Imvelaphi Yengcamango Yamandulo

Imvelaphi yobuchule bokuqala ifikelela nzulu kunokuba kuqwalaselwe ngabaqwalaseli abaninzi abasemthethweni. Ngelixesha iJaji uAntonin Scalia izisa ingqiqo yokuqala kumthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMelika, intanda-bulumko ngokwayo isuka kwiinkulungwane zesithethe somthetho wase-Anglo-America. Abagwebi bamandulo babesoloko besebenzisa "intsingiselo yokuqala" yemimiselo kunye nemimiselo, bephikisa ukuba ukuthembeka kokubhaliweyo kuthintelwe ukuphamba kwetyala. Ngexesha lika-Alebhusayithi yase-United States, isizukulwana ngokwaso siyaphikisana ngendlela iinkundla zexesha elizayo eziya kutolika ngayo uMgaqo-siseko. [James Madison, , , , ibhalwe ngu-[FT] u-FLT] uNofrederist" u-Federalist" obekufunekayo kumbhalo oweshumi le-Genethiye-Genearcialg, uyavuma ukuba kubhalwe "FLT], i-uni.

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-19, iinkundla zaseMerika zisoloko zicaphula iinjongo zabalawuli xa zicombulula imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall uluvo lwayo . Madison 183] yayisekela uhlolo lwezomthetho kwingcamango yokuba ubuchule obubhaliweyo boMgaqo-siseko bulinganiselweyo ekuchazeni ingqiqo. Kamva, [[FLT:]] [MCulloch v. Maryland [18], Marshall uthelekelelo kuhlaluzo lwentlalo lwamandla oqulukileyo phantsi kwe-Adviorse. Ezi zigqibo zangaphambili azizange zisebenzise ilebhile "yokuqala," kodwa zaseka isiko se-lifa yangaphambili.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, abalandeli bezobunyani baphikisa le sithethe, bephikisa ngelithi abagwebi ngokungenakuphepheka bazisa imilinganiselo yabo yobuqu kwinkcazelo yomGaqo-siseko. Iqumrhu lokwenyaniso lafumana igalelo ngexesha le-New Deal, xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa amandla aphezulu karhulumente phantsi kwengxelo yezorhwebo kunye nengxelo yentlalo-ntle yabantu. Abahlalutyi bezigqibo zeNew Deal, kuquka abaphengululi ababambelele kwimigaqo-mthetho, baqalisa ukuchaza intsabelo ecwangcisiweyo yentlalo-siseko. Bathi iNkubonelela ukuba intengo ilahle intsingiselo epheleleyo yemigaqo-siseko exhasa imigaqo-siseko engekho semthethweni yedemokhrasi.

Abameli Benkulungwane Yamandulo Nokuvela KobuGcisa Banamhlanje

Umbutho wanamhlanje wobuGcisa wavela njengelizwi elikhokelayo, ukupapasha amanqaku anempembelelo aphikisayo ukuba utoliko lwesiseko lumele lunyanzelwe lulwazi lokuqala lombhalo. Umphengululi wamalungelo omthetho uRobert Bork wavela njengelizwi eliphambili, evakalisa ukuba utoliko lwemithetho-siseko lumele luthintelwe lulwazi lwasekuqaleni lombhalo. UBorgk walwala ingcamango yokuba abagwebi ngokusemthethweni banokufumana amalungelo angadityaniswanga okanye bahlaziye intsingiselo yemithetho ebonakalisa izithethe. KwiBhork, ulawulo lokuqala lwalungeyo inkqubo nje eqhelekileyo kodwa lwaluyimfuneko kulawulo lwe-demokhrasi.

Ubulungisa uPadiam Rehnquist, umiselwe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngowe-1971] waphakanyiselwa kwiJaji enguNtloko ngo1971, wamkela nokuqiqa kokuqala kwiimbono ezingundoqo. Roe v. [[FLT:][FLT]] [1973] [19773]] [iiiii-Rehnst]), iphikisa ngelithi ulwamvo lukaninzi lwemithetho-mGenestituallt lungamele ukuxhasa ilungelo lokuqhomfa lokukhupha isisu. Noko ke, uReknstris, akamkelwanga kakuhle, ngoko kudala, ngoko ke, wamkela imbono yakhe kwi [[FLG.[FLD:] [Flct:5] [ith:5] [ithreath .]

