Ukuqonda Ubuxoki Babemi

Ukubekwa kwetyala ngokwesigxina kusisiseko senkqubo yokulawula eMelika yokucombulula iingxabano zabucala ngaphandle komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Enoba olo ngquzulwano lubandakanya ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, ityala lomntu, ukuchasana kwemida yempahla, okanye ukudityaniswa kweshishini, ukubekwa kwetyala kwamakhaya kunika inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo, inkundla emiselweyo yokufikelela kwisigqibo esisemthethweni. Injongo asikohlwaywa (njengoko kusenzeka kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho) kodwa kunokwenza iqela elilimeleyo liphinde liphinde liphinde liphindenetyala, imiqathango, okanye ukurhoxiswa kwetyala. Ukugatywa kwale le nkqubo kunokubangela ukuba ingxele engqongqo ngenxa yokuba imigaqo enyanzekile, imiqatha, nemimiselo yemiqatha, nezigqibo ezinokwenziwa ngamaqhinga enokwenza okanye eyaphulweyo. Eli nqaku lilungiselela ukuhamba lonke iqela lohambo loluntu ukuya kuhambo loluntu oluqhelekileyo oluyalu.

Kuyintoni Ukuxolelwa Kwabemi?

Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, apho urhulumente agweba umntu ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho, amatyala oluntu aqaliswa liqela labucala (ummangali-mthetho) eligunyazisa ukuba elinye iqela (ummangalelwa) lisilele ukwenza umsebenzi osemthethweni. Lo mgaqo ulawulwa ngumthetho ulawulwa yimithetho entluphekweni ebekelwe ityala yomthetho: i-torts (iglice, ukuhlawuliswa, ityala letyala), izivumelwano, iimbambano zempahla, ukucalucalucalulo lwempahla, ukuchaswa kwempahla yempatho, ukusetyenziswa kwempahla yomntu, kunye nomthetho wekhaya ofana noqhawulo lomtshato. Inkqubo yomthetho ilawulwa yimithetho entluntluntlukwano ye- iPuvel Procureal Revidence Requences, ityala, ityala yomthetho efanayo netyala lorhulumente, kwaye ityala elinjalo, ityala elibalulekileyo, ityala, okanye ityala elimiselweyo, elimiselweyo.

Uhlaziyo lwangaphakathi asisosiganeko esinye kodwa sisesenzeko esinye kodwa silandelelana kwenqanaba elidityanisiweyo, ngalinye elineenjongo zalo kunye nocelomngeni. Ngelixesha iimeko ezininzi zihlala phambi kokuvavanywa, ngamnye umfundisi kufuneka aqonde indlela inkqubo eqhubekekayo ngayo ukuze enze izigqibo zolwazi malunga necebo, ukuhlaliswa, kunye nentlawulo yezibonelelo. Iinqanaba ezithandathu ezingundoqo ze: ukubekwa phambili kohlelo, ukukhutshwa, ukulingwa, ukuvavanywa, kunye nenkqubo zasemva kweziphumo. Siza kuphinda sixubushe nezinye iindlela zokuphikisa ezithi zikhawuleze ixesha eliqhelekileyo.

Imithetho Yamakhaya

1. Uqikelelo lwangaphambili: Isiseko

Phambi kokuba uxwebhu olunye lugcinwe nenkundla, amaqela abandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yangaphambi kolu didi. Ngokunokwenzeka eli qonga libaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba limisela itravery yayo yonke into elandelayo. I-Plactiff̱ igqwetha liya kuqokelela izibakala, lichonge iimfanelo ezinokwenzeka zabamangalelwa, livavanye iimfanelo ezisemthethweni, lize livavanye umonakalo. Inxenye ebalulekileyo yale sigaba ingunobumba [[FLT: 0] ided uhlamvu olubhaliweyo olusemthethweni lweqela elichasayo elichaza iziphatho kunye nento efuna unyango olukhethekileyo, ngokufuthi ngommiselo. Ileta isebenza iinjongo ezimbini: isenokuyikhuthaza ukuhlalisa ngaphandle kokuphosa, kwaye ukuba ityala libonisa oko kuboniswa yinkundla ecacileyo.

