Ubuchule Bamandla Alungeleleneyo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yinkqubo yokwakhiwa kwemithetho-siseko ethintela naliphi na isebe elinye likarhulumente wase-United States ukuba lingaqokeleli igunya elingathintelekiyo. Enshrin kuMgaqo-siseko ocetyiweyo ngowe-1787, lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba amandla asasazwe phakathi kwemithetho, igxalaba kunye namasebe agwebayo, ngalinye elinemisebenzi eyahlukileyo kunye nendlela yokuthintela abanye. Abaququlunqi bemi bomGaqo-siseko, besebenzisa iinkulungwane zentanda-ntanda-bulumko yezobupolitika namava abo abo bawabo, bazama ukuyila urhulumente omelele ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Esi sakhiwo sihlala siselubala umgangatho ophezulu wedemokhrasi, silungisa zonke iimpikiswano zezobupolitika kwaye silalanisa imbali yesizwe.

Amasebe Amathathu: Ukwakhiwa Nokuhluthwa Kwamandla

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wahlula urhulumente wesizwe ube ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinikwe amandla akhethekileyo achazwe kumanqaku amathathu okuqala. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyotshati nje yentlangano; kuyiyinjongo yamaqhinga ukwenza ulawulo lwabelana ngembopheleleko.

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Ingqungquthela njengesebe lokuqala

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elimiselwe kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, linoxanduva lokwenza imithetho karhulumente. Eli sebe lineeKhontrala, indlu yowiso-mthetho eqanjwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu. Indlu, enamalungu angama- 435 avota abelwe ngabantu bakarhulumente, yenzelwe ukubonakalisa umnqweno oqhelekileyo nokusungula iindleko zemali. Le Komiti yeCante, enabathamshe, eneziqu ezibini ezimbini zesizwe ngasinye, inikela umelo olulinganayo kunye nezenzo ezikhethekileyo ezinjengokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-ravestiming. Ngapha kwemithetho-arejing, ibamba amandla emali ehlawulwa ngurhulumente ehlawulwa yisebe. Eli gunya livumela ukuba kumiselwe inkqubo yempatho-mali yezolawulo lwesizwe, ukuphatha i-grongameli-grac, kwaye lizisa izityhobo ngokuphuma kwemithetho.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Imithetho

Isebe elilawulayo, elichazwe kwiGatya II, likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States kwaye liquka uMongameli onguVikelo, iKhabhinethi, kunye namasebe amaninzi karhulumente. Umsebenzi ophambili woMongameli kukuyiphumeza ngokuthembeka imithetho edluliswa yiKhontrala. UMongameli usebenza njengoMlawuli kwiNkokeli yemikhosi exhobileyo, uqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ingxubusho, kwaye umisela iisivumelwano, kwaye umisela abagwebi basemthethweni kunye nabaphathi-ofisi abaphezulu (abamele ukungqinela iNtsinjana). Isebe eliphetheyo likhule kakhulu ngokomlinganiselo nangempembelelo ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa, ukanti amandla alo okumisa umthetho ukhangelwa kokubini kwemithetho kunye namasebe agweba. UMongameli uyakwazi ukuphembelela imimiselo yemithetho yemithetho ngedilesi ye-Rhulumente, izicelo zemali, izicelo zemali, kunye nokusebenzisa amandla e-veto kumthetho.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika uMthetho

Isebe eligwebayo, elakhiwa phantsi kweQumrhu III, liqulethwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente ezamiselwa yiBhunga. Umsebenzi walo ophambili kukuchaza intsingiselo yemithetho, ukuyisebenzisa kwityala ngalinye, nokugqiba enoba umthetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ziyawuphula umGaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo inegunya lokuhlola imigaqo-mthetho. /igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezingagunyaziswanga ngokusemthethweni. Eli sebe lisebenza njengelungu elipheleleyo lombutho womthetho (18033). Liqinisekisa ukuba i-propati ye-gqeba.

Indlela Ezinokuxilongwa Nazo

Ikhangela kunye nolungelelwaniso lomsebenzi ngeseti yezithintelo eziphindwayo. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokulinganisela izenzo zezinye, idala inkqubo esebenzayo yokuphathana efuna intsebenziswano nengxoxo.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

IBhunga linezinto ezininzi ezinamandla zokulawula nokunyanzela isebe elilawulayo:

  • [[UMTL:0]] unqakrazo lwevetoes: Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iKhonklathi isenokuwumisela ngokukhusela uvotelo oluzii-3 ezimbini kwindlu nendlu yendlu.
  • Isiqinisekiso necebiso: Indlu yemibutho kufuneka iqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli kwiKhabhinethi, kwijaji yengingqi yengingqi, nezinye iindawo ezininzi zomgangatho ophezulu. Indlu yeQela ikwanika icebiso nemvume kwizivumelwano, ifuna iivoti ezimbini-3 zokwahlulwa.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukuqulunqa nokususwa: Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye amanye amagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa “yokucatshulwa, ukunyotywa, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abangekho mthethweni.] Indlu yendlu yecawa ibamba ityala kwaye ingakwazi ukususa umphathi ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu.
  • Amandla engxowa-mali: iBhunga lilawula yonke inkcitho yorhulumente; akukho mali inokukhutshwa kuTshelo lwemali ngaphandle kokufakwa komthetho.
  • Ukuququzelela kunye nokuva: iikomiti zeBhunga-ngqungquthela zinganikela amangqina namaxwebhu, ziphanda imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo ukutyhila inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukuxhaphaza.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

UMongameli usenokuyichasa ngeendlela ezininzi iBhunga:

  • Amandla e-VT: UMongameli angala ukutyikitya ityala, alibuyise kwi Congress ngokuphikisa. Oku kufuna iBhunga lihlanganise isibini sesithathu sobungangamsha obuphezulu ukudlula.
  • Ingqungquthela ekhethekileyo: UMongameli angahlanganisa iKonkela yentlanganiso ekhethekileyo xa kuvela imicimbi engxamisekileyo, anyanzelise abenzi bomthetho ukuba bacombulule imibandela ethile.
  • Ucwangciso locwangciso locwangciso lwezicwangciso: Ngeedilesi zikawonke-wonke, uMongameli ucebisa iinkqubo kwaye angasebenzisa “iqonga eliphakamileyo” ukukhuthaza inkxaso kawonke-wonke, ukunyanzela iBhunga ukuba lenze into ephambili.
  • Imiyalelo nemiyalelo esebenzayo: Ngelixesha engeyongxingxezo engqalileyo kwiBhunga, uMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukukhokela amaqumrhu karhulumente ekuzalisekiseni imithetho, ngokunempumelelo inkqubo yokubumba ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho okhoyo.

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

Ijaji inika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwimiqathango yowiso-mthetho negunya elilawulayo:

  • Uhlolo lwe-JUdicial: INkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zezwe zingawisa nawuphi na umthetho okanye isenzo solawulo oluphezulu esingqubana nomGaqo-siseko.
  • Ukwenziwa kwemithetho: kwenkundla ichaza intsingiselo yemithetho edluliswa yiBhunga, enokuthi ngokunempumelelo iguqule indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo.
  • Ubomi obusisigxina: abagwebi abajoliswe kwimijikelo yezobupolitika, abavumela ukuba benze izigqibo zokungakhethi ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo, nangona benokususwa ngokungacetyiswa.

Ezi zixhobo azimi nje; ziguquka ngokuqhelisela, ngokulandela imizekelo nemilo yezobupolitika, zisenza le nkqubo ikwazi ukumelana nezo ngxaki kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zidla ngokuphikisana.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yemfundiso

Ingcamango yokuhlola nokulinganisela ayizange ivele kwindawo engenamandla. Abalawuli baphenjelelwa kakhulu nguMcimbi woKhanyiso [[FLT: 0] uBaron de Montesquieu, oneminyaka eli-1748 esebenzayo uMoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ukuba ukunqanda ubuzwilakhe, amandla kufuneka ahlulwe kwaye alungelelaniswe phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo. Umthetho we-Melikane nolawulo lwe-British [[FLT] [[FLT] [1] apho ukumkani wabamba phantse ngokupheleleyo onke amandla onegunya afunekayo.[5] Ngexesha le Convention ye 1787, abathunywa baphikisana ngokukrala ngendlela egqithisileyo ukwenza urhulumente onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze akhusele iziphumo. [ii-Generaltic systeonthery] [5]

Imizekelo Engundoqo Yokuhlola Nokulungelelana Okusendleleni

Imbali yaseMerika izaliswe ngamaxesha aphawulekayo xa kwavavanywa yaye kwaqinisekiswa ukuxilongwa nokuqiniswa kwezi ziganeko.

IScankal yamanzi: iKhonkxa-ntekotho-zincwadi

Ihlazo leWatergate yee-1970 yenye yeyona mizekelo inamandla yokuhlola uwiso-mthetho kumphathi ophezulu. Emva kokuba abaqhekezi benyanzelekile kwikomkhulu leKomiti yeDemocratic, uMongameli Richard Nixon wazama ukugquma inxaxheba kubaphathi. IBhunga lasungula uphengululo, iikhasethi zeHome emhlophe ezincinci, kunye neKomiti yeHouse Jaudiary yavota amanqaku okungagunyazi. Inkundla ePhakathiweyo yanyanzela ngamxhelonye ukuba ikhuphe iikhase ( United States v.[FLT],, 1974]), ibonisa ukuzimela kweyahlulelo. Ipho kufutshane ne-onke i-ocesterceant, u-Prejini.

