UHlaziyo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lusebenza njengokhuselo olubalulekileyo nxamnye nokuphandwa ngurhulumente, ingakumbi kwizenzo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Lumisela inkqubo esemthethweni yokuphengulula, ukuxhuzula, nokubanjwa, luqinisekisa ukuba amagunya asebenza kwimida yomgaqo-siseko. Amagosa omthetho, ukuqonda nokusebenzisa uMphetho-Mpanzi wesine akungombandela nje wokuthobela umthetho kuphela, kwaye kubalulekile ukugcina uluntu luthembekile kunye nokungaqiniseki kobungqina enkundleni. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olunxinzelelweyo ngendlela umthetho osebenzisa ngayo isiHluzi seSine seMitheliso, ukusukela ekufumaneni isiqinisekiso sokuhamba ngaphandle komthetho, kunye nokuphendula imiqathango yangoku njengobungqina bonyaka kunye nomthetho olawula imilinganiselo esemthethweni.

Isiseko Sembali Nenjongo YoMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo

Ngo-1791 wachazwa njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, uMmiselo wesi-5 waba kukusabela okungqalileyo ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwemithetho jikelele kunye nemisebenzi yoncedo eyayisetyenziswa ngamagunya aseBritani e-Malaine angamakoloni. Ezi zigunyazo zibanzi zavumela amagosa ukuba aphengulule amakhaya aze athabathe impahla ngaphandle kwesizathu esikhethekileyo okanye umlinganiselo. OoTata Abafunyanwayo bafuna ukukhusela abemi ekuphazanyisweni ngokufuna ukuba nakuphi na ukuphengulula okanye ukuphanga kusengqiqweni kwaye kusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Umbhalo we-andendment uthi:

" Ilungelo labantu lokukhusela abantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, nxamnye nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, aziyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho madangatye aya kuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, axhaswe ngu-Oath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ingakumbi achaze indawo eza kuphendwa, nabantu okanye izinto ezizakuthinjwa..

Ukugcinwa komthetho kwale mihla kusebenza kule nkqubo, kulungelelanisa imfuneko yokuphanda ngolwaphulo-mthetho namalungelo omgaqo-siseko abantu. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yatolika iSindululo sesine ngemithetho emininzi, idala imigaqo egqwethekileyo amagosa amele ayilandele.

Iimfuneko Ezifanelekileyo: Unobangela Ofanelekileyo, Abavumi Nengqiqo

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo: Umgangatho Osemthethweni

Ityala elicacileyo lilelokuqala leSine SoMthetho oLandliweyo. Kufuna ukuba abaqeqeshi bomthetho babe nenkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala kunye nezinye iimeko, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bukho kwindawo ethile. Unobangela onokubakho ngummiselo ophezulu kunokukrokreleka nje kodwa abafuni kuqiniseki ngokupheleleyo. Amagosa amele abangele into ngokuqwalasela, ubungqina, okanye ulwazi olunokuthenjwa. Iinkundla zivavanya ngokungathandabuzeka ukuba umntu olumkileyo uyakholelwa ukuba izibakala zikho phantsi kwemeko ezipheleleyo.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba igosa linuka umya uphuma kwinqwelo - mafutha lize lijonge umsi ngaphakathi, oko kusenokubangela ukuba kuphandwe imoto. Injongo yalo mlinganiselo kukuthintela uhambo lokuloba nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhangela kufanelekile ngobungqina obucacileyo, kungekhona iingcinga okanye ikhethe.

Iimvume Zokukhangela: Ukufumana Inkoliseko Yezeejaji

Ngaphantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo wesine, imvume yokuphengulula yindlela ekhethwayo yokuqhuba uphendlo. Abaxhasi kufuneka bakhutshwe yijaji okanye ijaji kwaye kufuneka basekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo solwazi. Isiqinisekiso masichaze ngokungqalileyo indawo ekufuneka iphenjelelwe kwaye nezinto ezimele zibanjwe. Le mfuneko ikhethekileyo ithintela ukuba ngaphaya kobubanzi, okokuba uphawu lweziqinisekiso jikelele ezithiyweyo ezivumela ukupheliswa kwemithetho yomthetho emiselwe yinqanawa yezothulelo lwayilwayo.

