Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seNkxaso enguMongameli

Isifungo somongameli weofisi, esiqulunqwe kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1 loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, limela enye yezona zithethe zihlala zihleli kulawulo lwaseMelika. Xa abafaki-fashoni behlanganisene ePhiladelphia ngehlobo lonyaka we-1787, baqonda ukuba impumelelo ye-Riphabliki yabo yovavanyo ixhomekeke kakhulu kubuntu nakwisibophelelo somphathi wayo omkhulu. Ulwimi olungqalileyo ababeluqulungela isifungo somongameli lwalungacebisi ngenjongo, befuna ukuba umongameli a "afung ’ ukubhamba" okanye "Aingqi" ukuba babeya kukuthi ngokuthembeka baphumeze i-ofisi yoMongameli we-United States" kwaye, kwilona lona gunya liphambili lamandla abo, "userverivel, kunye nokhuselo umGwe-Styhili waseUnited States"

Umahluko phakathi kokuthuka nokuqinisekisa wawuyimveliso yokuqwalasela ngenyameko. Olunye udidi olusunguliweyo, kuquka amaQuaker kunye namahlelo athile amancinane onqulo, lwaluziphikisa izifungo zobufundisi ekufungeni. Ngokuvumela ukuvunywa kwesivumelwano njengenye indlela, abafaki-zicelo babonisa imbopheleleko kwinkululeko yonqulo eyakuqinisekiswa kamva kwiSinyuko Sokuqala. Olukhetho luncinane kodwa olunentsingiselo lwayibethelela injongo ebanzi yoMgaqo-siseko: ukuyila urhulumente onokuthi ahlalise iinkolelo ezahlukeneyo ngoxa ugcina umanyano lwenjongo.

Ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko ePhiladelphia, iKomiti yeNkqutyana yacebisa kuqala ukuba kwenziwe isifungo esilula, kodwa inguqulelo yokugqibela yavela kwiKomiti Yeendidi, eyayiquka iGouverneur Morris, onconywe ngokubanzi ngemimiselo emihle evela kumGaqo-siseko namhlanje. Isifungo sayilwa ukuphunyezwa esithe ngcembe, ngokwesithethe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeUnited States, nangona uMgaqo-siseko ungachazi ukuba ngubani omele amele asilawule. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isiko sogwebo esiyintloko sokulawula isifungo samiselwa ngokuqinileyo, ngokumisela uGeorge Washington isifungo sokuqala ngoApril 30, 1789, kwiHolo yeSixeko saseNew York, esilawulwa nguRobert Livington, uMphathi-Candelo waseNew York.

Ukunikezelwa kweWashington kwamiselwa imizekelo eyakuphembelela ukutshintsha komongameli kangangeenkulungwane ezayo. Wongezelela ibinzana elithi "Undincede uThixo" ukuya ekupheleni kwesifungo, isithethe esilandelwe ngabona bakhulu, nangona kungafunwanga ngokomGaqo-siseko. IWashington ikwabeka isandla sayo kwiBhayibhile, iseka esinye isithethe somfuziselo esiye saqhubeka kwimbali yaseMerika. Oku kwangeniswa ngokungacwangciswanga kwimfuno yemithetho kubonisa indlela esifungo esaqala ngayo kuqheliselo, sibe singummiselo obalulekileyo kunalowo bacinga ukuba uthelekelele.

Umgaqo-nkqubo ochazwa ngokusemthethweni ukwabonakalisa ukuxinana okusisiseko kulawulo lwamaMelika: ulwalamano phakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo namanye amasebe orhulumente. Ngokufunga uku "khusela, ukukhusela nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko," umongameli uyavuma ukuba igunya lawo lisuka kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, kungekhona kwigunya eliqhelekileyo okanye iphulo lobuqu. Oku kumela ukuzinikela okunzulu kumthetho, umgaqo oye wavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngexesha lengxaki yesizwe.