Umvuzo wezopolitiko nezolwazi ophambili osekelwe kwinjongo yokuqala. Ulawulo lukaReagan lwafuna ukuba abagwebi abazinikele kubuchule bobuGawulayo. UGavel-egnid Edwin Meese III wanikela intetho eyimfihlelo ngo 1985 kwiYunivesithi yaseTulane, ebiza "ukungaguquguquki kwenjongo yokuqala." uMeese waphikisa ukuba intsingiselo yoMgaqo-siseko yayimiselwe ekukhutshweni kwemiqathango kwaye abagwebi bangaphaya kwegunya labo xa besuka kuloo ntsingiselo. Intetho yabangela impikiswano enzulu, noJaji William Bren iphendula ngokuthi ubuGastistry yayingu "ubo bokuqala beyingukuthobeka." Le nkcazelo yachaza amagama okutolikwa komgaqo-siseko wesizukulwana.

Ithuba Lokubhala

Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1980, ubuGary Lawson buye bathatha inkqubela-phambili yangaphakathi ebalulekileyo. Abaphengululi abafana Randy Barnett kunye ne-[Gary] u-Garyson [ baphikisa ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala ifanele ijolise "kwintsingiselo kawonke-wonke-wonke" yombhalo wesiseko kunokuba intsingiselo yesiseko somquluko. Oku kutshintsha kwathetha ugxeko-phambili: kunakho njani ukufumanisa ngokuqinisekileyo okokuba luninzi lwezakhelo kunye namakhulu e-ratifiers ezicelweyo? Indlela yoluntu yokufikelela kumbono kawonke ijonge ukuba ummi wexesha elifanelekileyo lolwaniso lungawuqonda njani umbhalo. Oku kwenza umahluko wokuqala umahluko okhoyo kwiindlela ezihambelanayo kunye nolulungelene neendlela zocando zolwano.

UJaji Scalia Nomvukelo Wale Mihla

Ukumiswa kukaJaji Antonin Scalia kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngowe-1986 kwaphawula incopho yokutshintsha kwengcamango yantlandlolo. UScalia akazange azise nje kuphela ubuchule obungathethekiyo nokubhala kodwa wazisa ukuzinikela okungaguquguqukiyo kwindlela yolwazi oludala kwiindlela zokusebenza ukutyhubela zonke ii-miba yomgaqo-siseko. Iindlebe zakhe zabonisa ingxubusho enzulu ngentanda-bulumko yakhe etolika, iphawula ukuba ubukho bendalo bufike njengendlela yokugweba ephambili.

UbuScalia babubohlukileyo ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, wagxininisa ubhalo kutoliko lwemithetho, ephikisa ngelithi abagwebi mabakhangele kwintsingiselo ecacileyo yamagama awiswe yiKhomishini kunokuba babe nenjongo yowiso-mthetho. United States v. Taylor (1987), Scalia wabhala ukuba "Silawulwa yimithetho, hayi yinjongo yemithetho." Oku kufikelela komthetho kuhambelana nembali yakhe yokuqala yomthetho wemithetho-Rografigsm kwaye kwanika isiseko sakhe somthetho wesiseko senkqubo.

Okwesibini, uScalia wayikhaba ingcamango yokuba umGaqo-siseko uzakuguqula ngokutolika kwezahlulelo. Kwincwadi yakhe yowama1997 Umba Wotoliko, uScalia waphikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ngu "mthetho" ngokwengqiqo eqhelekileyo, ithetha ukuba umbhalo wawo unentsingiselo emiselweyo yokuba abagwebi bamele basebenzise. Wavelisa umahluko ocacileyo phakathi "kotolika" (njengoko kuthethwa yintsingiselo) kunye "ukwenza intsingiselo yemeko entsha). Ngoxa evuma ukuba ukwakhiwa kubandakanya ubuchule obuthile, kufuneka aqhubeke ekhonjwe kwintsingiselo yokuqala yombhalo.