Amagosa asebenza ngomthetho kufuneka alandele imithetho engqongqo xa esenza isiqinisekiso. Ngokwesiqhelo, kufuneka ankqonkqoze avakalise ubukho bawo phambi kokungena, ngaphandle kokuba kukho iimeko ezizizithethelelayo ezithethelela ukungena kwangoko. Abaphathi-mikhosi bakwasikelwe umda ekufuneni kwabo kwiindawo apho izinto ezichaziweyo zinokufunyanwa ngokusengqiqweni. Umzekelo, imvume yokuthabatha iiseti ze-leti ze-lektroniki ezibiweyo ayikuthetheleli ukuvula iibhokisi ezincinane zempahla zentsimbi.

Umgangatho Osengqiqweni

Ngoxa unobangela nemvume ezilindelekileyo zisembindini, uphawu olupheleleyo loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine lusengqiqweni. Iinkundla zivavanya ukuba ukukhangela okanye ukuxhuzula kusengqiqweni na phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko. Olunye uphengululo lusengqiqweni ngaphandle kwemvume, kwaye olunye uxhuzula lungaqiniswa ngokusekelwe kumongo okhoyo (ngokufana nokuvalelwa okufutshane kwe-Apixel). Uhlalutyo olusengqiqweni lusoloko lubandakanya ukucutha umdla karhulumente nxamnye nomdla wobuqu.

Izinto Ezingaqhelekanga: Indlela Umthetho Onyanzelisa Ngayo Abantu Ngaphandle Kwesiqhwala

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele iindidi eziliqela kwimfuneko yogunyaziso. Ezi zimkhethe azizibophi kodwa ziyindlela yokuzimela iimeko apho ukufumana imvume kungasebenzi okanye kungafuneki. Amagosa omthetho kufuneka aziqonde kakuhle ezi ngxaki ukuze aphephe ukwaphulwa kweSine Somthetho.

Ukukhangela Okusemthethweni

Ukuba umntu uvuma ngokuzithandela ukuphengulula, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusenokuqhubeka ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Ukuvuma kufuneka kwazi, kulumke, kwaye kunganyanzeliswanga. Amagosa asoloko ecela imvume ngexesha lokumiswa kweetrafiki okanye xa edibana nabantu. Umlinganiselo wemvume usenokuba mncinane; umzekelo, umntu angavuma ukuphengululwa kwemoto yakhe kodwa angabi yiyo isiqu sakhe. Iinkundla zihlola ukuma kweemeko ukufumanisa ukunyuka, kuquka iminyaka yomntu, imfundo, nokuba umlawuli usebenzise izisongelo okanye izithembiso.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo ethile kwaye libona ukuvingceka okanye ubungqina obucacileyo, bangalibamba ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Igosa kufuneka lifikelele ngokusemthethweni kwindawo kwaye ngoko nangoko limele liyiqaphele into njengobungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ukuba igosa lisemthethweni ngaphakathi kwikhaya ngexesha lokuphazamiseka kwasekhaya kwaye libona amayeza angekho mthethweni etafileni yekofu, iziyobisi zinokubanjwa phantsi kwemfundiso ecacileyo.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Iimeko zexesha likaxakeka ezifuna ukukhawulezileyo ukukhusela umonakalo, ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, okanye ukuphunyuka kungathethelela ukuphanda okungekho mthethweni okanye ukuxhuzula. Imizekelo eqhele ukuquka isakhiwo esitshayo, igosa elivayo liphuma ngaphakathi, okanye isandi sobungqina obukhutshelwa kwindlu yangasese. Igosa kufuneka libe nezizathu ezisengqiqweni zokukholelwa ukuba ukulibazisa kuya kukhokelela ekonakaleni okanye ekulahlekelweni kobungqina. Uqhankqesho lusoloko luthethwa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukukrokra okanye ingozi ekufuphi kuluntu.