Iintlawulo zobuongameli ngexesha lemfazwe

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ukunikezelwa komongameli kuye kwadibana rhoqo namaxesha ongquzulwano lwezikhephe. La mathuba atyhila indima yesifungo ekunikezeleni inkqubela nozinzo ngexesha lobungozi nokungaqiniseki. Ulwamkelo loxolo lokudluliswa kwamandla kunye nezibakala zemfazwe zadala amaxesha anamandla omfuziselo akhuthaza ulawulo-demokhrasi.

UAbraham Lincoln Nemfazwe Yamakhaya

Unikezelo lokuqala lukaAbraham Lincoln ngoMatshi 4, 1861, lwenzeka ngaphaya kwesiseko sobuphengululi kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya esondelayo. Amazwe asixhenxe asemazantsi ayesele evakalise ukuhambela phambili kwawo ukusuka kwi-Union phambi kokuba uLincoln afunge, kwaye amaZwe aMazwe aseMelika azimele ngenyanga engaphambili. Imo eWashington ayemi kakubi, imikhosi yomkhosi ebekwe kulo lonke isixeko ukunqanda ugonyamelo. ULincoln ngokwakhe wayefike kwikomkhulu ngokufihlakeleyo, efaka isicwangciso sokubulala eBaltimorence.

IJaji enkulu uRoger B. Taney wafungisa uLincoln kwimpuma yePortico yeCapitol. I-ayiyilanga yayinokuvela: UTaney wayebhale isigqibo sikaDred Scott sokuba uLincoln kunye neRiphabliki yakhe idibene kakhulu. Oku kuququzelelwa kweentshaba zezobupolitika ezinenxaxheba kwinkqubo yezomgaqo-siseko kwabonisa ukuqina kwamaziko aseMelika kanye njengokuba uhlanga luthe xhathisa ekumngciphekweni wokurhoxiswa. Idilesi yeliconl, ngesicelo salo salo salo esidumileyo kwi "ingelosi ezingcono zendalo yethu," yabonakalisa ithemba lakhe lokuxolelana nokuzimisela kwakhe ukulondoloza i-Union.

Unikezelo lwesibini lukaLincoln ngoMatshi 4, 1865, lwanikela imeko eyahlukileyo ngokuphawulekayo. Imfazwe yabemi yayikwiveki zayo zokugqibela, noloyiso lwama-Union luqinisekile. ULincoln wanikela mhlawumbi idilesi ebalaseleyo yokusungula imbali yaseMelika, ebiza "iindawo ezimele zonke" kunye "njengoko uhlanga lwalulungiselela ukwakhiwa kwakhona. IJaji enkulu uSalphin P. Chase wanikela isifungo, umqondiso wendlela ekwakuyiyo ngokupheleleyo ngayo umhlaba wezobupolitika ukususela kwixesha likaDrede Scott. Kwiiveki ezintandathu kamva, uLincoln wayeza kubulawa, enze intetho yakhe yesibini echaza iindleko zemfazwe kunye nocelomngeni zoxolo.

UFranklin D. Roosevelt neMfazwe Yehlabathi II

UFranklin D. Roosevelt wanikezela izifungo ezine eziqulethwe kuKudodobala Okukhulu neMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amaxesha awavavanya ulawulo-mpukane lwaseMelika ukuya kwimida yalo. Ukunikezelwa kwakhe kokuqala ngoMatshi 4, 1933, kwenzeka ngexesha lobunzulu bodandatheko, ekungaqeshwanga kwafikelela kwi25% kwaye ukungafumani mandla ebhanki kwalunwela lonke ilizwe. IJaji enkulu uCharles Evans Hughes yasifunqula isifungo njenge Roosevelt edume ngokuba "kuphela kwento esimele soyike yiyo." Umbhiyo wesithendeleko wamela umlinganiselo wethemba kunye nokuzimisela, nezigidi zamaMerika ezaziphulaphule unomathotholo ngaphaya kwelizwe.

