ICalculus Yamandulo Eqhelekileyo: ITimor Yamapolisa NeMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Isiseko sokuganana kweAustralia ne-East Timor sabekwa ekuxhotyisweni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kudala ngaphambi kokuba umbutho wokuzimela geqe ume, isiqithi saseTimor saba nentsingiselo entle kuCanberra njengesigcini - mandla esiya emantla. Ekuqaleni kowe-1942, njengoko imikhosi yamaJapan yayigqugqisa inqumla kumzantsi mpuma we-Asia, i-Australian ukusuka kwinkampani ye-2/2-Independent (umkhosi wesiXhosa) yathunyelwa kumaPhuthukezi iTimor ukuze ixhathise ukuhlasela imikhosi yamaDatshi.

Kwalandela imfazwe edumileyo yase Timor, iphulo labanqolobi elikhohlakeleyo elabotshelelela amawaka emikhosi yamaJapan. I-ostrea, ixhaswa ngabathwali nabaphathi basekuhlaleni base-Timor, yabulala abantu abaninzi. Oku kwabangela ilahleko enkulu kubantu baseMpuma Timor. AmaJapan aziphindezela ngokubulala abantu abangekho mthethweni, abulala abantu abaqikelelwa kuma-400,000 ukuya kuma-700,000. Oku kwabangela ukuba kubekho ilahleko enzulu phakathi kwe-Australia neMpuma Timorese, inkumbulo eyathi kamva yabangela ukuba iAustralia ibe nzima inkqubo ye-Australia efuna ukulawulwa yi-Indonesia.

Emva kwemfazwe, iPortugal yaphinda yabuyisela ulawulo lwethanga kwisiqingatha sesiqithi sayo, ngeli xesha isiqingatha sentshona saba yinxalenye yeRiphabliki ye-Indonesia entsha ezimeleyo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyalandelayo, inkqubo ye-Australia kuPortuguese Timor yayiyenye yokungakhathalelwa okungenazingozi. Urhulumente weMenzies walijonga elo koloni njengetyala lamaPhuthukezi kwaye wabumisela ulwalamano lwawo noJakarta, ebona isitiso, i-i-Indonesia echasene ne-communin ibalulekile kwi-oraltic Timor ekhusela i-Australia.

Iminyaka YeWhitlam: Ukukhanya Okuluhlaza Okunokuhlasimlisela

Ukuwa kolawulo lwe-Athority Estado Novo ku-April 1974 kwayiguqula ngokugqibeleleyo imeko. Urhulumente omtsha weLisbon wakhawuleza waphelisa i-colonian, wabangela ukuvuka kwezobupolitika eMpuma Timor. Amaqela amathathu amakhulu ezobupolitika avela: UDT (Timore Democratic Union), exhasa ukufunyaniselwa kwePortugal; iAPODETI, ekhuthaza ukudibana ne-Indonesia; kunye neFRETILIN (IMvukelo ye-Index East Timor), eyathi ngokukhawuleza yafumana inkxaso ethandwayo kwiqonga lotshintsho lwezentlalo-ntle nenkululeko epheleleyo.

Umphathiswa weOstreliya uGough Whittam wajongene nesigqibo somgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle esibalulekileyo. Imbono kaWhitlam yayingathi iyayivala. Wayekholelwa ukuba iMpuma Timor ezimeleyo yayingumbuso "ongenakukwazi" ongenakuthintelwa oya kuba ngumthombo wokungazinzi kwengingqi okanye ixhoba lempembelelo yobukomanisi. Kungcelele lweentlanganiso noMongameli we-Indonesia Suharto ngo1979 nango 1975, uWhittam wachaza ukuba iAustralia "ayinakuphazanyiswa kakhulu" yi-East Timor' i-Indone, ukuba nje ikwenze ngoxolo kwaye ngemvume yabantu baseTimormore. Oku kwachazwa nguJakarbaah njengokukhanya okuluhlaza kokuhlalisa.

Indawo kaWhitlam igxekwe ngokubanzi njengokusilela kokhokelo lwase-Australia. Ngokubeka phambili ulwalamano oluhle ne-Indonesia, wawushiya ngokunempumelelo umgaqo wokuzigqibela kubantu base-East Timor. Olu gqiqo lobupolitik, oluhlanganyelwe lisebe leMicimbi yezaMazwe angaphandle ngelo xesha, lulungisa indlela yokuhlasela okulandelayo.