Khangelani Ukubanjwa Okusemthethweni

Xa umphathi-mikhosi ebophelela ngokusemthethweni, bangaphengulula inkundla kunye nendawo ephakathi kolawulo lwabo olukhawulezileyo ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Oku kuphengulula ukukhusela igosa kwizixhobo nokukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina. Lo mda ulinganiselwe kumzimba, impahla, kunye nazo naziphi na iindawo abanokufikelela kuzo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iChimel v. California[ [1969] [1969] imisele lo mthetho, kamva usulungelwe [[FLT:] Arizora v. [FLT][5]] [206], ekwakungasinqumla isiganeko sokubanjwa kuphela xa uvalelwe uvalelo oluphakathi, okanye ukufikelela kumgama wobukhothotho, xa kunokuthi kufumane ubungqina obusengqiqweni bokubanjwe.

Isinxaxhi senqwelo - mafutha ezizenzekelayo

I-Vhicles ijongene nokulindela okuncinci kobumfiliba ngenxa yokuhamba nokulawula kwayo. Ukuba amapolisa anesizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba imoto inobungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, angaphengulula zonke iibhokisi zemoto, kuquka nezikhongozeli ezivaliweyo ngaphakathi, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Oku kuchaseneyo kusebenza kwiinqwelo-mafutha, izikhephe, nezinye izithuthi ezinokususwa. I-glori ingaqhutyelwa kude ngaphambi kokuba imvume ifumaneke, kwaye ukuhamba okusemgxunyeni kunciphisa ukulindela ukuba yimfihlo.

Yima ne Frisk (Izimisa Uqhutyo)

Phantsi . I-Terry v.Oo (1968), amagosa omthetho angabamba umntu kancinci aze enze uphando olusikelwe umda lwezixhobo ukuba anokukrokra ukuba umntu ubandakanyekile kumsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye usenokuba uxhobile kwaye uyingozi. Oku kukrokrela okunengqiqo kufuna uphakamiso olucacileyo, qha, ingqiniso olungalawulekiyo. Ngexesha lokumisa kuka-Terry, umphathi angafaka phantsi impahla yangaphandle ukuze azive izixhobo. Ukuba bathe gqiza into evakalelwa ngathi sisixhobo, bangayithatha. Oku kukhuselo lwegosavelo-ofisi lunokuyikhusela ngokhuseleko lwesine.

Abanye Abagqalwa Njengabakhethekileyo

Ezinye ii-octal eziqukiweyo ziquka:

  • Usukelo oluthe tye: [ abaphathi benqanawa abasukela ngokukhawuleza iferila ebalekayo bangangena kwisakhiwo sabucala ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Uluhlu loluhlu lokukhangela: Xa begquma isithuthi, abaphathi bangaphengulula i-'injini' ukuze bakhuseleke kwaye babhale izinto ezixabisekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhangela kolawulo: Uhlolo oluthile (umz., loshishino olulawulwa kakhulu) lungaqhutywa ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuba nje lunengqiqo.
  • ukukhangela i-Border: Kwimida yezizwe ngezizwe, abaphathi banegunya elibanzi lokukhangela abantu nempahla ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ngenxa yoncedo oluphezulu lukarhulumente.
  • Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokukhangela: Ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi zabasebenzi boololiwe emva kweengozi okanye kwabafundi abanenxaxheba kwimisebenzi yasemva kwesikolo banokugwetyelwa ziimfuno zikarhulumente ezikhethekileyo ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa komthetho.

Ukuqhathwa Nokubanjwa: Umntu Ubanjwa Nini?