Isiluleko sokhuselo, xa sifumana ileta efunwayo, siza kuphanda ngobungqina, imigaqo-nkqubo ye-inshorensi (ukuba ikho), kwaye sicebisa umxhasi ukuba afumane ulwahlulo. Iimpikiswano ezininzi ziconjululwe kweli nqanaba ngentlola, nge-media, okanye ngokwezigaba ezifakwe kwizivumelwano. Ulwahlulelo lwangaphambi komthetho lubandakanya ugcino lobungqina: omabini amacala kufuneka anikezele [[FLT: 0]] iziqinisekiso zokukhusela ukonakalisa amaxwebhu afanelekileyo, ii-imeyili, kunye nezinye ii-data. Ukungaphumeleli ukugcina ubungqina kusenokukhokelela kwimiqathango enzima, kuquka imiyalelo engalunganga kwinkundla egweba.

Ukuzifica Izikhalazo

Ukuba imigudu yokuzimela phambi kwetyala iyasilela, ummangalelwa uqala ukumangalela ngokufaka ityala [[FLT: 0] uphakamiso-magama ngenkundla efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo sisicelo esisisiseko esimisela i-Platotiff ̱ izityholo. Kufuneka iqulathe amazwi amafutshane nacacileyo enkundla & ... [FLT:] kunye [FLT] [F:] ulawulo (ulawulo oluphezulu-mathetho- negunya kunye negunya lobuqu) [[5] iimigangatho ezimiselwe yiNkuMbambo ephakamileyo., isikhalazo esibonisa ityala linelungelo lokukhulula, kwaye imfuneko yomgwebo. Phantsi kwemeko ephantsi kobucala inqandayo. [FLT] [FFF]] [FF] kunye nokunganxa-mfangenwa yi-okse.[5]

Isikhalazo sibekwa kunye umkhalazo , oluluxwebhu lwenkundla oluchaza ummangalelwa ukuba uyamangalelwa kwaye kufuneka aphendule ngexesha elimisiweyo (ngokomzekelo iintsuku ezingama-21 kwinkundla karhulumente, nangona imithetho karhulumente yahlukene). I-Platotiff kufuneka isebenzise la maxwebhu kummangalelwa ngokungqinelana nemithetho ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo ̬ ngokunjalo ngokuhambisa ngokobuqu iposi eqinisekisiweyo, okanye inkqubo yomncedisi. Inkonzo efanelekileyo yimfuneko efunekayo yemithetho elungiselelwe urhulumente; inkonzo enesiphene isenokulibazisela ukunikezelwa okanye iziphumo zokugxothwa.

3. I-Iant’ iNkqubela-phambili

Xa enikezelwe, ummangalelwa unefestile elinganiselweyo yokuphendula okanye ukuphendula. Iimpendulo eziqhelekileyo zezi:

  • Impendulo: Ummangalelwa uyavuma okanye uyakhanyela ityala ngalinye kwisikhalazo. Ukusilela ukukhaba isityholo kunokuphathwa njengokuvunywa. Impendulo isenokuquka iziqinisekiso eziqinisekisiweyo[ (umz., ummiselo wesithintelo, ukungakhathali okunikezelweyo, isikhalazo) okufuneka kucelwe ngqo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha: Ummangalelwa angaphikisa ngokuthi isikhalazo singasileli ukuchaza isikhalazo esisemthethweni (Umthetho weFederal 12(6) okanye ukuba inkundla ayinalo igunya. Ukuba ivunyiwe, ityala lingagxothwa ngaphandle kocalucalulo (ukuvumela ukwenziwa kwefayile) okanye ngekhethe (ukwenziwa kwexesha elizayo).
  • Ibalaualclaim: Ummangalelwa angaqiqa ngokuchasene nomphathi, emenza ummangalelwa abe ngummangalelwa kwezo mbango. Oku kuqhelekile kwizivumelwano apho amacala omabini angqubana.