Unikezelo lwesithathu lukaRoosevelt ngoJanuwari 20, 1941 — lokuqala ekwenzeka ngomhla omtsha omiselwe nguMphengululo weshumi elinesibini — lwaqala njengoko iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yagqugqisa eYurophu kodwa phambi kokuba iMelika ibandakanyeke ngqo. Isifungo sasebenza njengesikhumbuzi sezithethe zedemokhrasi zaseMelika ngexesha apho ifascism yayisongela amaziko edemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Ngonyaka ka-1945, xa uRosevelt wafunga ngexesha lesine, wayesele ephelelwa yimpilo, kwaye imfazwe yayisondela kwisiphelo sayo. Ukukhawuleza koku kunikezelwa kwendlu emhlophe — kwakubanjelwe kwi-portovecone, kunokuba kuCapitol ngenxa yokuthintelwa kwemfazwe yemfazwe — kwabonakalisa ukudinwa nokungxamiseka kwexesha.

Kulo lonke ulawulo lukaRoosevelt, isifungo sasifuzisela ukuqhubeka nokuzinza ngexesha locelomngeni olungakaze lubekho. Ukuvuma kwakhe ukwaphulwa nesithethe — okokuqala ngokusukela kumabinzana amathathu, kwaza kwamana amane — kwaphakamisa imibuzo emalunga namandla obungameli eya kukhokelela kwiSindululo samashumi amabini anesibini se-Second. Kodwa ngexesha lamanqam ngokwaso, ulawulo oluthe rhoqo lwesifungo lwanika isiqinisekiso sokuba iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ziyaqhubeka zisebenza.

Iindawo zobuongameli Ngexesha Lemiba Yezobupolitika NeyomGaqo-siseko

Ngaphandle kweemfazwe, imbali yaseMerika iquka izihlandlo ezininzi apho kwakusenziwa izifungo zomongameli ngexesha lesiphithiphithi sezobupolitika, ukungaqiniseki komgaqo-siseko, okanye iimeko ezilandelelanayo.

UJohn Tyler noMongameli Wokuqala

Ukufa kukaMongameli William Henry Harrison ngo1841, inyanga nje enye emva kokunikezelwa kwakhe, kwadala ingxaki engokomGaqo-siseko eyakumisela umzekelo obalulekileyo. Ukufa kukaHarrison kwakungukufa komongameli wokuqala eofisini, kwaye ibinzana lolandelelwano lomGaqo-siseko lalingacacanga, lichaza kuphela ukuba amandla obumongameli "aza kuhlulwa nguMongameli" ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba umongameli okanye umongameli waba ngumongameli osebenza kwilungelo lakhe.

Umongameli oyiNtloko uJohn Tyler wayesekhaya lakhe eWilliamsburg, eVirginia, xa wafumanisa ukuba uHarrison ufile. Wakhawuleza waya eWashington kwaye wafunjwa nguMgwebi omkhulu William Cranch we-U.S. iNkundla yeSithili yeSithili saseColumbia ngoAprili 6, 1841. UTyler wakhawuleza wagomela ukuba wayengengowokuba "umongameli osebenzayo" kuphela kodwa wayengumongameli opheleleyo, onezo zonke iimbopheleleko zesikhundla. Wathabatha isifungo somongameli soburhulumente ukuqinisa isaziso sakhe, emisela idemodeli yomongameli abaphumelele kumongameli ekwilungelo labo ekunene. Esi mzekelo wamiselwa kamva kwinkqubo engamashumi amabini amabini-FFFomercedge. ISifungo sabonisa indlela yokufushamela indlela yokusebenza kwe-gromast, ngokulungiselela ukulungiselela ukulungiselela ukulungiselela i-gracculdern, ukulungiselela ukulungiselela ukulungiselela.