Inkcazelo Yokuzimela

Phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo wesine, ukuxhuzula kwenzeka xa igosa, lisebenzisa iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngabom, liphelisa inkululeko yomntu yokuhamba. Oku kungasuka ekuboshweni ngokupheleleyo ukuya ekuvalweni okufutshane kophando. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yenza umahluko phakathi kongquzulwano olukhawulezileyo (apho umntu akhululekileyo ukuhamba) kunye nokuxhuzula. Umntu ubanjwa kuphela ukuba, uqwalasela zonke iimeko, umntu onengqondo akazukuziva ekhululekile ukuphuma.

Ukubanjwa: Ubungqina Obunokusiphendula

Ukubanjwa ngokupheleleyo kufuna isizathu esilindelekileyo. Umphathi-mikhosi kufuneka abe nenkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba umntu wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukubanjwa kungenziwa ngemvume okanye ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, kuxhomekeka kwiimeko. Ngokwesiqhelo, ukubanjwa okungenazintlawulo kuvumelekile ngenxa yetyala elibekiweyo elisenziwa kubukho bomphathi okanye, ngenxa yokungafezeki, ukuba zenzeka kubukho bomphathi (naxa amanye amazwe avumela ukubanjwa okungagunyaziswanga ngokomthetho ngenxa yosizathu esifanelekileyo nokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho alukhange luqwalaselwe).

Xa efumana imvume yokubamba, amagosa kufuneka anike imvume kumphathi obonisa isizathu esilindelekileyo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka siqambe umntu ukuba abanjwa. Ukungaphumeleli ukulandela ezi nkqubo kungakhokelela ekucinezelweni kobungqina obufunyenwe emva kokuba ebanjiwe okanye kwanotyala wasekuhlaleni phantsi ko 42 U.S.C. . . 1983.

Izizathu ezifanelekileyo

Ukrokra olusengqiqweni ngumgangatho omncinci kunonobangela olindelekileyo. Kusetyenziswa ukuthethelela uTerry ukuma nokuvalelwa okufutshane. Ukukrokrela okusengqiqweni kufuna izibakala ezingqalileyo, ezinokuxhobisa igosa elinolwazelelelo lokukrokrela umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, igosa elikwingingqi ephezulu libona umntu ekhangela kwinqwelo-mafutha epakiweyo aze azame iziphatho zeminyango. Le ndlela, idibene nezinye izinto, inganika ucingelanoko olusengqiqweni lokumisa.

Unobangela onokuboniswa, njengoko kuphawuliwe, ngumqobo ophezulu. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka benze uhlolo lwesibini olwahluliweyo lokuba banobungqina obaneleyo bokusuka ekumiseni ukuya ekubambeni. Umgca phakathi kokukrokreleka okufanelekileyo nesizathu esilindelekileyo sisoloko sibekwa enkundleni.

UMthetho Wokukhupha: Ukuqhuba Amalungelo OMphetho Wesine

Injongo kunye neNkqubo

Umthetho wokuzikhulula uthi ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasene noMphetho-mvakalo wesine abunakusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nommangalelwa kwinkundla yakwaphuli-mthetho. Lo mthetho wamiselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Mapp v. Ohio [1961]] kwaye busebenza kurhulumente kunye nemigaqo yorhulumente. Injongo ephambili kukuthintela ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa nokugcina ingqibelelo esemthethweni. Ukuba ubungqina busisiqhamo sokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni, kuyacinezelwa, njengoko nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni (`ingcaciso yomthi onetyhefu")).

Iinkalo Ezikhethekileyo Kumthetho Oziincam

Ukuphepha ukuthob

  • umahluko wokholo olulungileyo: Ukuba igosa ngokufanelekileyo lixhomekeke kwisiqinisekiso sokukhangela esathi kamva sabonakala singasebenzi (umz., ngenxa yempazamo yabefundisi), ubungqina bungagqibeki.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufunyanwa okungenakunqandwa: Ukuba ubungqina bebungenakuphepheka bufunyaniswe ngeendlela ezisemthethweni, abukhutshelwa ngaphandle.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umthombo ozimeleyo: Ukuba umthetho ufumana ubungqina ngomthombo ozimeleyo wokuziphatha okungekho mthethweni, ungavunywa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Udibaniso: Ukuba uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwesenzo esingekho mthethweni kunye nobungqina bukwenye indawo ngokwaneleyo, ubungqina bungafumaneka.

