.
  • Umlinganiselo we-16 (1194): ugqirha oxhaswe ngokusemthethweni ukuzibulala (Ukufa Ngomthetho Onesidima). Yayingumthetho wokuqala wohlobo lwawo e-U.S. kwaye uye wafundwa rhoqo; ugcino-lwazi olulandelayo lucebisa ukuba ingasetyenziswa kakubi, ukanti ihlala impikiswano.
  • IsiHlanzi soMphetho-mda 4 (2018): Amalungelo abuyiselweyo okuvota abaqhubi abagqibe izigwebo zabo. Abantu abangaphezu kwe-1.4 lezigidi bachaphazeleka. Noko ke, inyathelo lathi kamva lathotywa phantsi ngumthetho karhulumente ofuna ukuhlawulwa kwemali ehlawulwayo kunye nerhafu, abagxeki abathiya irhafu yokuvota.

Imbono Yehlabathi Ngehlabathi Ngolawulo - melo Oluthe Tye

Idemokhrasi engqalileyo ayiyonto nje eMelika. iSwitzerland ingaphandle njengelizwe elinowona msebenzi ubanzi wokusebenzisa inyathelo kunye nerententeum kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. Abemi baseSwitzerland bavota kane ngonyaka kwimibandela karhulumente, ukusuka kwizalathiso zokufuduka ukuya kwiinguqu zempesheni. Le nkqubo ifuna amaqela akwizingcambu ezilikhulu 000 ukuqokelela izivumelwano zomthetho wesizwe, kwaye urhulumente usoloko ephendula ngokuphikisana nee-projectives. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa izixhobo zedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo ziquka i-Italy [iiiiintentem] [intenter-empeal yemithetho esetyenziswayonke i-.[FUM], [FUM], kunye nezixhobo ezininzi zoluntu, ithetha ngemithetho-onke, i-Foglaventine.[5]

Ikamva Ledemokhrasi Nabantu Abalawula Ngokwasebusuku

Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha, iindlela zedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo zisenokutshintsha. Kunokunyusa uvoti nokunciphisa iindleko zokhuseleko, kodwa inkxalabo yokhuseleko isephambili. Estonia sele isebenzisa ukuvota i-intanethi yovotelwa yesizwe, kuquka ii-asendrums, kodwa mambalwa amanye amazwe alandele. uphando lwe-Developitilitis[[ kunye neendawo ezikhoyo: ezikhethekileyo zabemi zinikela isiseko esiphakathi: ngokukhetha umbandela obunzulu kwaye zenzela iingcebiso, ezinokuthi zifakwe kwivoti ebanzi. Le njongo ye-projectivesting idiography ifumaneke. Ukongeza ukuhlanganiswa kobugna kwemibutho yemibutho.

Utshintsho Olunokwenzeka Ukuze Kuqiniseke Ulawulo - melo Olungqalileyo

Ukulungisa ukugxekwa, iinguqu eziliqela ziye zacetyiswa: ukufuna ulungiso olukhulu lweziphene zomgaqo-siseko (amanye amazwe asenjenjalo, umzekelo, iFlorida ifuna 60%); ukuzalisekisa "cool-expo" kwixesha okanye intlukwano ezimbini zeqonga (umz., umlinganiselo kufuneka uhlale uhleli kwingqinelana nenkqubo yemithetho-siseko okanye ukuvota kwesibini); nokunika abalawuli abanobundileleyo ngomhlathi, ulwazi olulungeleleneyo. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa inkqubo yemfundo eqinileyo malunga nemilinganiselo yebhola enzima, mhlawumbi ngemithetho ye-ogractives. Abagxeki, nokokuba, ukulumkisa ukuba imiqobo emininzi kakhulu iyakwazi ukubulala ngokunelisayo, ukucutha kwenjongo yayo.

Isiphelo

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ngezenzo zolawulo-moya ezisetyenziswa ngoomatshini abasebenza ngezixhobo zolawulo-lwazi inika abemi indlela enamandla yokubumba inkqubo kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kwesiseko somthetho wesithethe. Isenokunika amandla angakumbi kwintshukumo ezishukumayo zotyani, ukuphendula ityala, kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha ezivuselelayo. Kodwa akunazo iimpazamo ezinzulu: ubuchule bovota, imali kwezobupolitika, ukuntsonkotha, kunye neengxwaba ezingokwasemthethweni konke konke kusongela ukufaneleka kwayo kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Ikamva ledemokhrasi engqalileyo liya kuxhomekeka ekuchaseni ukulungele ukuma komlinganiselo ocoselelekileyo, .