Ibhalibo Emihlanu: Ingxilimbela Yogonyamelo

Ngo-Oktobha 1975, njengoko imikhosi ekhethekileyo yase-Indonesia yaqalisa ukunqumla umda wemida ukuya eMpuma Timor, iintatheli ezintlanu ezisekelwe e-Australia zazikwidolophu esemdeni yeBalibo. UGreg Shackleton, uTony Stewart, Gary Cunningham, uBrian Peters, noMalcolm Rennie babebika ngemfazwe eyandayo. Ngo-Oktobha 16, babanjwa baza babulawa ngamajoni e-Indonesia awayezimisele ukuphelisa amangqina okuhlasela.

Urhulumente wase-Australia, phantsi komphathiswa uMalcolm Fraser emva kokugxothwa kwe-Whitlam, wamkela ibali elingaphandle lomkhosi wase-Indonesia lokuba amadoda abulawe ngomlilo. I-Balibo 5 yaba ngumqondiso onamandla wokusebenza kwe-Australia. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, oorhulumente abalandelelanayo abazange bavume ukunyanzelela i-Indonesia ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo ukufa kwabo, bebeka amaqhina aphakathi kobulungisa kwiintatheli ezibuleweyo.

Ukuzinikela ekuzinzeni nasekusebenziseni

NgoDisemba 7, 1975, i-Indonesia yaqalisa ukuhlasela kwe-Dili epheleleyo, i-coded Microct Seroja. Amawaka e-East Timor abulawa kwiiveki zokuqala zohlaselo. Impendulo ye-Australia yangatshongo. Ngonyaka ka1979, urhulumente weFraser wanika i-'dipoo'. ukuqwalaselwa kolawulo lwe-Indoneziyan ku-Mpuma Timor, i-Australia izakuphatha i-Indonesia njengegunya elilawulayo nangona ingayinikanga jumel' uluvo lwasemthethweni. Lo mdaniso we-Australia wavumela ukuba ugcine unxulumano olupheleleyo kunye noqoqosholo lwezoqoqosho kunye ne-Jarkarkarkarkarth xa ingafuni ukulawulwa.

Le nkqubo yayinentsebenziswano echazayo: ukusukela i Timor Meternal Treaty. Ulwandle lweTimor lune-oyile negesi egciniweyo. Ngaphantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, ukuba i-East Timor ibilithanga lePortugal, nawuphi na umda wolwandle lolwandle lolwandle i-Portugal ubuya kuxoxwa ne-Portugal. Ngokuvuma ulawulo lwe-Indonesia, i-Australia ingathetha ngqo neJakarta. Isivumelwano se Timor Menote, esatyikitywa ngo-1989, sakrola ingeniso enkulu kumazantsi emali, ikhupha ingeniso eCanberrah neJakartah, ngoxa ikhupha ngokupheleleyo abantu baseMpuma Timor.

Amaqumrhu ajongene nobulumko ase-Australia, ingakumbi i-Ostreliya Service Intelligence Service (ASIS), ayebandakanyeke kakhulu kweli xesha. Kwixesha ekwaba lihlazo elikhulu, kamva kwatyhilwa ukuba uASIS wagqobhoza ii-ofisi zesebe le-Athorney-JJURGERY ngexesha lengxoxo yonyaka ka-2004 ukuze azuze uncedo kwi-East Timor exambulisana nge-oyile ne-oyile. Oku kwabonisa ngokucacileyo umgama owenziweyo i-Australia eyayikulungele ukukhusela imfuno yayo elungele ukukhusela intlalo yayo nezoqoqosho kummandla.

IParamente YaseSanta Cruz: INkqubela Yokuguqula Iimbono Zoluntu

NgoNovemba 12, 1991, amajoni ase-Indonesia avula umlilo kumngcelele womngcwabo woxolo okhoyo kwiFata Cruz emangladge eDili. Ukubulawa kwabantu, okwathi kwabanjwa kwifilimu nguMax Stahl umcholacholi-mlonyeli waseBritani, kwabonisa ihlabathi inkohlakalo engacinezeliyo yokuzibhokoxa. Imikhosi edubula ngqo kwimiqolo yabahlali ababalekayo yabangela ingqumbo yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

E-Australia, urhulumente weHawke Labor wajamelana nengcinezelo enkulu. Ukusabela kokuqala kwakububulumko. UMphathiswa wezorhwebo uNetroptah Evans wayengummeli onamandla wenkqubo yokuganana ngokusondeleyo ne-Indonesia, ephikisa ngelithi ukuzihlukanisa kuya kwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu. Urhulumente walugxeka ugonyamelo kodwa waxhathisa naluphi na utshintsho oluncinci lwenkqubo. Noko ke, ukubulawa kwabantu kwaphembelela i-East Timor-diaspora nemibutho yolwaluphithi - zwano lwase-Australia, nto leyo eyenza i-East Timor ibe yimbambano ephambili yezobupolitika. Intsomi yokuba lo msebenzi yayingu "uphakanyisolisholo" yapheliswa.