Iqonga lokungcelela liyichaza ngokunempumelelo imiba ephikisanayo. Xa impendulo ibekwe, ityala lidlulela kwelona qondo libalulekileyo lovimba: ukufunyanwa.

4. Ukufunyanwa: Utshintshiselwano Lolwazi

Ukufunyaniswa yi-injini yoluvo lwamakhaya. Kuvumela iqela ngalinye ukuba lifumane ubungqina kwelinye icala nakumaqela amathathu ngaphambi kokuvavanywa, lisuse izinto ezimangalisayo kunye nokuhlaliswa kweendawo ezikhuthazayo. Umlinganiselo wokufumana into ebanzi: amaqela angafumana ukufunyanwa malunga nayo nayiphi na into engeyoyayo enxulumene nalo naliphi na iqela i̱ lizithethelela okanye likhusele okanye lilungelelanise iimfuno zomzekelo (Umthetho oPhakathi ka-26(b)(1).

  • [[NTLA] Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe ngokubhala phantsi kwesifungo. Iinkundla zomanyano zilinganisela amatyala kwi 25 (kuquka iinxenye ezisezantsi), kodwa imithetho karhulumente ingahluka. Iingingqi ziluncedo ekufumaneni ulwazi olusisiseko njengamagama amangqina, ubalo lomonakalo, kunye nophawu lwamaxwebhu.
  • Iimfuno zokuveliswa: Iimfuno zokuvelisa amaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki (ESI), kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo. Kwilithingitha langoku, ESI (iiposi, imigca esusela phambili, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, imijelo engekhoyo) isoloko ibumba isambuku sokufumana. Iipatroji kufuneka ziphawule kwaye zigcine iESI esebenzayo kwaye ziyenze ngendlela esetyenziswayo.
  • Imiba: Umbuzo womlomo weqela okanye wobungqina phantsi kwesifungo, obhalwe ngumcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla okanye umbhali wevidiyo. Izixhobo zisona sixhobo sinamandla sokufumana kuba zivumela ukulandela imibuzo kwaye zivumela igqwetha ukuba livavanye ingqina ̱ ukubonakalisa ubuntu kunye nokuthembeka. Isiqinisekiso sokwenziwa koxwebhu singasetyenziswa ukuguqula ubungqina ekuchongenini kwetyala okanye ukuxhasa ugwebo olushwayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izicelo zonikezelo: iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezifuneka ukuba iqela eliphikisayo livume okanye likhanye. Imvume iyakwazi ukucinezela imiba yokuvavanya ngokususa iindidi ezingavavanywanga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Subpoenas: isetyenziswa ukunyanzela ii-others ukuvelisa amaxwebhu okanye ukuvela kogcino.

Ukufumana okusoloko kulithuba elibiza kakhulu nelixa lokufumana ixesha. Iintlanganiso ezisoloko zidityaniswe ngeempikiswano zobungakanani, ukubaluleka, kunye nomthwalo wezicelo. Iinkundla ziye zaluphaphamela ngakumbi ulungelelwaniso, kwaye amaqela kufuneka asebenze ngokusebenzisana ukuze aphephe imvume. Isicwangciso sokufumana sidla ngokufunwa kusekuseni, ngokufuthi kwingqungquthela enika ingxubusho kunye nomgwebi.

5. Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuvavanywa, omnye umntu anga faka izithuba ukusombulula ityala okanye alole imiba. Okona kubalulekileyo yile imvakalelo yomgwebo wesishwankathelo [, ecela inkundla ukuba ilawule ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene njengakwento ephathekayo kwaye ukuba iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengombandela womthetho. Ukuba ligunyazisiwe, ityala liphela ngaphandle kovavanyo. Umgwebo woshwankathelo sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokulahla izinto ezingafanelekanga okanye izikhuseli, kodwa ufuna irekhodi ecacileyo ecacileyo ekufumanekeni. Eminye imisebenzi yangaphambili yovavanyo iquka:

  • Intshukumo yokukhupha ingxolo: Ukukhupha ubungqina obuthile ekuthethweni ngetyala (umz., iifoto ezicalucalula okanye uvava).
  • Intshukumo yokunyanzela ukufunyanwa: Ukunyanzela umphikisi ukuba athobele izicelo zokufumanisa.
  • Intshukumo yokutshintsha indawo: Ukuba usasazo lwangaphambi kwenkundla okanye ezinye izinto zenza ukuba ukuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo kungabi nokwenzeka kwindawo yokuqala.

6. Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukuba ityala liyaqhubeka lisindela kwisigwebo esifutshane, lisaqhubeka lichotshelwa. Ityala lisisigqibo sikawonke-wonke sempikiswano, apho icala ngalinye lichaza ityala lalo kumgwebi (ityala lebhenki) okanye kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Isakhiwo silandela indlela eqheleke kakhulu:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iingxelo ezivulayo: igqwetha ngalinye lichaza ubungqina eliza kubunikela.
  • Umbhalo oqhelekileyo ’ unobumba-ngentloko: Umfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono othe ngqo onika ubungqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ingqina ngalinye lifumana uvavanyo olungqalileyo, linqamleze, libhekise phambili, liphinde libuyele.
  • [[UMTL:0] IDefendant ’ unobumba-ngentloko: Ummangalelwa unika ubungqina bakhe namangqina.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhutshwa kunye ne- surretal: Ilinganisela ubungqina obongezelelekileyo ukuphikisa amanqaku amatsha aphakanyiswe kwelinye icala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezichazayo: Ii Attorney zishwankathela ubungqina kwaye ziphikisane ngesizathu sokuba umxhasi wabo afanele aphumelele.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imiyalelo engaqhelekanga: Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mthetho kumthetho osebenzayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isigqibo: Abachopheli betyala (okanye isahluleli kwityala lebheri) sigqiba izibakala kwaye sikhupha isigqibo.

Izilingo zingathatha usuku okanye iiveki eziliqela, kuxhomekeka ekuntsonkothekeni. Iimeko ezininzi zabemi zifuna isigqibo somgwebi ohlanganyelweyo kuphela kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuba amaqela avumelana ngenye indlela; imithetho karhulumente iyahluka. Emva kwesigqibo, inkundla ingena kwisigwebo esichaza isiqabu: umonakalo wemali, umyalelo, umgwebo wokukhupha ityala, okanye intlanganisela ethile.

7. Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Emva komgwebo, iqela eliphulukana nento lineenketho ezilinganiselweyo. Bangafaka iintshukumo zasemva kovavanyo, njenge [[FLT: 0] imo yetyala elitsha. Le ntshukumo inemiqathango engqongqo (esekelwe kwiimpazamo okanye kwizenzo ezingalunganga) okanye ukubhenela umgwebo njengombandela womthetho (JOLL)[[FLT]], iphikisa ukuba isigqibo asifaneleki. Ukuba isantya sineentsuku ezingama-28 kwinkundla yelizwe). Ukuba liyakhanyelwa, iqela lingabhenela kwinkundla ephezulu. Izibheno azinanziwa zityala; zijolise ityala elisemthethweni elingenziwa ngumgwebi. Inkundla i-odetal-mstele, ithetha iimpikiswano, kwaye ibhala imo, ibuyisela uluvo, okanye i-enzamendo, okanye i-enzalelo lweminyaka.