Okwesithathu, uScalia wasebenzisa ubuScalia kwimimiselo ethile yomgaqo-siseko ngendlela ebangela ukuba maxa wambi ababukeli bamangaliswe. Ukungavumelani kwakhe Morrison v. Olson (1988) (unyaka)) (u-Scalia) waphikisa umthetho ozimeleyo wokwahlula imigaqo yemithetho yamandla ethathwe kulwazi lokuqala lweQumrhu II. [[FLT:]] [iphelo] iHeller[[FLT][200:3]], Scalia wabhala uluvo oluninzi olunolwazi ngelungelo lokuthwala izixhobo, ebangela uphando lwakudala intsingiselo yeSend Rendement. Scialia ingqiqo yendlela yolwazi oluqhelekileyo, ukuqwalasela ingcaciso olungolulo olungolukuthethwa ngumthetho, ukugqiba indlela yokuzichaza ngayo izichazi-magama, ukugqiba ukuyiqonda indlela yokuzichaza.

Impembelelo kaScalia yadlulela ngaphaya kweembono zakhe. Waqeqesha isizukulwana sabameli bomthetho abaqhubeka beba ngabagwebi, oonjingalwazi, nabameli bomthetho. Iintetho zakhe neencwadi zakhe eziye zasasazwa ngokusemthethweni zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabameli nabalandeli abalwayo. Ngexesha lokufa kwakhe ngo-2016, ubuScan babusuphe ukusuka kwisiseko somGaqo-siseko waseMelika. Kwanabagxeki bobuBhosada babenenxaxheba enzulu kwiimpikiswano zabo, itestament to the Scalia’s syn.

Impikiswano YomGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

Kuyo yonke inkcazo yakhe, uScalia wabandakanyeka kwingxoxo equkuqelayo nabaxhasi benkqubo "yomgaqo-siseko ophilayo", egcina ukuba intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko iguquka ngeenguqu zoluntu. IJaji uBrennan, Justice Thur Good Marshall, kwaye kamva iJaji uStephen Breyer wathethelela le mbono, ephikisa ukuba ubuScalia buzakuthi bungazenza lukhuni izikhuselo zomgaqo-siseko kwimigangatho ye-18 yenkulungwane kwaye buthintele iNkuhlela imicimbi yale ekuthetheni nokungekho sigungulo sangoku. Scalia waphikisa ukuba indlela yokuphila yemithetho ekhoyo yanika abagwebi amandla okunganqandeli okubeka amaxabiso obuqu, ukudambisa idemo-demokhrasi. Le ngxoxo idlalwa ngezigqibo ezininzi zezigqibo zeNkuxa zeNkupho eziphikisayo, ukusuka ekuphumeleni kwenyathelo lolawulo lwezigqesho.

Ukubhalisa Emva Kokumangalelwa: Inkundla KaRoberts Nangaphaya Kwayo

Ukufa kukaJaji Scalia ngoFebruwari 2016 kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngekamva lengcinga yeqonga loqobo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. UMongameli uDonald Trump' wamisa uJaji .Noneil Gor "mow[ ngo-2017, elandelwa nguJaji Brett Kavaugh[ [ummiselo] ngo-2020], u-Amy Coney Barrett [[FLT:] ngo-2020], wanika unyawo oluqinileyokuqala kwiNkuNkuvo lwangoku. Nganye lwale migwebo luye lwabonisa ukuzinikela kwindlela yokuqala yolwazi, nangona lusebenzisa iindlela zokwakhelo.

IJaji Clarence Thomas, oyena mde uphambili kwiNkundla yangoku, uqhubele phambili ubuGqaba kulwalathiso lwe-ode. uThomas ulwenze impikiswano yokuphinda athathe imizekelo esuka kwintsingiselo yokuqala, kuquka kwimimandla enjenge justern systenation system kunye neregion. United States v. Lopez[FLT] [19595] [19595]), uThomas wabhala ngokwahlukileyo ukuphikisa ukuba umgaqo weNkungathathiso lweNkundlela ujurisprififice uphambukile kude kwintsingiselo yantland. Uvumelwano lwakhe [[FLT:] Mdonald. V[FLT] [FLT] [5] (2010]) ukukhuthaza ukuqondwa kwendlela yokuqala ye-IMG.