Ukwanda Komthetho WaseOstreliya

Kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1990, umbutho onamandla wengca owenziweyo wakhula e-Ostreliya. Amamanyano, iicawa, kunye namaqela abafundi baseka i-East Timor Action Network (ETAN) kunye neminye imibutho. Baye benza ingcelele, abezobupolitika abagcumayo, kwaye baphakamisa imali yokuxhathisa. Ukungavumi kwemanyano yaselwandle ukulayisha iinqanawa ezazimiselwe e-Indonesia kwakuyindlela eluncedo kakhulu yomanyano.

Oku kulwa nokuzingisa kwakubalulekile ekutshintsheni imeko yezobupolitika. Iinkokeli ze-East Timor kuxhathisa kwezobupolitika, ingakumbi uJosé Ramos-Horta noXana Gusmão, bachitha iminyaka besakha i-Australia, bexhasa inkxaso. Banikela iintetho kwiiholo zedolophu namagumbi okufundisa eyunivesithi, bezama ukulwa kwesizukulwana sase-Australia. Ngokuthe ngcembe umbutho wanyanzela amaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika ukuba aphinde ahlolisise inkqubo yenkxaso yengubo yokuxhasa i-Indonesia.

Incopho yokuguquka: 1998-1999

I-Asian Financial Crisis ka-1997-98 yaphazamisa urhulumente waseSuharto, imyalela ukuba arhoxe ngoMeyi 1998. Ilandela lakhe, uMongameli uB.Habibie, wangqineka enguMvusi-nguquko ongalindelekanga. uHabibie wayenokuthetha ngemeko yeMpuma Timor, umxholo iSuharto wayewuphatha njengendlela engamkelekanga.

NgoDisemba 1998, uMphathiswa weNkulumbuso uJohn Howard wabhala ileta eya kuHabibie echaza "ixesha elide lokuguqukela" kwinkululeko. Le leta yayicetyelwe ukuba ibe luncedo, kodwa uHabibie wayichaza njengenkxwaleko yase-Australia. Wacatshukiswa licebiso kwaye waqiniswa yimvakalelo yakhe yokufuna utshintsho, uHabibie wenza isigqibo esiphawulekayo: iMpuma Timor yayiza kunikwa ukhetho phakathi kwe-esommelweni ekhethekileyo nenkululeko epheleleyo, phantsi kwe-UN-auserviexpendium.

Esi sigqibo salichukumisa ihlabathi. I-Australia yazama ukuxhasa le nkqubo. I-UN Active Mission e-East Timor (UNAMET) yamiselwa ngenkxaso yomthetho osemthethweni osuka e-Australia. Ixesha lephulo lokwenza iphulo lamonakaliswa luloyiko nogonyamelo oluvela kumkhosi we-pro-Indonesia, kodwa abantu baseMpuma Timor babonakalisa inkalipho ephawulekayo.

IReferendem Nentshabalalo

NgoAgasti 30, 1999, amagxamesi angama- 78,5% abavoti akhetha inkululeko. Isiphumo sabangela ukutshatyalaliswa. Amajoni akwi-pro-Indonesia, axhaswa ziingingqi zomkhosi wase-Indonesia, asungula iphulo lomhlaba otshisayo. Atshabalalisa izibonelelo, atshisa izindlu, abulala amakhulukhulu abantu abangabemi. I-Dili yalahlwa. I-Dili yazanywa ukuba ishenxiswa.

Imifanekiso yeembacu ezinqumla umda nemisi evela kwikomkhulu yabangela iingxaki ezimandundu. IOstreliya yajamelana nokhetho oluqatha: enoba ingenelela ukuze iphelise ugonyamelo okanye ishiye iMpuma Timor ukuya kutsho kwiphulo lokugqibela lokuziphilisa.

IMFUNDO: IOstreliya Ikhokelela

Ngaphantsi kwengcinezelo enkulu evela kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo naseUnited States, uMongameli uHabibie wavuma ngokuthandabuza ukwamkela umkhosi woxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe. I-Australia yaya phambili ukuze iwukhokele. Umkhosi wezizwe ngezizwe weMpuma Timor (INTERFET) wawungumbutho wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa iOstreliya yalungiselela isambuku semikhosi kunye nmyaleli, uNjengele uPeter Cosgrove.

NgoSeptemba 20, 1999, imikhosi yokuqala yase-Australia yafika eDili. Lo msebenzi wawuyimbonakaliso ebalaseleyo yolawulo lomkhosi nolawulo. Imikhosi yase-Australia yajamelana nobunzima bokulwa nemikhosi yase-Indonesia, kodwa ulawulo oluninzi lwezizwe ngezizwe lwayithintela imfazwe enkulu. Kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa, iETERFET yabuyisela ucwangco lwaza yavula indlela yokunceda abantu.