Enye iNkxaso

Ngenxa yokuba ukuchazwa kwesithethe kubiza imali eninzi kwaye kuthatha ixesha, iinkundla ezininzi zikhuthaza okanye zifuna amaqela ukuba aqwalasele okanye acinge ngesigqibo esichaseneyo. I-ADR ibandakanya iinkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezilungiselelwe ukucombulula iingxabano ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo:

  • Uququzelelo: Ulungu lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba (umlamleli) unceda amaqela ukuba afumane indawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela. Ukuxilonga kuyimfihlo kwaye akubopheleli. Nokuba kungaphumeleli, kusoloko kucacisa icala ngalinye i’ kucacisa iindawo kunye nemiba emincinane yokuvavanya.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Arbitation: Isiphathi sobundilele okanye iqela lomkhosi liva ubungqina kwaye linikela isigqibo esibophelelayo. Ulwahlulo ludla ngokuba lukhawulezile kwaye luzimele ngaphezu kokuvavanywa, kodwa ukufunyanwa kwamalungelo okubhena kulinganiselwe, kwaye amalungelo okubhenela athintelwe kakhulu. Iingxelo ezininzi ziquka iindidi ezinyanzelisayo ezifuna iimpikiswano ukusombulula le ndlela.
  • Uhlolo lwangaphambili lwe-Neutral (ENE): Ingcali yobundilele ivavanya inzuzo yemeko kwaye inika uluvo kwiziphumo ezinokwenzeka, unceda amaqela alinganise iindawo zokuhlaliswa.
  • Ukuvavanya okungagqibekiyo: I-ava inguqulelo eshwankathelweyo yetyala kwaye iguqulela isigqibo se-advisory, amaqela ayisebenzisayo ukuncokola ngesithuthi.

I-ADR ingenzeka nakweliphi na ixesha, kodwa isebenza kakhulu phambi kokuba kufunyaniswe iindleko ezibalulekileyo. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna amaqela ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwi [[FLT: 0] ulwamkelo lolawulo kwangoko kucwangciso.

Oyena Mdlalo Kubantu Abanemiqathango

Iindleko Nexesha

Imali yokunika ityala yoluntu ibizwa ngokuba imbi kakhulu. Imali yentengiso eninzi, iinkcitho zolwazi, iindleko zokonga, kunye neendleko ezizizo ezinokusetyenziswa ekuhlawuleni zingafikelela kumakhulu amawaka eerandi nakwimeko ezintsonkothileyo. Kubantu abanazo izibonelelo ezisikelwe umda, ixabiso lingathintelwa. Iimali zemali ezihlawulelwayo [ (apho igqwetha lihlawulwa ipesenti yokuphucula) ziqhelekile kwingozi yobuqu nakwimeko ezintluntlukwano, kodwa azifumaneki kuzo zonke iintlobo zezibhengezo. Ii-Cintengiso kufuneka zibe noqingqo lwemali kwaye ziqwalasele ukuba ngaba zinokuphumelela ukuphumelela kwemali.

Umlinganiselo

Ityala linemiqathango emiselwe ngabantu bonke, elimiselwe ixesha elifanelekileyo elimele ligcinwe ngalo. Ukungawugqibi lo mqathango kudla ngokubulala. Iimithetho zemithetho yommiselo iyahluka ngokolawulo nohlobo lolawulo, ukusuka kunyaka omnye (ukusetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe) ukuya kwiminyaka emithandathu (iintlanganiso kumaphondo amaninzi). Amatyala omanyano, njengalawo angaphantsi kwama-42.S.C. 76, aboleka urhulumente i̱ ummiselo wokonzakalisa ngokobuqu. Kunyanzelekile ukudibana negqwetha ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphakama kwempikiswano.