IJaji Gormoth igxininise ukubhalwa kwemibhalo njengendlela yokuyila. Iimbono zakhe kwiimeko ezifana Bostock v. Clayton County (2020), apho wadibanisa uninzi oluphethe iSihloko VII esilela ucalulo kwisiseko sembonakalo yesondo kunye nokwazi ukuba neentlobano zesini, zibonisa ukuba uhlalutyo lwezibhalo lungavelisa iziphumo ezithi abanye abaphengululi abaqhelekileyo bafumaneke besothusa. Indlela yokubalasa inkqayibhisa kwintsingiselo yantlandlolo yolwimi lomthetho ithetha i-station ingaba ifuna iziphumo zokuba abasebenzi bomGaqo-siseko bangabi nanjongo? Lo mbuzo uyaqhubeka ukucahlula abaphengululi bokuqala.

UJaji Barrett, owayesakuba ngumabhalane waseScalia, ubhale kakhulu ngenkqubo yoqobo yezomthetho. Kunyaka ka-2017 u-Barrett ohlalutya umthetho, waphikisa ngelithi ubukho bantlandlolo abufanele kudityaniswa "nomsebenzi wokuqala olindelekileyo" abaxhasi be-fream basenokuba balindele ukuba umGaqo-siseko usebenze ngeendlela ezithile, kodwa oko kufaka intsingiselo yombhalo, hayi izicelo ezithile ababezilindele. Oku kuvumela abaqulunqeni bomthetho ukuba basebenzise imigaqo yesiseko kwinzululwazi entsha kunye neemeko ngaphandle kokulahla ukuzinikela kwabo kwintsingiselo emiselweyo.

Ukuyila KwieNkundla Ezisezantsi

Ukuqiqa koqobo kuxhaphakile kwiinkundla zesibheno zezwelonke. Abagwebi njenga uPalliam Pryhor weNtshukumo yeshumi elinesibhozo, Don Willett[ weNgwevu leSithili sesihlanu, kunye [[FLT]] u-Lawrence Vancke[ we-Probatempss" weNinth shortss rhoqo isebenzisa uhlaluzo loqobo kwiimbono zabo. Umanyano lwengilist, uthungelwano oluqhelekileyo, ufekthane oluqhelekileyo, ufekthi olubalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni iingcamango zokuqala ngongcelele lwawo, iingqungqubano, kunye nenkqubo yokukhetha. Abagxeki be-Fedist Societyism i-active prolitics i-prection tration yemeko elungelene.

Iimbambano Nezigxeko Zexesha Elizayo

UbuGqibesheli bujongene nokugxekwa okuzingisileyo okuvela kubaphengululi nabagwebi. Okokuqala, abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ubuQuqu abunakuyichaza impembelelo ethembisayo. Ukuchaza intsingiselo yantlandlolo yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kudla ngokufuna abagwebi benze ukhetho olucacileyo malunga nemithombo yembali yokutyala nendlela yokuvavanya ubungqina obuphikisanayo. IJaji Breyer, kwincwadi yayo iAclive Liberty[, iphikisa ukuba ubukho bantland bendalo bubandakanya ukufihla ngengqiqo ngokohlaluliso lwembali. Abagxeki, bathi, iziphumo zakuqala zithetha ukuba i-Activestionstions transfy

Okwesibini, abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi i-unistism kukuzidibanisela ngokwayo. Abaququzeleli ngokwabo, ngokutsho kwale nkcazelo, abazange bafune ukuba umGaqo-siseko utolikwe ngokwentsingiselo yantlandlolo. Babelindele izizukulwana zamva ukuba zilungelelanise imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezitshintshayo. Abaxhasi balo mbono kukusetyenziswa kolwimi olutshayelelweyo njengo "lokuqala" nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga," besithi la mabinzana amema ukutyhilwa ngokucaciswa.