UAndrew Johnson nokwakhiwa kwakhona

Ukulandelana kuka-Andrew Johnson emva kokubulawa kukaLincoln ngoApril 15, 1865, kwamela olunye lwezinguquko ezithe kratya zomongameli kwimbali yaseMerika. Johnson, iDemocrate yaseTennessee eyahlala ithembekile kwi-Union, wafungela ngaphakathi yiJaji enkulu uSalmon P. Chase kumsitho omfutshane kwihotele yeKirkwood House eWashington. Isifungo sathatha ukubaluleka okukhulu njengoko uJohnson wayenombono wokuba ukhokelo lwesizwe olusagubha kwimfazwe yamakhaya kwaye ngoku esilila ukulahlekelwa yinkokeli yalo enkulu.

Umongameli kaJohnson uza kuphawulwa kukungqubana okukrakra neKhomishini yokuququzelela inkqubo yokuqulunqwa kwakhona. Ukuvuma kwakhe ukwenza isifungo sokusebenza akuzange kuthintele ukukhutshwa kwakhe ekugqibeleni yiNdlu yabameli — nangona wakhululwa yivoti enye kwiNdlu yeQela. Ityala likaJohnson labonisa imida yesifungo: ngoxa lalibophelele umongameli ukuba amele abambelele kumGaqo-siseko, alinakuqinisekisa ukuba umongameli uya kutolika iimbopheleleko zomgaqo-siseko ngendlela efanayo neBhunga.

Lyndon B. Johnson nokubulawa kweJFK

Mhlawumbi esona sifungo siphawulekayo somongameli kwimbali yaseMerika senzeka kwiNgqungquthela Yokuqala yasemoyeni ngoNovemba 22, 1963, iiyure nje ezimbalwa emva kokubulawa kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy eDallas, eTexas. Umongameli uLyndon B. Johnson wafunghiselwa ngujaji wezwe uSara T. Hughes, eyenza uJohnson abe ngumongameli wokuqala ukuba asungulwe ngumfazi. Lo mbhiyozo wawenziwa kwimingxuma yenqwelo-moya yomongameli, kunye noJacqueline Kennedy, esanxibe isuti yakhe yegazi epinki, eme kufutshane.

Umfanekiso wale nto yokuthuka waba ngomnye wemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ethatha umbizane womhlaba kunye nokungakhawulezi kulandelelwano lomongameli. Isifungo sikaJohnson samela imfuneko yomGaqo-siseko kunye nomqondiso onamandla wokuqhubeka ngexesha loloyiko nosizi lwesizwe. Isantya esenzeka ngaso olu tshintsho — kwisithuba nje seeyure ezimbini emva kokufa kukaKennedy — sabonisa ukubaluleka komgaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla obungameli asoloko edluliselwa ngokukhawuleza nangokucacileyo.

Ulandelelwano lukaJohnson lwabalaselisa ukubaluleka kwezithuthi zale mihla kunye nonxibelelwano kutshintsho lomongameli. UJohnson wafunga phambi kokunduluka eDallas, eqinisekisa ukuba akukho msantsa kwigunya elilawulayo oyakwenzeka nanjengoko uhlanga lufunda ngokufa kukaKennedy. Le ndlela yaba ngumzekelo wokulandelelana kwexesha elizayo, igxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqhubekeka ngokukhawuleza nokubonakala.

IMibuliso yoMongameli Ngexesha LeMfazwe Yomlomo Neziphene Zezizwe Ngezizwe

Ixesha leMfazwe Yomlomo laqalisa iingxaki ezintsha koomongameli baseMerika, ngezixhobo zenyukliya, ukungqubana kweengcamango neembopheleleko zomhlaba wonke, ukutshintsha indlela asebenza ngayo amandla obungameli.