IRecument Review eSetwe ngoku: Marbury v. Madison (103)

Uluvo lweJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall kwi uMarbury v. Madison waqinisa amandla ejaji ukuhlola izenzo zeBhunga nokulichaza lingamiselwanga. Nangona eli tyala lalibandakanya impikiswano encinci, isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba “kugxininiswa kwiphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza ukuba ngumthetho.” Eli gunya lokuhlola lisetyenziswe ngamakhulu amaxesha ukuphelisa imithetho esekelwe kwisiseko somgqeba, ukusuka ekusebenzeni kwetyala, ukwenza isebe eliphakamileyo elilinganayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo nangona ingekho gunya.

Ukuqhubeka: Ikrele Elisemthethweni

Indlu yabameli iphendulile oomongameli abathathu: uAndrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), noDonald Trump (209 kunye no-2021). Akukho namnye owagwetywa yiBhunga le komiti, kodwa le nkqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengengqikelelo enamandla. Inkcazo kaMongameli Johnson yaphuma kwimfazwe phezu kokwakhiwa kweprojekthi; uMongameli Clinton waphuma kwihlazo lobuqu; yaye uMongameli uTrump ujongenelo ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya kunye nokuphembelela i-transkyt. Ityala ngalinye linyanzela uwonke namasebe ukuba ajonge imidaba ephezulu yokususwa komthetho, kwaye iijaji zelizwe zigxininise kwi-projectrial, abagwebi benziwe abagxeli, yaye abagwebi abagqeli.

Inkqubo Yesivumelwano Senkundla Ephakamileyo

Abalawuli abangoonobumba, kodwa iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso kufuneka ibaqinisekise, isenza inkqubo ephezulu yezopolitiki elungelelanisa amabhongo aphezulu ngokuvavanywa kwemithetho. Amadabi oqinisekiso akutshanje kumaJaji Neil Gormoth, uBrett Kavahaugh, noAmy Coney Barrett babonise indlela oku kuhlola oku oku okunokuthi kube kukubonakalisa ngayo ngokunzulu, ukanti inkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho nalinye iqela elinokukwazi ukubumba ijuba. Ukungavumi kweNtsimbi yeeNtsina ukuqwalasela uMongameli Obama nonomee Merrick Garland ngo2016 ngokwako bekuyiyo ukuba kuqheliselwe ngayo ingqiqo yokulawula, ingqina ukuba kwanokwenza umsebenzi womthetho ukujonga.

Ukubaluleka Kokuxilonga Nokulungelelana Kulawulo - melo Olusempilweni

Iingqiniba neengqiniba aziyonkathazo yabaphathi-mikhosi; zibalulekile ekukhuseleni inkululeko, ekuthinteleni ulawulo, nasekukhuthazeni ukuphendula. Ngokusasaza amandla, imikhosi yenkqubo yokuxoxisana nokulalanisa, ukunciphisa ubungozi obunokuthi nabuphi na ubukho bazo bunyanzele ukungathintelwa. Umthetho uyaqiniswa xa isebe ngalinye linokucel ’ umngeni iinkcazelo zabanye zomGaqo-siseko. Ingingqi ikwangenelwano ekubonakaleni: xa iBhunga lolawulo okanye umthetho uhlola, uluntu lufumana ukuqonda indlela urhulumente walo osebenza ngayo. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo inika iingongoma ezininzi zokufikelela kweminye ukuze impembelelo inkqubo yokhetho lomthetho, ukucela izikhundla abameli babo, okanye ukumangalela umngeni-mthetho woburhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwixesha lanamhlanje. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukwenziwa kwenqanawa ngenkulungwane ye-18, kunokubangela ukuma okuqinileyo nokungasebenzi kakuhle, ingakumbi ngamaxesha amanqam.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid

Xa elinye iqela lilawula umongameli omnye kwaye elinye lilawula elinye okanye zombini iigumbi zeBhunga, uvavanyo lungajika lube ziindlela zokuvala. Imithetho yeFilibuster kwiNdlu yeNdlu yoHlawulo, ukunqanda uqingqo-mali, kunye nokungavumi ukuqinisekisa ukuba oomatshini banokuzisa ulawulo ekume. Umzekelo, urhulumente ka-2013 uvale umthetho we-Afford Care Act kunye no-2019 lokuvalwa kwemali phezu kodonga lomda wemali ibonisa indlela amandla engxowa yemali enokuthi ibangele ngayo urhulumente xa izantluko-li zezobupolitika zinzulu. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ukuba abakhemi boomatshini bacinga ukuba imekobume engaphantsi kwe-Rhulumente kwaye ukuguqulwa kwela langoku kuguqukele kwizixhobo.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kolawulo nokwanda kwamandla omanyano