Okwesithathu, abahlalutyi batyhola ukuba ubuqalo abunakuyichaza into eyenzeka ngokulandela umzekelo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yagqiba amakhulu amatyala asuka kwintsingiselo yokuqala. Ukunamathela kwintsingiselo yokuqala kuya kufuna ukuphazamisana nezi zigqibo ezininzi, ukubangela ukungazinzi nokudimaza izilangazelelo. Abaguquleli bembali baye banikela iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo: abanye baphikisa ukuba imizekelo imele ifikelele kwintsingiselo yantlalo yokuqala; abanye bamkela indlela echaphazelekayo, egqithiseleyo xa iindleko zokwenza oko zilawulwa kuphela. Ingxoxo engaphaya komzekelo ihlala ikho kwimibandela emininzi ekhuphikiswayo kwingcamango yantlanganiso.

Okwesine, ubuQhosa bujongene neengxaki ekusingatheni imigaqo-siseko abanokuyilindela. Ubugcisa bale mihla obufana nokuhlola i-electronic, uvavanyo lwemizila yemfuza, kunye nobuchule obungeyoyamvelo buphakamisa imiba engachananga nentsingiselo yantlandlolo. Abahlalutyi bembali bathi imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, esetyenziswa ngentsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke wonke, iyakwazi ukulawula iimeko ezintsha. Ukhuseleko loMphengululo Wokuqala "wenkululeko yokuthetha," umzekelo, lungasetyenziswa kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi ngaphandle kokufuna ukuqonda unxibelelwano olungqalileyo. Abachazi ukuba ngokungenakunqandwa kokusetyenziswa kwemisholo.

Impembelelo yenkqubano yonqulo lwangaphambili

Uphando lwamanani lwasencwadini luye lwatshintsha kakhulu kulwamkeleko lwemfundo yoqobo kumashumi amathathu eminyaka adluleyo. Izikolo zomthetho ngoku zinika izifundo kwindlela yoqobo, kunye nabaphengululi abadumileyo abanjengo Randy Barnett[, [[FLT:] [[FLT]] , [[FLT] Michael McContell[FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [iinani], [[FLT] ivelgspointry, [iiiiiiimperensigne] ephezulu] ive ive ithel'inforights. [Foctivession,[12]

I- Iziko lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ ePhiladelphia iye yaba likomkhulu lemfundo yantlandlolo, ingxubusho, ukupapasha ubuncwane obudityanisiweyo, kunye nokudibanisa abaphengululi abasuka ngaphaya kolwahlulo. Iprojekthi yayo "UmGaqo-siseko osebenzayo" inika imbono ezininzi kwilungiselelo ngalinye lomgaqo-siseko, kuquka neenkcazelo zobuProfestist. Le siseko semfundo yesiseko siye sanceda ubuQhosandlobo obugcina uqhubeko lwengqondo njengoko impikiswano yezobupolitika ikhule.

[[FLT: 0] Impembelelo ye-Origealism idlulela ngaphaya kwemfundo kunye neenkundla. Imibutho esemthethweni eququzelelayo enjengo i-Pactififial Legal Foundation kwaye ikhupha uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mthetho lwezomthetho [````FLT'] lweSigqeba' [[FLT:]] [FLT] olusebenzisa iimpikiswano zoqobo ekucekiseni urhulumente ngokurhoxisa. ishicilela izicwangciso zokuqala zetyala eliphezulu kunye nabaxhasi bemeko ezithe xa kuqikelelo lwakuqala. Ii-grogn, ingakumbi ezo ingcali-othe jikelele ezisuka kwiimeko zomthetho zomthetho zakuqala, i-Riphabliki, i-ediction in protoodments.

Ikamva Lengcamango Yamandulo

Imfundiso yobuNtloko iza kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezininzi. Okokuqala, ukwenziwa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo kuza kubumba indlela imigaqo yesiseko eguqulela ngayo kwizigqibo zokwenene. Kuninzi oluqinileyo oluquka ubuncinane abagwebi abane abachaza njengeemvelaphi, iNkundla isenokuqhubeka ibandakanyeka kwiimpikiswano zobuGqaba kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo. Noko ke, abagwebi abachani phakathi kwabo ngendlela ubuBhosadeli obumele busetyenziswe ngayo, kwaye ezi mpikiswano zingavelisa izigqibo ezididanisayo ezidala ukungaqiniseki kwemfundiso.

