Ukuqonda i-"Bona Facial quotiation" Ekhethekileyo kwityala localucalulo lobudala

I-Bona Feide Foccupal Qualiation (BFOQ) ithatha indawo encinci kodwa enzima kumthetho wemisebenzi, ivumela abaqeshi ukuba baqwalasele iminyaka xa kuyimfuneko ngokwenene ukusebenza. Phantsi kweNkathi yokungavumelani noMsebenzi (ADEA) ka1967, ekhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu kucalucalulo, i-BFOQ yindawo yokuqala yokuphepha i-valve. Noko ke, iinkundla zigxininise ngokuqhubekayo ukuba le ngxaki ingu "mxinwa" kwaye kufuneka isetyenziswe ngohlalutyo olu lululo olungqongqo. Abaqeshi abazama ukusebenzisa ubudala bengenayo imfanelo enyanzelo okanye ukhuseleko olunyanzelekileyo okanye ukusebenza kobungozi obubalulekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlola izicwangciso-mthetho, iinkcazelo zenkqubo zehlabathi, iinkcazelo eziluncedo zenkqubo zehlabathi, neeziphumo ze-BF.

Yintoni Engaqhelekanga?

Ucalucalulo lwe BFOQ luvumela umqeshi ukuba enze izigqibo zemisebenzi yokuqesha, ukunyuselwa, okanye umhlala-phantsi onyanzelekileyo . olusekelwe kwiminyaka yobudala xa luyimfanelo eqinisekileyo [ yesikhundla. Olu lwimi lunikela ngokucacileyo olu khuselo kwicandelo 4(f)(1), oluthi akungekho mthethweni ngomqeshi ukuba enze isenzo "a apho ubudala buyi-fade project efunekayo kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo weshishini elithile." Olu lwimi lubonisa ilungiselelo elifanayo kwiSiHlelo seSiqwenga samaLungu 4(f) (1), okanye imvelaphi yonqulo, okanye yesizwe, kodwa i-ADE BFQ inomzimba walo owahlukileyo womthetho.

Oku kuchasene noku kusekelwe kulwazi lokuba imisebenzi ethile ifuna ubuchule bomzimba okanye bokuqonda obunxulumene nobudala ngendlela engenakulinganiswa ngovavanyo ngalunye. Umzekelo, iindawo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ezifana nabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya okanye abaphathi-mikhosi basenokufuna incopho yomzimba, kwaye iminyaka yobudala ingaba ngumphathi-khompyutha onegunya lokuthoba. Noko ke, umthwalo wobungqina uxhomekeke kumqeshi ukuba imfuneko yobudala ifaneleke ngokucacileyo ukuze ikhutshwe ngokucuthayo ekuthinteleni ukwahlulelwa kobudala.

Imigangatho Esemthethweni Nengcaciso Engqongqo

Ukubiza ngempumelelo ukhuselo lwe-BFOQ, umqeshi kufuneka anelise uvavanyo oluziinxenye ezimbini olumiselwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo . I-Western Air Liness, Inc. v. Criswell (1985):

  1. Imfaneleko enxulumene nonyaka kufuneka ibaluleke ngokufanelekileyo kwintsingiselo yeshishini lomqeshi. I-"secence" yeshishini asikuko ukurhweba okanye ulwaneliseko lwabathengi; kufuneka ibandakanya umdla onyanzelekileyo njengokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke okanye amandla okwenza imisebenzi engundoqo. Umzekelo, [kuhlobo, kwi- Criswell[[, iNkufumana ukuba ukukhuseleka emoyeni kuyimfuneko kangangokuba inkqubo epheleleyo esekelwe kumgangatho wokuhlala phantsi wabaqhubi benqanawa ifanelwe yimfanelo, kodwa ukuba umqeshi ebenokubonisa ukuba iminyaka ethembekileyo yokungakwazi ukwenza ngokukhuselekileyo.
  2. Umqeshi kufuneka abonise ukuba akukho ndlela incinci yokukhetha. Oku kuthetha ukuba umqeshi akanakuxhomekeka kubudala ukuba uyakwazi ukufikelela iinjongo zakhe zokhuseleko okanye zokusebenza ngovavanyo lomntu ngamnye, uvavanyo lwezamayeza, okanye ezinye iindlela zokubonisa ukuba akukho nzima kubasebenzi abadala. Ukubakho kolunye uhlobo lwemilinganiselo kusoloko kuwisa uqikelelo lwe-BFOQ.

Iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa olu vavanyo ngeziphumo ezahlukeneyo kushishino. EOC v. [1966], iNtlanganiso yesihlanu yala iExxon's impikiswano yokuba isigaba sexesha lokuthatha umhlala-phantsi esingu 60 kubo bonke abaqhubi benqwelo-moya yayiyi BFOQ, ingqina ukuba inkampani ayizange ivume ukuba uqikelelo ngalunye aluchananga. Ngokuphikisanayo, kwi- Mername v. American Airlines, Inc. (198]), inkundla yamkela i-BFOQ yabaqhubi abaneminyaka engama-60 abaqhubi abakwimi abakwimi bomkhosi abasuka kwi-FA, ezathi kamva zahlaziswe phantsi kweemeko ezithile ezithe zamashumi amathandathu.

Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo elijijisa iBFOQ

Imithetho emininzi ephawulekayo ibonisa indlela iinkundla ezilungelelanisa ngayo izilangazelelo zabaqeshi kunye nemigaqo yabasebenzi:

  • [FLT] Iimpepho ze-Air ephepheni .Criswell [85] INkundla ePhakamileyo yathi i- inyanzelisa ukuba iminyaka enyanzelekileyo yabaqhubi benqwelo-moya engama-60 babekwi-BFOQ kuba ukhuseleko lwalusembindini wemisebenzi yenqwelo-moya kwaye iFAA yayigqibe ukuba ixesha lobukhombathisi olufanelekileyo kumthamo onciphileyo. Noko ke, iNkundla yagxininisa ukuba umahluko kufuneka usetyenziswe kwityala-semgce.
  • EOC v. IsiXeko sikaJanesville (1993): [ Inkundla yezicelo yequmrhu lala isaziso sokuba ixesha eliphezulu lokuqesha lamagosa amapolisa lalingu-BFOQ, ukufumanisa ukuba isixeko asikwazanga ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo.
  • EOC v. [[FT:2] (1996] Isekethi yesihlanu yalawula ngokuchasene nomgangatho womhlala-phantsi weminyaka engama-60 kubaqhubi benqwelo moya benkampani, iphawula ukuba inkampani ayibonisanga ukuba iminyaka yobudala yayiyiyo echanileyo yovavanyo lwemiqathango yezamayeza ngamanye amacandelo.
  • [FLT] I-International Union, UAW v. Johnson Develop, Inc. (191] Ngelixesha eli tyala libandakanya ucalucalulo lwesondo phantsi kweSihloko VII, ingcinga yalo malunga " nokuzimela kweshishini" iphembele uhlalutyo lwe-BFOQ kwiimeko zobudala. Inkundla yenkundla yesiseko somgangatho wesiseko somsebenzi ebandakanya ukhuthazo olukhokelayo yayingeyo BFOQ kuba ukhuseleko lwemveku engeyo yayiyiyo inxalenye yoshishino.

La matyala agxininisa ukuba iinkundla azinakuzibamba xa zithe zacinga ukuba abaqeshi bazo baneminyaka engaphaya. Zifuna ubungqina obuphefumlelweyo, ingqokelela yezibalo, ingcaciso yobuchule okanye imilinganiselo yomthetho yokulawula, ukuze zithethelele imfuneko esekelwe kubudala.

Izicelo nemizekelo

Naphezu kobungakanani obumxinwa, umahluko weBFOQ usebenza kumongo omfutshane ochazwe kakuhle. Imizekelo esoloko ikho ibandakanya ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yobugcisa, kunye neendawo ezithile zemidlalo.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nezothutho

Ukusetyenziswa okucacileyo kweBFOQ kushishino lwezothutho, apho iminyaka yobudala ibekelwe abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, abalawuli beenqwelo-moya, kunye nabaphathi-nqanawa iqhelekile. IFederal Aviation Administration (FAA) inike ulawulo olude ukuba abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka barhoxe xa beneminyaka engama-65, umthetho oxhaswe njenge-BFOQ ngenxa yeziphumo ezinzima. Ngokufanayo, amasebe amaninzi omlilo kunye nomlilo anexesha eliphezulu lokuqesha, nangona iinkundla zisoloko zihlolisisa le migaqo ngokusondelele. EOC v. kwisixeko sikaJanevilleville, inkundla yafumanisa ukuba ukuqeshwa okuphezulu kweminyaka engama-35 yamapolisa ngenxa yokuba i-BFOQ zingabonisi ukuba iinkonzo ezinokuphunyezwa ngokufanelekileyo okanye zingenziwa ngokufezekileyo.

Ukusebenza Nokufuzisela

Ubudala buyiBHOKILE xa uphawu kwifilimu, umdlalo, okanye isibhengezo kufuneka lubonise ngokuqinisekisa umntu okwiminyaka ethile. Umzekelo, ukuthunga umdlali oneminyaka engama-70 ubudala ukuba adlale utatomkhulu uvumelekile kuba ubunyani besenzo busemgangathweni kwimveliso yobugcisa. Noko ke, oku kukhetha akunakwandiswa kwindima apho ubudala buthandwa okanye bungasetyenziswa kakhulu. Umqeshi akanakuyeka ukuqesha umenzi omdala oza kudlala indima enokudlalwa ngumntu othile weminyaka elinganayo.