UJohn F. Kennedy noXanduva lweMfazwe Yenyukliya

UJohn F. Kennedy waqalisa ngoJanuwari 20, 1961, yenzeka ngexesha loxinezeleko lwemfazwe yomlomo. Umongameli omtsha wanikela intetho yakhe yokuqalisa kwingqele ekrakra yasebusika baseWashington, amazwi akhe abonakala ngokuphefumla ngokuphandle njengoko wayethetha kwilizwe nehlabathi elijongene nobunzima obudumileyo bukaKennedy — "Buza ungakuceli oko ilizwe lakho linokukwenzela kona" — wanikelwa nxamnye nokungquzula kwenyukliya nokungquzula kweSoviet Union.

IJaji enkulu uWarren wanika uKennedy isifungo, owabeka isandla sakhe kwiBhayibhile enye eyasetyenziswa nguGeorge Washington noAbraham Lincoln. Isifuziselo sokuqhubeka nomongameli bangaphambili sasingesomganyana, sicebisa ukuba izithethe zedemokhrasi zaseMelika zaziya kunyamezela kwiingxaki zexesha le-athom. Kodwa uKennedy ukunikezelwa kwakhe kwabonisa ubutsha namandla esizukulwana esitsha, nomongameli oneminyaka engama-33 ubudala owayemela umahluko ocacileyo noMnduleli uDwight Eisnenhower, owayengoyena mongameli omdala kunaye ngonyaka wama-70.

Kennedy umongameli uzakulawulwa ziimeko ezimaxongo zamanye amazwe, kuquka iBay of Hubers, iBhunga leBhunga, iNkundla yaseBerlin, kunye neNkundla yeCuba. Isifungo asithathileyo ngentsasa kaJanuwari sasiza kuvavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo njengoko wayejamelene nemfazwe yenyukliya. Ngexesha leCuba Missile Crisis ngoOktobha 1962, uKennedy wazibophelelo lokukhusela nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko wathatha intsingiselo ekhoyo njengoko ihlabathi lalisondela kufutshane kunangaphambili kwi-Armagedon.

URichard Nixon Nokuphela KweMfazwe Yomlomo

Unikezelo lwesibini lukaRichard Nixon ngoJanuwari 20, 1973, lwenzeka ngexesha lamathuba azwenibanzi kunye neengxaki zasekhaya. UNixon wayevule ulwalamano lwentlalo-ntle neTshayina kwaye walandela idente neSoviet Union, elungisa kwakhona imfazwe Yomlomo. Kodwa imposiso yeWatergate ibisele ityhiliwe, nangona imilinganiselo yayo epheleleyo yayingekaphazanyiswa. Isifungo sikaNixon sathatha olo suku ngoku sibonakala sihlekisa: wafunga ukulondoloza, ukukhusela, nokukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko ngexesha ulawulo lwakhe lwalubandakanyeke imigudu yokuthoba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Xa uNixon warhoxa ngoAgasti 9, 1974, uMongameli onguMongameli uGerald Ford wathatha isifungo kwi-Mpuma House. Ukungena kukaMongameli ngokwako kwakungazange kubekho ngokwembali: wayemiswe njengosekela umongameli phantsi kolawulo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu emva kokurhoxa kweSpiro Agnew, emenza umongameli wokuqala anganyulwanga ukuba abe ngumongameli okanye isekela lomphathi-mikhosi. Isifungo sikaFord samela umzamo wokubuyisela ukukholo kumongameli emva kokuxhatshazwa kweNiyon. Uxolo lwakhe olulandelayo lukaNixon, ngexa ephikisa, lwabonisa ukuba uhlanga lufanele luhambe phambili kunokuba luhlale luselugxobeni.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu kunye nempumelelo yale mihla

Ukwenziwa kwamaqela oMphetho-mabini wesiHlaziyo wesiNtsibo seshumi elinesihlanu ngowe-1967 wathetha ngeendawo ezininzi zobumongameli ezazichaziwe kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. Utshintsho lwanika iinkqubo ezicacileyo zezithuba zobumongameli, ukukhubazeka komongameli, nokudluliselwa kwamandla. Kwakwaye kwamisela nokubaluleka kwesifungo sobumongameli njengenkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka nokulawula.