Okwesibini, iingxoxo zobugcisa ezikwisiqalo sokuqala ziza kuphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwayo. Umbutho "omtsha wobuGaqo-siseko" uye wamkela umahluko phakathi kokutolika nolwakhiwo, uphikisa ngelithi inkcaso yoqobo imisela intsingiselo yokubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko kodwa ishiya ithuba lokuphuhliswa kwemfundiso kwintsingiselo. Abanye abahlalutyi bendalo baye baphikisa ukuba ukwenziwa kokuqala kubandakanya isiseko somthetho omnye, ukwamkela ukuba imfundiso nenkqubo zinokuyibumba ngokufanelekileyo imfundiso yesiseko kwanaxa zisuka kwiintsingiselo yantlandlolo. Ezi mpikiswano zangaphakathi zicebisa ukuba uquluvo lomthetho-siseko asingomnye kodwa isithethe esisekelwe kwingcamango yomgaqo-siseko.

Okwesithathu, ukudityaniswa kwabantu nezopolitiko nezobuGama kuchaphazela amandla abo okuhlala bekho. UbuGama boqobo buye baba ngumxholo oyintloko kwiingxoxo zezobupolitika malunga nokumiselwa kokumiselwa kwezahlulelo. Abaququzeleli bayathandabuza ngokuzibophelela kwabo kwinkqubano yokuqala, kunye nokuqinisekisa iingxoxo ezinzulu zolwazi lwendlela yokuchaza indlela. Le nkqubo yezobupolitika iqinisekisa ukuba ubukho bakudala buza kuhlala bungumxholo wengxoxo kawonke wonke, kodwa bukwabeka engozini ukuncitshiswa kobukho bokuqala bube yintetho yesiqu seqela kunokuba bube yindlela enzulu yokuhlalutya imigaqo-siseko.

Okwesine, ukukwazi kobuGqaba ukucombulula iingxaki zale mihla kuza kuvavanya ukusebenza kwayo. Imibuzo ephathelele ukufihla intloko ngexesha lamanani, umlinganiselo wamandla olawulo kwimiqathango yokhuseleko lwesizwe, nemida yegunya lesizwe phantsi kwemida yezorhwebo zonke ezifuna uhlalutyo loqobo. Ukuba iingcali zendalo zinokuvelisa iimpendulo ezinamandla nezingaguquguqukiyo kule mibuzo, intanda-bulumko iza kugcina impembelelo yayo. Ukuba iingxoxo zokuqala zibonakala zichaphazekile okanye ziphumele kwiziphumo ezithethsileyo ezithe zanwenwe kakhulu kwizinto ezilindelwe nguwonke wonke, indlela yokuzithemba.

Ubuntsundu Norhulumente Wolawulo

Enye yezona nkqubela zibalulekileyo kwingingqi yoqobo yamaxesha angaphambili icinga ukuba urhulumente wolawulo . Abaphengululi nabagwebi boqobo baye bathandabuza ngokuya bechanaba ukufaneleka komgaqo-siseko wemeko yangoku, bephikisa ukuba iKhomishini ayinakumisela amandla owiso-mthetho kumaqumrhu olawulo ngaphandle kokwaphula imigaqo yamagunya. IJaji Gormoth's ivumelana [FLT:] Goundsy v. United States (2010) yaphikisa ukuba imfundiso engeyongalawuli, emisela imiqathango yeBhunga igunya lomthetho, isekelwe kwisiseko somthetho, ineenzeka kukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kweQumnqolo-I. Le ngxoxo ifumene icandelo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi kunye ne-ovestiveltivent.