Imidlalo Nezifundo Ezingoochwepheshe

Kwimidlalo, imida yobudala ingathethelelwa ngeemfuno zomzimba zokhuphiswano. Umanyano lweNational Football (NFL) kunye nezinye iintlanga zinemithetho yobudala elungele ukufezeka ye-rhookis (umz., kufuneka ibe yiminyaka emithathu ubuncinane ukusuka kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo) ecetyiswe kodwa exhaswe ngokubanziswa njenge BFOQs kuba ukulungiselela umzimba okufunekayo kudityaniswe ngokungathandabuzekiyo kunxulumene nobudala. Ngokuphikisana noko, iminyaka enyanzelekile yokuthatha umhlala phantsi kwemidlali ekwimpumfa yomdlalo inqabileyo kwaye idla ngokukhuphisana, njengoko uqikelelo lobuchule bobugcisa budla ngokulula.

Imida Neenkqubo Eziphosakeleyo

Umahluko we-BFOQ awusebenzi kwiimeko ezininzi apho abaqeshi benokunqwenela ukusebenzisa ubudala. Iinkundla zisoloko zingakufuni oku kulandelayo ukucalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala:

  • Okukhethwayo okuqhelekileyo: Umqeshi akanakukwala ukuqesha abasebenzi abadala ngenxa yokuba abathengi bakhetha abasebenzi abancinane. Diaz v. Pan Am World Aiways1], inkundla yabonisa ukuba abathengi bathanda amabhinqa abasebenzi benqwelo-moya abangeyo BFOQ; indlela efanayo yokucinga isebenza kubudala.
  • [[NTLA:0] Imali egciniweyo egciniweyo: Abaqeshi abanakuphikisa ukuba abasebenzi abakhulileyo babiza imali eninzi ngenxa yemivuzo ephezulu, iindleko ze-inshorensi yempilo, okanye iimfuno zomhlala-phantsi. Injongo ye-ADEA kukuthintela ugwebo lwezoqoqosho olunjalo ekufihleni ikhethe.
  • Iintlobo-ntlobo malunga namandla: Inkolelo yokuba abasebenzi abakhulileyo abasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenzi, ababhetyebhetye, okanye abaqeqeshekiyo abamele bayenze i-BFOQ. Abaqeshi kufuneka baxhomekeke kubungqina obunenjongo, hayi kwiintelekelelo.
  • Ingqiqo ekhuselekileyo ngaphandle kobungqina: Ngelixesha ukhuseleko lunokuthethelela i-BFOQ, abaqeshi kufuneka babonise ukuba imfuneko yobudala ibotshelelwe ngqo kwiziphumo zokhuseleko. Inkxalabo eziqhelekileyo ngokwaluphala anele.

BFOQ v. Olunye ukhuselo lwe-Aftificative

Abaqeshi maxa wambi badida iBFOQ nezinye izinto zokuzikhusela, ezifana "ne-projekthi efunekayo" okanye "ifekta esengqiqweni ngaphandle kweminyaka" (RFOA). Phantsi kwe-ADEA, imfuneko yeshishini ayiyondlela yokuzikhusela kwinjongo yocalucalulo; isebenza kuphela kwiimeko ezingqubanayo. I-RFOA, ngokwahlukileyo, ivumela umqeshi ukuba asebenzise imilinganiselo engeyoyasemthethweni eyenzekayo ekudibaniseni nobudala, ukuba ixhomekeke emsebenzini kwaye ilungelene nemfuneko yeshishini. I-BFOQ iyakwazi ukuvuma ngokuthe ngqo ubudala njengemfaneleko, kwaye ithwala umthwalo onzima wobungqina.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Kwabaqeshi

Abaqeshi abacinga ukuba baxhomekeke kwindlela yobudala kufuneka baqhubeke ngobulumko. La manyathelo alandelayo anokukunceda uthotyelwano ne-ADEA kunye nomahluko onciphileyo we-BFOQ:

  1. [[UMTL: 0] Ichaza injongo yeshishini ebalulekileyo. Misa ukuba umsebenzi ubandakanya ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukwenza iindima ezizinyani, okanye iimfuno zomzimba ezingaqhelekanga ezingenakuncitshiswa kwindawo yokuhlala.
  2. [[NTL:0]] Ubungqina benjongo. Uqokelelo lwezifundo zenzululwazi, imigangatho yoshishino, kunye nobungqina obubonisa ukuba ubudala buyiprojekthi ethembekileyo yolwaleko olufunekayo. Kuphephe ukuthembela kwiinkolelo zenzululwazi okanye ze-stereoder.
  3. Ezinokusetyenziswa ezincinci zomchamo. Qwalasela ukuba uvavanyo oluthelekisa umntu ngamnye (ezinje ngovavanyo lobuchule bomzimba, uvavanyo lwezamayeza, okanye uvavanyo lobuchopho) lungafumana injongo enye ngaphandle kokususwa kobudala. Ukuba ezinye iindlela ezinje zikhona, iBFOQ ayizusinda kuphengululo.
  4. Uxwebhu uhlaziyo. Ukugcina iingxelo ezibonisa ingqiqo yemfuno yobudala, ubungqina obuqwalaselweyo, nokulahlwa kwezinye iindlela. Olu xwebhu lubalulekile ukuba inkqubo iyacelw'elwa.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Imboniso yamaxesha athile. Njengokuba ulwazi lwenzululwazi luguquka, lugwetyelwe ngaphambili lungaphelelwa lixesha. Umzekelo, ixesha elingokwasemgangathweni lokuthatha umhlala-phantsi labaqhubi benqwelo-moya lanyuswa ukusuka kuma 60 ukuya kuma-65 emva kophando lwabonisa ukuba umlinganiselo omdala wawungqongqo kakhulu.

Abaqeshi abaphazamayo ukumelana nokumangalelwa okunokwenzeka kwe-BFOQ, ukuhlawula, ukonakaliswa, kunye nokukhululeka okungaphucukanga. IKhomishini ye-Octive Opportunity (EOC) iphanda ngonyamezelo izikhalazo zocalulo lobudala, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abaphumeleleyo bangafumana iindleko zamagqwetha. Kwinkcazelo engakumbi, jonga kwi-'EEC'S Age Directionction Directionnity [

Impembelelo kwabaqeshwa namalungelo abo

Abasebenzi abadala abakholelwa ukuba baye bacalucalulwa ngenxa yobudala ngenxa ye-BFOQ banokufumana iindlela ezininzi zokuyiphepha. I-ADEA iyabalela abaqeshi ukuba bangasebenzisi iminyaka yabo kwizigqibo ngaphandle kokuba umqeshi angalingqina iBFOQ. Abaqeshwa kufuneka:

  • [[Uxwebhu:0] Uxwebhu lwenkqubo okanye isenzo ebesekelwe kwiminyaka, kuquka naluphi na uthungelwano olubhaliweyo okanye uchazo olungolawulo.
  • I-fayile ityala nge-EOC ngeentsuku ezili-180 (okanye iintsuku ezingama-300 kumazwe akwiziko lomsebenzi ofanelekileyo). IEOC iza kuphanda kwaye ingakhupha unobumba olungileyo ukuya kumgangatho ophezulu.
  • Igqwetha linamava ecalucalulo yomsebenzi. Ukuba umqeshi akanakuhlangabezana nomthwalo we-BFOQ, umqeshi angafumana kwakhona umonakalo womvuzo olahlekileyo, uxinezeleko lwemvakalelo, kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ilahleko yesohlwayo sesohlwayo.

Ulungiso lomthwalo osisigxina kwimeko ze ADEA lufuna umqeshwa kuqala ukuseka i- picie ityala localulo. Xa selenziwe, umqeshi kufuneka avelise ubungqina besizathu esisemthethweni, esingaphononongwayo. Ukuphumelela kwi-BFOQ ukhuseleko, umqeshi makahambe ngaphaya kwengcaciso nje yento echazayo into ekhoyo ye- aze abonise ukuba iminyaka yobudala ibalulekile kumsebenzi. Kwinkangeleko enzulu yenkqubo esemthethweni, bona [[FLT:] iNxulumani ye-RLT'S Law News .

Isiphelo

Ukungavumelani nokuququzelela kuyimfuneko kodwa kuchazwe njengesixhobo somsebenzi. Iyaqonda ukuba kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ubudala bungafuneka bube yimfuneko esemthethweni (ngokufuthi xa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ubuchule bobugcisa, okanye iimfuno ezigqithisileyo zomzimba zisemngciphekweni. Kodwa iinkundla zisoloko zilumkisa ukuba impatho echaseneyo imele ingabi yindawo yocalucalulo. Abaqeshwa abacela i-BFOQ kufuneka bave ubungqina obunamandla bokuba akukho ndlela inye yokusebenzisa i-rectrial, ngoxa abasebenzi begcina ilungelo lokuvavanyazisa amathuba asekelwe kubudala. Njengoko ukuqashela kwethu ubudala nokuqonda kwethu amakhono anxulumene nobuntu, i-BFFFFOQ iza kuhlala indawo esebenzayo yomthetho, ifuna ukulinganisela ngokucotha koncedo phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nokuqhubeka. [FF1][3][3][3][3]][FF]]