Icandelo 1 lolungiso oluqinisekisiweyo lomzekelo weTyler, liqinisekisa ukuba "uMongameli onguMongameli" uza kuba nguMongameli ekufeni komongameli okanye ekurhoxisweni. Icandelo 2 linikezelwe ukuzalisa iizithuba zomongameli ngokwezindululo zomongameli kunye nokuququlunqwa kombutho. Icandelo 3 nelesi-4 elithetha ngomongameli, livumela usekela umongameli ukuba asebenze njengosebenzayo xa umongameli engakwazi ukuphumeza imisebenzi yakhe. Icandelo limele ukuphendula komgaqo-siseko kwiingxaki zokulandelela imbali yaseMelika.

Ukubaluleka koMphetho-manci mabini wesiHlaliso se-F5th kwacaca ngexesha loMongameli Ronald Reagan efakwa esibhedlele emva kokuzama ukubulala ngowe-1982. UReagan wadutyulwa nguJohn Hinckley Jr. ngoMatshi 30, 1981, kwaye wafumana utyando longxamiseko. Umongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush waye ehamba ngenqwelo-moya ebuyela eWashington eTexas. Kwakukho ukudideka enoba amandla aye adluliselwa ngokusemthethweni kusini na, njengoko uReagan engazange acele iCandelo 3 le-mendementment. Isiganeko sakhokelela ekubeni iprotoliki yemithetho ecacileyo ecacileyo yokukhupha i-andmentandment xa kuyimfuneko.

Umongameli uGeorge W. Bush Icandelo 3 loMphetho-Fith woLawulo lweziNtlomelo ngexesha lobuProfente bakhe, elidlulisela amandla okwexeshana kuMongameli uDick Cheney ngexesha ehamba ngomkhwa wama-coloscopies ngo-2002 nangowama 2007. Ezi zihlandlo zabonisa indlela ukubuyiselwa kotshintsho okwaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokulawula, ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kwegunya kwangamaxesha amafutshane okubekwa kwesikhundla somongameli ekufakweni kwecapa. Isifungo seofisi sahlala sisembindini kula malungiselelo: xa amandla ayefuduselwa, umongameli ongumongameli wasebenza ngokuyintloko, ebotshelelwe ngezi mbopheleleko zomgaqo-siseko.

Isingxobo njengelitye lokuchukumisa Imilinganiselo Yolawulo - melo

Ngaphandle komsebenzi wawo womgaqo-siseko, isifungo somongameli sisebenza njengembonakaliso enamandla yemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi kunye nezibophelelo. Simela isithembiso sikawonke-wonke esidibanisa umongameli ngamnye kumanduleli nakumalandela abo, sidala umxokelelwano ongaguquguqukiyo wobuGaqo-siseko osusela phambili kwixesha lokusekwa. Lo mqathango wokomfuziselo uye waba ngowona ubalulekileyo njengoko umongameli ekhula elawula kwaye ebonakala.

Isifungo sikwasebenza njengesixhobo esinyanzelisayo kumandla obumongameli, sikhumbuza umphathi ngamnye ukuba igunya lakhe lisuka kumGaqo-siseko kwaye lilinganiselwe ngamalungiselelo awo. Oku kuqonda kuye kwavavanywa ngexesha lengxaki, xa oomongameli baye balingwa ukuba bagqithe imida yomgaqo-siseko egameni lokhuseleko lobuzwe. UAbraham Lincoln waxhobisa i-habeas corpus ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya; uFranklin Roosevelt wagunyazisa amaMelikane naseMerika ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II; uRichard Nixon wabiza ilungelo eliphezulu lokuxhathisa uphalo. Zonke ezi zenzo zaphakamisa imibuzo yokuba isifungo somongameli sasiphulwe kusini na.