Abalawuli bobabini baye bandisa igunya labalawuli abaphezulu ngemiyalelo kaMongameli uNixon, izenzo zolawulo, kunye nongenelelo lomkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho. Abahlalutyi bathi oku kuphazamisa ulungelelwano olucetyiweyo, kuguqula umongameli abe ngumntu osisigxina. ISigqibo seWar Powers sowestery sonyaka ka- 1973, sadluliselwa phezu koMongameli uNixon, wazama ukulinganisela amandla kamongameli okufaka amajoni kwelinye ilizwe, kodwa ukuthobela kuye kwangqinelana. Ukusetyenziswa kokusayina kwamazwi okuchaza kwakhona imithetho kuye kwaphakamisa inkxalabo ngoMongameli uGaqonga.

Izisongelo Zenkululeko Yogwebo

Isebe lejaji, nangona likhuselwe bubomi, alithintelwanga kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Amadinga aye asuka angena kulawulo oluphezulu, kwaye abanye abagxeki batyhola ukuba amatyala agqibela ngokweengcamango kunasemthethweni. Imigudu yokwandisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukubeka imida, okanye ukukhulula iinkundla ezisezantsi zegunya kusongela inkululeko ebangela ukuba abagwebi basebenze njengoondilele. Inkqubo ixhomekeke ekuthembeni koluntu kwijaji, kwaye ukuhlasela ukuthembeka kwayo kusenokuwonakalisa ukuthembeka kwayo.

Ucelomngeni Lokungavumelani

Kwanaxa isebe likhupha uhlolo olucacileyo `njengetyala lenkundla okanye i-athom encinci/elinye isebe linokuxhathisa. UMongameli Andrew Jackson wala ngokudumekileyo ukunyanzelisa isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ukukhusela amazwe aseCherokee. Kutshanje, abameli besebe eliphetheyo baye bawatyeshela amapopona okanye banika iimpendulo ezingaphelelanga kwii-agorio, nto leyo ekhokelela ekupheliseni amadabi asemthethweni. Ngaphandle kokuvuma ukuthobela ngokuzithandela, ii-checksss ziba yimfuno.

Unyuso lwangoku kunye nesicelo sehlabathi lokwenene

Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwano lwemeko zihlala zikho yonke imihla eWashington. IKhomishini isebenzisa amandla ayo okulawula ukuvalwa kwetyala lezifo ezimandundu ukususela ekusabeleni konyulo. INkundla Ephakamileyo isombulula iimbambano ezinkulu ngamalungelo okuqhomfa, imithetho yemipu, kunye nemithetho yokusingqongileyo. UMongameli uyaqhubeka esebenzisa amandla kunye nemiyalelo yezolawulo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkqubo iye yavavanywa ziziganeko ezingakaze zenzeke ngaphambili: ukungaququki kukamongameli kabini, ukwala ulawulo lokusebenzisana nophando lwesivumelwano, kunye nonyulo oluthanda ukuba iinkundla zifune ukuba zixazulu zibambe impikiswano.

Inkqubo ikwanabela ngapha koko kumgangatho wesizwe. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ubandakanya imigaqo yokwahlula yamandla efanayo, kwaye abemi bangakujonga ukusebenza koorhulumente babo belizwe. Ubuchule bokukhokelwa kurhulumente, ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwenkqubo efunekayo zonke zixhomekeke ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kwee-check kunye nolungelelwaniso.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Efuna Ucoselelo

Inkqubo yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano ayizenzeli okanye azixhathisi. Ixhomekeke kubemi abanolwazi, abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke abazinikeleyo, kunye nokuzibophelela kunye kwimigaqo-siseko. Xa igunya lijoliswe kwingozi, inkululeko isengozini; xa ii-checks zihlonelwa, idemokhrasi ikhula. Abaphathi besakhiwo beyilwe urhulumente oya kunyanzela amasebe ahlukeneyo ukuba asebenzisane. Njengoko ilizwe lijongene neengxaki ezintsha, ukutshintsha kwezobugcisa ukuya kuguquguquka kwehlabathi, ukuma komlinganiselo ohlala uhleli kuxoko, amandla okuzinziswa nokuzinziswa kwenkululeko ekufuneka kuwo: ukuba amagosa kawonke-wonke abeke ityala, ukuba imithetho iqhutywe ekuhleni, kwaye akukho qela lo mntu okanye limele lizibeke ngaphandle komGaqonga. Abami kufuneka baqhubeke bethetha, besithiwa, kwaye baqinisekise olu lwabiwo lwenkululeko oluqhubeke nokuchazwa yiUnited States.