Ezi zizathu ziqinisekisa ukuba umthetho owenziwe ngaphandle awuyi kuba ngummangalelwa xa amapolisa enza izinto ngokholo okanye xa unxulumano oluphakathi kokuziphatha okubi nobungqina lubuthathaka.

Ubugcisa NoMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo: Iingxaki Zanamhlanje

Inkqubela kwezobugcisa iye yanyanzelisa iinkundla ukuba ziphinde zihlolisise imigaqo yesithethe yeSine soHlaziyo. Ngoku imithetho isebenzisa iziphawuli zeGPS, icell phone methonig, ii-drones, kunye nezixhobo zokuhlola ezinokutyhila iinkcukacha ezinzulu zobomi bomntu ngaphandle kokuphazamisana ngokomzimba.

Iifowuni zeseli kunye nogcino-lwazi lwamanani

I-Riley v. (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi amagosa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla isiganeko seselfowuni, kuba icell phone inee-data ezininzi zobuqu. Ngokufanayo, [ Certer v. United States [2018]) ifuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana ulwazi lwendawo yeselfowuni (CSSLI), njengokuba ithumela imigca yendlela yomntu evelisa uphendlo phantsi kweSihlaziselo sesine. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa ukuqonda ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwamanani lufuna ukukhuselwa ngokuqinileyo.

Ukukhangela iGPS

United States v. Jones (202), iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukudibanisa umthumeli weGPS kwisithuthi nokuhlola intshukumo yakhe kunguphendlo. Ngoxa urhulumente enokuthi aphikise ngokucutha ukulindela imfihlo kwiindlela zikawonke-wonke, ukujongwa okude kwathathwa njengokuphazamisa okungekho ngqiqweni. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho makufumane isiqinisekiso sokulandelela iGPS kwiimeko ezininzi.

Iintyatyambo Nezixa Ezininzi

Ukusetyenziswa kwemibhobho yomthetho kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga ne-ankile esemva kwendlu kunye nempahla yabucala. Okwangoku, ukhangelo lwenqwelo-moya olungenasiqinisekiso lwemimandla evuliweyo lusoloko luvumelekile phantsi [[FLT: 0] Florida v. Riley [1998]], kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwasekhaya kwee-drones ekuhlolweni kusenokufuna imfuneko. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna imfuneko yokusetyenziswa kophando lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imithombo Yezoshishino Nemisebenzi Yasemgangathweni

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusoloko kusebenzisa izikhundla zezezentlalo-ntle, iinkalo zikawonke-wonke, kunye ne-metadata ekuphandweni. Uhlaziyo lwesine ludla ngokungalukhuseli ulwazi olwabelweneyo namalungu amathathu (imfundiso yesithathu). Noko ke, imithetho yakutshanje icebisa ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwamanani olususiweyo lungafumana ukhuseleko olungakumbi. Amagosa kufuneka alumke xa efumana ii-akhawunti zabucala okanye esebenzisa abameli abangaphantsi kokuqokelela ulwazi.