Ukukhetha Inkundla Efanelekileyo

Abameli kufuneka bagqibe enoba ukumangalelwa kwinkundla yephondo okanye yesizwe. Iinkundla zoMasipala zinokusikelwe umda: zingava amatyala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe (ulawulo lwetyala) okanye iimbambano phakathi kwabemi bamazwe awahlukeneyo apho imali exabanayo ingaphezulu lee-$75 000 (ulawulo lombuso). Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha yonke enye into. Ukhetho lungachaphazela imithetho ye-procedro, izihlangu, kwanemithetho engaphantsi kwetyala esetyenziswa (iinkundla zetyala lomthetho wetyala eliphantsi kwimibango yamazwe eyahlukeneyo isebenzisa umthetho we-othoba ye-othona).

Indima Yeinshorensi

I-inshorensi idla ngokuba nendima ebalulekileyo ekuhlaziyweni kwetyala loluntu. Iinkqubo ze-inshorensi zobukhomfastile zimisela umsebenzi kumxhasi wetyala ukukhusela ityala elikhuselweyo. Iimeko ezininzi ezinkulu ngokusisiseko ziyimfazwe phakathi kweenkampani ze-inshorensi ezisemva kwengxelo. Kwakhona ii-Inshorensi zinembopheleleko yokufaka ityala kwimigwebo egqunyiweyo okanye kwiindawo zokuhlala. Abachaphazeli-mthetho mabaqonde ukukhutshelwa kwazo baze banike isaziso esifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo sokulondoloza amalungelo.

Ulungiso lombane

Uninzi lwamatyala abemi, “‘ luthelekisa umahluko ukusuka ku 85% ukuya ku 95%. Ukuzinzisa kunokwenzeka nangaliphi na ixesha: ngexesha lokuthethana ngaphambi kokumiswa kwetyala, emva kokufumana ubuthathaka, okanye kwanaxa kuvavanywa emva kwengxelo yokuvula. Ukuseka kungumsebenzi obalulekileyo phakathi kwamaqela okuphelisa ukumangalelwa kwemiqathango evumelanayo (ngokuqhelekileyo intlawulo yemali). Iinkundla zisoloko zihlalisana ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko kulawulo lwangaphambili okanye ngokubamba iingqungquthela. Iintlanganiso kufuneka zivavanye iingozi zokuvavanywa nokungaqiniseki komvo. Kwimithetho emininzi, zinika imithetho yokugweba (njengemithetho efana nomthetho kaPhondo 68) ikhupha iindleko zokuhlawula ukuba iqela liyala ukurhola nokubuyisa ibhulo kwaye ngoko lifumana iinkozo ezincinane.

Isiphelo

Ukuchana kwendlela yoluntu kulungelelaniswe ngendlela elula kodwa esebenzayo efuna ubuchule, ukuthobela imigaqo, kunye noqikelelo olusengqiqweni lobungozi kunye nemivuzo. Ukusuka kwileta yokuqala efunwayo ukuya kwisibheno esinokwenzeka, inyathelo ngalinye linikela amathuba okubumba iziphumo. "ukuba i-ADR" i-activedvocacy, okanye i-addigracy echuliweyo ekulisweni. Ngoxa inkqubo isenokucotha kwaye ibe nexabiso elininzi, ihlala isesona simo sithembekileyo sokucombulula iimpikiswano ezintlukwano kwibutho elilawulwa ngumthetho. Kumntu nabani na ojonga okanye ocinga ngelithi, inyathelo lokuqala kukudibana nelithamsane ekwaziyo ukuqwalasela inzuzo, ichaza ixesha elithe krafitye, kwaye icebisa kwiindleko ezininzi ezinokucombulula kwindlela yokulungisa. Ngokuqonda amanyathelo achazwe apha kulawulo oluphezulu kwisigqibo esichatshaneyo kwaye athathe izigqibo ezithene zezakhono ezithe zitheth'ienu.

ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bona iMelika Bar Associatioṉ izibonelelo kwinkqubo yamakhaya kunye nemithetho yeProjekthi yangaphakathi [[[FLT:][FLT]] ukusuka kwi Cornell LII. Ngaphezu koko, iziko lohlanga lweenkqubo zeBhunga linika izinto ezintle kwi-ADR.[FLT]]