Izilingo eziqatha zoMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uRichard Nixon, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump zonke zaphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuthembeka komongameli kwisifungo sabo somGaqo-siseko. Ulwimi olungqalileyo lwesifungo — ukuqhuba ngokuthembeka i-Ofisi kaMongameli" — luye lwaba sisiseko ekumangaleleni, neNdlu yabameli eboyisa abagqebayo ngokuphula lo msebenzi. Umthetho-siseko uba ngumgalo ekungalinganiswa kuwo ihambo yomongameli, kwanangentsingiselo ye-"umgwebo othembekileyo" ehlala iphikiswa.

Isifungo somongameli sikwasebenza njengomzekelo kwezinye izifungo zesikhundla ezithatyathwe ngamagosa aseburhulumenteni, ukusuka kumalungu eBhunga ukuya kumacholacholi-mthetho eNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuya kumagosa asemkhosini. Onke amagosa aseburhulumenteni afunga okanye aqinisekisa ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko, edala umxokelelwano wemiqathango oxhasa urhulumente worhulumente. Le mbopheleleko ifanayo iqinisa ingcamango yokuba uMgaqo-siseko ungumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ubophelela bonke abadlali bemidlalo bakarhulumente kungakhathaliseki ukuba baneembopheleleko ekhethekileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukuphakamisa Okuhlala Kuhleli Komongameli

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla siye sasuka kwimfuno elula yomgaqo-siseko yaba sisithethe esintsonkothileyo esiquka umgaqo-siseko, ezopolitiko, nezomfuziselo. Ngexesha elinzima kwimbali yaseMerika — imfazwe yamakhaya, imfazwe yehlabathi, ukubulala, ihlazo, kunye neengxaki zomgaqo-siseko — esi sifungo siye sabangela ukuba ulawulo ngalunye luqhubeke kwaye lube semthethweni, lumanyanisa umgaqo-siseko ogunyazisa namandla olawulo. Amazwi athethwayo ngexesha ngalinye lokunikezelwa komongameli emanyanisa uMgaqo-siseko nabantu baseMerika, abakwibinzana elingomgaqo-siseko, umthombo opheleleyo wegunya lolawulo.

[[[FLT:] Ugcino-lwazi lobuzwe lugcina ukhuphelo lokuqala lwe-Gaqo-siseko, kuquka inqaku elimisela isifungo somongameli, njengesikhumbuzi sendlela yokuyila yendalo. Iprojekthi yoGunyaziso lobuProjeko-Mbutho kwiNdendeleko yoLuntu [[FLT:] inikela ulwazi olubanzi lwenkonzo yoPhondo yeSebe [[FLT]] [FLT]] [iiindlela] yokulungiselela ukulungiselela ukulungiselela iimbopheleleko zomfungo. [[FLT] [12]] [FLT] [iiiiiindlela ezithengiselwayo zeSikhundla [iiindlela] i-Genearces jources [Fogne , uProntians]

Njengokuba iUnited States iqhubeka ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha — ukususela ekuphazamisekeni kwezobugcisa ukuya kutshintsho lwamanani abantu ukuya kukhuphiswano lwezepolitiki — isifungo somongameli siya kuhlala sikwisiko elibalulekileyo. Iya kuqhubeka ibopha umongameli ngamnye kumGaqo-siseko, ikhumbuza bona kunye nesizwe sezibophelelo ezingundoqo ezixhasa ulawulo-demokhrasi lwaseMerika. Amazwi athethwa ngalo lonke ixesha lokunikezelwa kwenkqubo yobugcisa awangomthetho nje kuphela: amela isithembiso esiye sagcinwa, maxa wambi singekungafezeki, ukudlula ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zembali yaseMelika. Elo dinga lisisiseko esisekelwe kuso ekuzamlingo wokuzisebenzela kweMerika kwi-Rom.