Ukuhambela Phambili Kocelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni Nemilinganiselo Eguquguqukayo

ISihlaziyi sesine sisengummandla onamandla womthetho. INkundla Ephakamileyo iyaqhubeka ilungisa imida yokuzimela, ingakumbi njengokuba ubugcisa buzivelela. Amatyala akutshanje aye abhekisa:

  • Iikhamera zomzimba: zifumaneka nini iirekhodi zezindlu zabucala?
  • Ingqokelela yeDNA: Ekubanjweni, amanye amazwana aqokelela iisampuli ze-DNA. INkundla ku- Maryland v. King (2013]) ivumele ukuqokelelwa okusikelwe iinjongo zokwahlula, kodwa i-litiggati eqhubekayo ihlola ubungakanani.
  • Uphando lokhuseleko lwesizwe: Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwamandla okuhlola phantsi koMthetho we-USA PATRIOT kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo wesine usaqhubeka simpikiswano.
  • Ukutyhilwa kombhalo kunye nokumiswa kombhalo kwangaphambili: amatyala abambelele ekubeni ukumiswa kwezithuthi ngokwesizathu esilindelekileyo kungumGaqo-siseko nokuba intshukumisa yegosa ayidibani, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa lento injongo yokulungisa.

Amasebe amaninzi aye amkela iinkqubo ezingaphaya kweemfuno zomgaqo-siseko ukuphucula ulwalamano noluntu nokunciphisa ukuhlahlela.

Izicelo ezisebenzisekayo zamagosa anyanzelisayo omthetho

Isicelo se KDE

Mihla le, amagosa enza izigqibo zokwahlukana ngokwesibini ezisekelwe kwimigaqo yeSine soMmiselo-Mbetho. Uqeqesho olufanelekileyo luqinisekisa ukuba amagosa ayaqonda xa efuna isiqinisekiso, indlela yokuchaza isizathu esilindelekileyo, noko kungasetyenziswayo. Amanyathelo angafanelekanga anokukhokelela ekucinezeleni ubungqina, ukugxothwa kwamatyala, nokumangalelwa kwamapolisa. Ngoku amapolisa amaninzi aquka uqeqesho olusekelwe kwimo yemoyeni oluvavanya amandla egosa-mikhosi okusebenzisa utshintsho kwiimeko zeli hlabathi lokwenene.

Ukubhalelana NeeAffidavits Nokufumana Abaxhasi

I-affidavit ebhalwe kakuhle ibalulekile ekufumaneni uphendlo okanye isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka baquke izibakala ezicacileyo, baphephe iingxelo ezidityanisiweyo, kwaye bamisele i-nexus phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho, ubungqina, nendawo. Kufuneka bakhumbule ubudala . "ukuba ixesha elininzi lidlule phakathi kwezibakala nesicelo sesiqinisekiso, mhlawumbi unobangela unokuba uphelisiwe.

Imiphumo Yokwaphula Imiyalelo

Xa igosa liphula uHlomelo lwesine, imiphumo ingaphaya komthetho osusiweyo. Urhulumente usenokujamelana netyala loluntu phantsi kweCandelo 1983, kwaye igosa lingabizwa ekumangaleleni. Amasebe asenokujongana nemithetho evumayo okanye ulawulo lukarhulumente. Umzekelo, iSebe loLugwebo lase-U.S. liye langena kwimimiselo evumelanayo ngemiqathango emininzi yamasebe amapolisa afuna iinguqu ezibanzi ezinxulumene nokuphanda nokuxhuzula.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Unqabiseko Nenkululeko

UHlomelo lwesine asingomqobo ekunyanzelweni komthetho osebenzayo; sisakhiwo esiqinisekisa amandla okuphendla nokuphatha sisetyenziswa ngolawulo nokuzibamba. Ukuqonda iindidi zazo `ukusuka kwisizathu esinokwenzeka nokungavumelani nomthetho ongaphandle) kunye nomthetho ozikhululayo. Njengoko ubugcisa kunye noluntu luziqhelanisa, ukuLandlwa kweMpawulo yeSine kuya kuqhubeka kubumba indlela umthetho okhusela ngayo uluntu ngoxa uhlonela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko achaza inkululeko yaseMelika.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i ICornell Leagin Information Istitut yoshwankathelo lweziHlaliso zeSine , kunye namatyala angundoqo eNkundla ePhakamileyo anjenge United States v. Leon (umahluko olungileyo wokholo) kunye [[FLT:]] Carpeter v. United States (izikhundla zobuqu).