Ukwakhiwa kwenqanawa yemfazwe ye-Interfet kwakuyeyona misebenzi inkulu yase-Australia ukususela kwimfazwe yaseVietnam. Yayilixesha lekratshi lesizwe, ivumela i-Australia ukuba izime njengomgcini-zoxolo ogqibeleleyo wengingqi. Kwaphawula ukuguquka okunzulu kwinkqubo yamanye amazwe ase-Australia: ukusuka ekuvumeni kohlaselo lwe-Indonesia ukuya kungenelelo olusebenzayo ukuxhasa umhla wokuzigqibela.

Ukutshintshelwa Kwinkululeko

I-United Nations Transivotion Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) yathatha indawo kwi-Interfet ngoFebruwari 2000, igadile ukuphinda yakhiwe kwakhona kwelizwe. I-Australia yahlala ingoyena mncedi mkhulu wamajoni namapolisa. NgoMeyi 20, 2002, i-East Timor yaba lizwe elizimeleyo, i-Xana Gusmão engumongameli wayo wokuqala. I-Australia yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kule mpumelelo yembali, njengombelela ekuzalweni kwesizwe kwaye njengommeli wokhuseleko lwaso lokuqala.

Unxulumano lweNkxaso: Ukuqola Okuphambili

Ulwalamano olususela ngowama-2002 beluntsonkothile. I-Ostreliya iye yahlala ingumntu ophambili okhuselekileyo, ithumela abagcini boxolo kwakhona ebudeni bengxaki yangaphakathi yowama-2006 xa ukuqhekeka kwamapolisa nomkhosi kukhokelela kugonyamelo. I-Ostreliya efakwe i-International Recedification Force (ISF) iye yanceda ekubuyiseleni ucwangco kwicala lothumo lwe-UN (UNMIT).

Ingxabano Ekhoyo Kulwandle LwaseTimor

Noko ke, umba we-oyile kunye nengeniso yegesi wahlala ungumthombo okhulayo woxinezeleko. Isivumelwano solwandle lwaseTimor saqala sahlula ingeniso kwingingqi yoPhuhliso lwePetroleum oluManyeneyo (JPDA) 90% ukuya kwiMpuma Timor kunye ne 10% ukuya e-Australia. Noko ke, umhlaba omkhulu we-Sun Greater procesbes ulele kwicala elingaphandle kwe-JPDA. I-Australia yacela umda weshelatha yelizwekazi elinokwabelana nge-ngonyama, loxa i-East Timor yanyanzelela kumda we-medipostal.

Le mpikiswano yaqalisa ukuphosa isidima. Ngo-2013, abameli bobuntlola base-Australia bahlasela iiofisi zeqela lomthetho we-East Timor eCanberra, bathatha amaxwebhu. Isenzo sagwetywa yiNkundla yeSigxina ye-Arbitration. Imbambano yarhuqeka iminyaka emininzi, isenza isithunzi kulwalamano. Kwabonakala ngathi iqinisekisa ukuba inkxalabo yezoqoqosho ye-Australia yayiyiyo, kwakhona, ithatha indawo yokuqala kwiimfuno zommelwane wayo olihlwempu.

Isivumelwano seMaritime Boundary

Kuphunyezo lwembali, la mazwe mabini atyikitya iMaritime Boundary Treaty ngoMatshi 2018. Esi sivumelwano samisela umda osisigxina phakathi kwamazwe amabini kumbindi, sivuma ukwabelana ngengeniso ye-Sun Greate projekti ngokulinganayo. Oku kwaba yimpumelelo ephawulekayo yezobuzwe, ukuphelisa eyona nto ibalulekileyo. Sabonisa ukukhula kolwalamano, sisuka kumda wamandla ongaphambili ukuya kulwalamano lwabalinganayo.

Isiphelo

Imbali yokuganana kwe-Australia kumbutho we-East Timor wozimeleyo luhlolisiso olunamandla kwindaleko yolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ibonisa indlela i- personalitik esebenzayo enokuthi iqhube ngayo inkqubo yokuqala, nendlela ingcinezelo yokuziphatha yebutho labemi enokuthi iyenze ngayo indlela eyahlukileyo. Ukusuka kwihlazo leBalibo Five Five kunye nokuxhathisa komsebenzi iminyaka kusenzeko olubalulekileyo lwe-InteFE, uhambo lwe-Australia ne-East Timor libali lohlanga olujongene nembali yalo. Ulwalamano lwanamhlanje, ngexa lunemilo ngemithombo nokhuseleko, luhlala luyingqinelananisa ubunye ubunye noxolo. Ihlala ingolunye lwezenzo ezibalulekileyo nezichazayo kwinkqubo yale mihla ye-Australia yangaphandle.