Imfundiso engundoqo yemibuzo, efuna iKhonkxane ithethe ngokucacileyo xa igunyazisa inyathelo lombutho kwimiba emikhulu yezoqoqosho neyopolitiki, ikwasebenzisa imigaqo yemigaqo yoqobo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- west Virginia v. I-EPA [2022] yayisebenzisa le mfundiso ukumisela igunya lengingqi yeNkukhusela ukukhuselwa komoya wesimo sezulu. Abagwebi bokuqala baye baphikisa ukuba imfundiso engundoqo ikhusela ulawulo lwamandla omgaqo-siseko wemithetho-siseko kwiBhunga endaweni yabameli.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli Lemvelaphi

Ukusuka ekuqalisweni kwayo kwasekuqaleni nguRobert Bork noWilliam Rehnquist ukuguqula iNkundla yeNkundla yangangoku, ingcamango yoqobo iguqule umthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Ukugxininisa kwentanda-bulumko ekuthembekeni kombhalo, kwimbali, kunye nokuthintelwa kwemithetho kuye kwanika enye indlela enamandla yokuphila ngomgaqo-siseko nezinye iindlela zokucacisa. Kwanabahlalutyi bobuGawulayo bayavuma ukuba bunzulu kwayo kunye nempembelelo yayo kwimfundiso yeNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Ucelomngeni oluhlala lukho lobuNtloko kukuba ikamva lentanda-bulumko lihlale lithembekile kwimiqathango yalo engundoqo ngoxa lithetha ngobuntsonkotha bolawulo lwale mihla. Abaqulunqi bezobukho bendalo kufuneka baqhubeke becombulula indlela abasebenzisa ngayo inkqubo yabo, babandakanye nobungqina bembali ngokunyaniseka, kwaye babambene noxinezeleko phakathi kwentsingiselo yantlandlolo kunye nemeko emisiweyo. Ikamva lentanda-bulumko lixhomekeke kubuchule bokuvelisa ingxelo engqinelanayo neyiselayo yokuguqulelwa komgaqo-siseko nto leyo efuna ukuba abaphengululi, abagwebi, abagwebi, nabantu ngokubanzi.

IJaji Scalia yayisoloko isithi ubuGaqo-siseko bubungendawo obuncinane "kukuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko, abufezekanga kodwa bungekho semthethweni kunezinto ezinokusetyenziswa ezinika abagwebi ubuchule obungasikelwanga ncam. Okokuba ukukhusela kobukho bantlandlolo kusenokungqinelana negalelo elihlala ixesha elide: isikhumbuzi sokuba kwidemokhrasi, intsingiselo yoMgaqo-siseko mayinqulwe ngabo bayincomayo, hayi ngabo bahlala kwibhedlele. Nokuba i-ustrial inokusigcina eso sithembiso xa kujoliswe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kunye nokuchaza ukungavumelani kuhlala kungumbuzo ongundoqo wesizukulwana sabaphengululi nabagwebi abalandela iinyawo zikaScalia.

  • Imvelaphi yobuGaqo-siseko bangaphambili baseMerika kunye nokuqiqa ngenkulungwane ye-19
  • Igalelo likaRobert Bork noWilliam Rehnquist kwingcamango yanamhlanje yenzululwazi
  • Ingcaciso yendlela yokubhala yeJaji Scalia kunye nempembelelo yayo kwisigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo
  • Indaleko yoqobo ngenkundla kaRoberts kunye nempembelelo kaClarence Thomas, uNeil Gorfo, noAmy Coney Barrett
  • Iingxoxo zangaphakathi ngentsingiselo kawonke-wonke, ukusetyenziswa kwasekuqaleni okulindelekileyo, nendima yemizekelo
  • Ukuthenjiswa kobuGcisa nemfundiso engagunyaziswanga
  • eziziko nezibonelelo ezixhasa ufundo lwenkcubeko kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

[[FLT: 0] Ukuqhubeka ufundo, bona iJaji Scalia' [[FLT: 1] Imeko yokucaciswa [[FLT:] (Princeton University Press, 1997]), Randy Barnett's [] Ukukhulula uMgaqo-siseko Olahlekileyo [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [12] [Princeton University Press, 2004]), kunye [[FLT] nongxumano loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe] [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT]