Imfundo ye-kivics iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yofundo lwethu lwemfundo, inika abafundi ulwazi nobuchule obufunekayo ukuze baqonde isakhiwo nomsebenzi karhulumente. Ngokufunda ngentlalo-ntle, abafundi banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kuluntu lwabo baze babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Le mfundo ingaphezulu kakhulu kunolwazi olufundwayo, ixhobisa abantu abakwaziyo ukuhlolisisa iinkqubo zezobupolitika, ukuvavanya iinkqubo zedemokhrasi, kunye nokufak' isandla kwimpilo yedemokhrasi elungelelanisayo yoluntu, uqeqesho olunempumelelo lwezentlalo-zobupolitika kunye nolwazi lwamanani lubaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili ekuqhubekeni kolwazi kunye nobumi obukhuthele kwizizukulwana.

Yintoni Imfundo Esetyenziswa Kwiziko?

Imfundo ye-kivic ibandakanya ukufundwa kwamalungelo neembopheleleko zabemi, ukusebenza kukarhulumente, nokubaluleka kokubotshwa kwesizwe. Ijolise ekulungiseleleni abafundi ukuba babe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abanolwazi nabakhutheleyo kwidemokhrasi yabo. Lo mgamo uquka ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, indlela iinkokeli ezinyulwa ngayo, indlela inkqubo kawonke-wonke ebumbene ngayo, nendlela abantu abanokuxhasa ngayo utshintsho. Imfundo yale mihla iquka nokufunda koondaba, ukugxeka imithombo yezobupolitika, nokukwazi ukunxibelelana ngentlonelo ngeembono ezahlukeneyo.

Kwimbali, imfundo yezentlalo eUnited States yayisisiseko semfundo kawonke-wonke, eyayilungiselelwe ukukhuthaza ukuma koluntu kunye nokulungiselela abaphambukeli ukuba bafumane indalo. Noko ke, kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adluleyo, ixesha lokuyalela elinikezelwe kumaqumrhu esizwe liye lancipha, ngokufuthi lixinene ngemigangatho yokuvavanya okuphambili ekufundeni nakwezezibalo. Iintlangano ezinjengeenjongo zemfundo yeCUB kunye neplatifomu elungeleleneyo yokuvavanya izinto eziphambili ekufundeni nasekunikeleni izibonelelo zemali. Usukelo olupheleleyo lusaqhubeka lunjalo ukuhlakulela imigaqo ye-demokhrasi neyokuba nezixhobo zokulawula zonke.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Ukwakhiwa Korhulumente

Ukuqonda isiseko sikarhulumente kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela, yaye kumisela isiseko abanokuzakhela kuso abemi ukuze babe nenxaxheba baze baphendulise iinkokeli zabo.

  • Ulwazi olungenisiweyo lobumi: lunceda abemi benze izigqibo ngolwazi ngexesha lonyulo. Abaqondi ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunye neendima ezithile zesebe ngalinye baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuvavanya izimo zabathathi-nxaxheba kwimicimbi efana nokumiswa kwekomiti okanye izinto eziphambili zomthetho.
  • Ukunikwa amatyala: [ ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente kuvumela abemi ukuba baphendule amagosa. Xa abemi besazi ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho olawula imfundo, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, okanye umthetho wemeko-bume, banokubhekisa ityala labo kwigunya elilungileyo, okomeleza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.
  • Indima esebenzayo yokuthatha inxaxheba: Ukwazi iinkqubo zikarhulumente kukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba kwezentlalo kunye nokulawula. Abahlali abayiqondayo inkqubo yowiso-mthetho bangafumana imvume ephumelelayo kwityala, bangqine ekuchongeni, okanye balungelelanise iimpendulo zoluntu kwimimiselo ecetyiweyo.

Ngaphezu koko, isakhiwo sikarhulumente esiqondayo sinceda abantu ukuba bahambe kakuhle kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, ekufakeni imvume yokufumana iingenelo ezingokwentlalo. Kwakhona kunciphisa ukuchanabeka kwinkcazelo ephosakeleyo, njengokuba abemi benokuthi baqinisekise inyaniso ngoko urhulumente anokukwenza okanye abangenakukwenza ngokusekelwe kwimida yomgaqo-siseko kunye nemida yolawulo.

Amalungu angundoqo eSicwangciso sikaRhulumente

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente siquka amasebe amathathu angundoqo, umyili osekelwe kumgaqo wokwahlula amagunya ocaciswe zizithandi-bulumko zezobupolitika ezifana neMontesquieu kwaye zifakwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Eli candelo lithintela naliphi na isebe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu kwaye liqinisekise inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa.

  • Isebe eliphumezayo: Imbopheleleko yokumisa imithetho nokuqhuba imisebenzi karhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe elinokwahlulelwa: ityala lokudala imithetho nokumela izilangazelelo zabantu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe le-judicial:[[FT:1] Imbopheleleko yokutolika imithetho nokuqinisekisa okusesikweni.

Kumgangatho karhulumente, la masebe yi-depatier, iNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Urhulumente ubonakalisa esi sakhiwo ngeerhuluneli, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente, nangona izibizo namandla athile ahlukeneyo. Oorhulumente bengingqi, njengoomasipala, basenokuba neenkqubo zebhunga lomphathi-mikhosi ezibangela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngokweemfuno zoluntu.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo likhokelwa nguMongameli kumgangatho wesizwe kunye nangabaphathi kumgangatho wesizwe. Eli sebe liquka amasebe ahlukeneyo kunye namasebe azalisekisa imithetho kunye neenkqubo. UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nenkomfa yemikhosi exhobileyo, enamagunya aquka ukumisela umthetho wequmrhu, ukumisela iijaji zequmrhu kunye namalungu ekhabhathi-mikhosi yangaphandle, kunye nokuqhuba inkqubo yelizwe yamanye amazwe. Urhulumente wesizwe, oqulethwe ngamasebe eekhabhinethi angamakhulu ali-15 namasebe azimeleyo afana ne-AS, athwala ulawulo lwenkqubo yolawulo lwendawo ezwelonke.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, abalawuli banegunya elifanayo kumasebe karhulumente, kumthetho, nakulawulo longxamiseko. Ukuphumelela kwesebe eliphetheyo kuxhomekeke kubuchule balo bokulungelelanisa amasebe, ukuzalisekisa umthetho ontsonkothileyo, nokuphendula kwiimeko ezinzima. Imfundo yeCicops inceda abafundi baqonde umgangatho wamandla alawulayo kwaye baqonde indlela imimiselo yolawulo echaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yokhuseleko lokutya ukuya kwimithetho yokuhamba emoyeni.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lowiso-mthetho liyilwe yizindlu ezimbini: iNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli kumgangatho worhulumente. Oorhulumente nabo banezindlu zabo zowiso-mthetho, ezisenokuba zi-unbeamaral (Nebraska) okanye i-bidamaral. IBhunga linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukunyusa ingeniso ngerhafu, nokuvelela isebe eliphethe isebe. Indlu yabameli inika izihlalo ezisekelwe kubemi, namalungu asebenza iminyaka emibini, ngelixa iNxathela inikela umelo olulinganayo lwephondo ngalinye ngemiqathango yeminyaka emithandathu.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibandakanya ukuva iikomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye namavoti kumacala omabini amagumbi ngaphambi kokuba kuthunyelwe ityala. Abami bangayiphembelela le nkqubo ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiiholo zedolophu, okanye ngokunikela ubungqina kwiikomiti zokuchotshelwa kwekomiti. Ukuqonda isebe lowiso-mthetho kubalulekile ngenxa yokuqonda indlela inkqubo kawonke-wonke ebunjwe ngayo ngokulalanisa, amandla alwayo, nokuxhasa ukulawulwa kwemithetho-mthetho. Ithala leencwadi leBhunga kunye ne-ofisi yoPhuliso loRhulumente linikela ngoovimba abaninzi ukwenzela ukuba kubekho umthetho wemijelo kunye nokufunda ngembali yemicimbi.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho liquka imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yeenkundla, kuquka iNkundla Ephakamileyo, enenkcazelo yokugqibela engokwasemthethweni. Eli sebe liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokusesikweni, ukuhlola amatyala abandakanya umGaqo-siseko, imimiselo karhulumente, okanye iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe. Inkqubo yenkundla yesebe iquka iinkundla zesithili (iinkundla zamatyala), iinkundla zesiphalukane, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iinkundla zephondo zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni, kuquka imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, imicimbi yentsapho, kunye neempikiswano zezivumelwano.

Umgaqo wohlolo lomthetho, omiselwe kwityala uMarbury v. Madison, uvumela iinkundla ukuba zibethelele imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Imfundo yeKvicts inceda abafundi baqonde indlela izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezibutshintsha ngayo ubomi bamaMelika, ukusuka kumalungelo abantu ukuya kufikelela ekuvotelweni. Ikwacacisa indima yabagwebi njengabagwebi abangakhethi tyala kunokuba abenzi bemithetho, umahluko wokusasaza ityala kwimithetho yomthetho.

Imisebenzi kaRhulumente

Oorhulumente basebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo yokugcina ucwangco nokukhuthaza impilo-ntle yabemi. Le misebenzi idla ngokubekwa ngokwamaqela ngokwecandelo legunya likarhulumente neemfuno zebutho labantu.

  • ULungelelo lokulondolozwa koLuntu: Oorhulumente bamisela imithetho yokugcina uxolo nocwangco phakathi kwebutho labantu. Oku kuquka ukugcinwa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nolawulo longxamiseko. Amapolisa, iinkundla, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa zisebenza ukunqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho nokucombulula iimpikiswano.
  • IiNkonzo zikaRhulumente eziPhicothiweyo: Oorhulumente banikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nemfundo, unyango, nezibonelelo. Izikolo zikawonke-wonke, oohola-ndlela, iinkqubo zamanzi, kunye namaqumrhu oluntu afumana ingeniso yerhafu kwaye anceda okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Oorhulumente abakhusela amalungelo: bakhusela amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye ngemithetho nangemimiselo. IBhili yamaLungelo iqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, nendibano, ngeli lixa imithetho elinganayo yokukhusela ikhusela ekucalucalucalulweni.
  • Ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle Jikelele:[[FT:1] Oorhulumente basebenza ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi kubo bonke abemi. Oku kubandakanya iminatha yokhuseleko lwentlalo enjengeNtlalo-ntle neMedicare, umgaqo wezoqoqosho ukuqinisekisa iimarike ezifanelekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwemeko-bume yomoya ococekileyo namanzi.

Ukongezelela, oorhulumente benza imisebenzi yezoqoqosho enjengokulawula inkqubo yemali, ukulawula ezorhwebo, nokuqokelela irhafu ukuze kuqokelelwe iimpahla zikarhulumente. Kwakhona urhulumente uqhuba unxibelelwano lwamazwe asemzini, uthethana, unika uncedo, kwaye unika uncedo kwamanye amazwe. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko bekhokela ekusebenziseni umhlaba, ekuthutheni abantu, nasekuphuhliseni inkqubela yoluntu. Ukuqonda le misebenzi kunceda abemi bahlole ukusebenza kweenkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nokuxhasa iinguqulelo zenkqubo ezihambelana nemilinganiselo yabo.

Indima Yabemi Kurhulumente

Ukuganana ngedemokhrasi kubaluleke kakhulu kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo nembopheleleko yokuba nenxaxheba kurhulumente ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngolwazi kuwo onke amanqanaba.

  • Ukuvota:[[FLT: 1] Enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo abemi abanokuphembelela ngazo urhulumente ngovotelo. Oku kuquka urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nolonyulo lwasekuhlaleni ukwenzela ulawulo, uwiso-mthetho, nee-ofisi zezomthetho. Ukuthumela kwandisa nakumanyathelo okulwa nokuthatha inxaxheba, apho abemi bagqiba ngqo kwimibuzo yenkqubo.
  • Abami bangaxhasa imiba abakhathalelayo ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kumaphulo. Oku kuquka ukubhalela iileta, ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, ukudibanisa amaqela enzala, okanye ukusukela iofisi ngokwawo. I-Lobbing kunye nezingca ezikhuselwayo ziluhlobo lwesicelo.
  • Ukubandakanya: ukubandakanyeka kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni kunye namanyathelo anceda ukomeleza uluntu kwaye kukhuthaze uxanduva lwentlalo. Umsebenzi wokuzithandela, unxulumano longingqi, iibhodi zesikolo, kunye nemibutho yoluntu konke kunegalelo kwidemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni.

Ngapha koko, ubumi bamanani buye bavela njengomda omtsha wokubhalisana kwezentlalo. Ingingqi zingasebenzisa ijelo leenkqubo zoburhulumente ukulungiselela imicimbi, ukufikelela ulwazi lukarhulumente ngeerekhodi ezivulekileyo, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwii-intanethi zokhangelo lwezakhono. Noko ke, ukubotshwa kwamanani kukwafuna ukuba abantu bakwazi ukufunda izinto ezinokuthenjwa kwinkcazelo egqwethekileyo. Ngoku imfundo ye-Cvicts iquka izifundo zokuhlola ulwazi olukwi-intanethi, ukuqonda i-algasticism, nokukhusela imicimbi ye-intanethi.

Iingxaki Kwimfundo Yamacandelo

Nangona kubalulekile, imfundo yamaphondo ijamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi oluphazamisayo. Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo zikulungele ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

  • Ithala leeMali:[ Izikolo ezininzi azinazo izibonelelo ezifunekayo zokunikezela ngemfundo yoluntu ebanzi. Izithintelo zoqingqo-mali zilinganiselwe ekufikeleleni kwiincwadi ezihlaziyiweyo, kwimfaniso ezisebenzisanayo, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yobugcisa kubafundisi-lwazi. Iingingqi zasemaphandleni nezingenayo eziphantsi zichaphazelekile kakhulu.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imida yeCurculum: Ezinye iingingqi zesikolo azinakugquma imixholo ebalulekileyo enxulumene norhulumente kunye nomanyano lwamaqumrhu. Ingxelo yo 2020 evela kwi E. Casey Foundation[ ifumanise ukuba kuphela amazwe asithoba afuna unyaka opheleleyo wemfundo yezentlalo-ntle. Izihloko ezifana norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, imimiselo yesizwe, kunye neenkqubo zogwebo zisoloko zingahoywa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano sobugqi: Ukugcina abafundi bebandakanyeke kwimfundo yoluntu lungalucelomngeni kulwazi olungxamisekileyo lwamanani. Iindlela ezisekelwe kwizifundo eziqhelekileyo zisenokungadibani nabafundi abaqhelene nesixhobo sokunxibelelana. Ukungathembani kwezobupolitika kunye namaziko asekuhlaleni kungadala ukudityaniswa.
  • Umfundisi- ntsapho oLungiselelweyo: uthe abafundisi- ntsapho abaninzi baziva bengakulungelanga ukufundisa imixholo ephikisayo okanye ingxubusho yezopolitiko kwiklasi. Ngaphandle koqeqesho olufanelekileyo, uqeqesho lwamaqumrhu lungangabi luluvo olukha phezulu okanye luphephe imibandela erhabaxa.

Ukongezelela, iingcinezelo ezilungelelanisiweyo zidla ngokucutha imibandela yezifundo zentlalo, kuquka namafama. Uvavanyo lwesizwe lweNkcubeko yemfundo (NAEP) lubonise umlinganiselo omisiweyo, onekota kuphela yabahlaziyi abazizifundiswayo. Eli nani ligxininisa imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuphuculwa kwenkqubo.

Iindlela Zokufundisa Ngeenjongo

Ukuze boyise ezi ngxaki, abafundisi - ntsapho banokusebenzisa iindlela eziliqela ezenza ukuba imfundo yelizwe ibaluleke, ibaluleke yaye ibe nempembelelo.

  • Imfundo esebenzayo: Imfaniso edityanisiweyo, iingxoxo, kunye nokudlala indima kungenza ukuba uluntu luthabathe inxaxheba ngakumbi. Iinkqubo ezinjenge iCPIC zinikela imidlalo yengingqi apho abafundi basebenza njengabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo okanye amalungu eBhunga, benza iingcamango ezingaqhelekanga zicace. Iimvavanyo ze-Mock kunye neModeli yeZizwe ezimanyeneyo zakha nobuchule obusebenzisekayo.
  • Iinkqubo zehlabathi zokwenene: Izifundo ezidityanisiweyo kwiziganeko zangoku kunye neemeko zehlabathi zokwenene zinceda abafundi babone ukusebenza koluntu. Abafundisi bangasebenzisa amanqaku eendaba, iingxelo zikarhulumente, kunye nemibandela yasekuhlaleni ukubonisa indlela urhulumente abuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Imisebenzi yokuvota, njenge projekthi yokuvota okanye ukucoceka kwengi, ukudibanisa intshukumo nocazululo.
  • Umanyano lomanyano lweenqanawa: ukunxibelelana nemibutho yasekuhlaleni kunganyusa imfundo yoluntu nokunika abafundi amava aphatheleleneyo. Iinqanawa ezisebenzisana namabhunga ezixekweni, iinkundla, iingeniso, kunye nezibhengezo zejelo-ndaba zivumela abafundi ukuba babonise amagosa, babekho kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, okanye bavelise ubundixesha boluntu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukudityaniswa kokufunda nokubhala: Abafundi abafundisa ukuvavanya ngokunzulu ulwazi lwezobupolitika kubalulekile. Izifundo ezingokwahlula ikhethe, ukuqinisekisa imithombo, kunye nokuqonda ingcamango zixhobisa abafundi ukuba babe ngabemi abanolwazi ngexesha lamanani. Ii-Media Inkqumrhu ezivela kwimibutho enjenge News Literaclic Project []

Inkqubela yoochwepheshe kubafundisi- ntsapho ikwabalulekile. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho ezigxininisa ekuchazeni intetho yamakhaya, ekuxubusheni imibandela edidanayo, nasekusebenziseni iindlela ezisekelwe kuphando zinganyusa uqeqesho. Ama-odoli anokugunyazisa iizifundo ezinikezelweyo zezentlalo-ntle aze anike inkxaso-mali yokuya kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente okanye kwiziganeko zoluntu. Ngokuxhasa imigaqo-siseko enqamlezayo, izikolo zingaqinisa imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi kwimbali, isiNgesi, kwananeeklasi zenzululwazi.

Isiphelo

Imfundo ye-Covics ibalulekile ekukhuthazeni abemi abanolwazi nababotshelelweyo. Ukuqonda isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi karhulumente kunika amandla abantu ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwidemokhrasi yabo. Ukusuka kumasebe amathathu karhulumente ukuya kwimisebenzi yenkonzo kawonke-wonke, olu lwazi lunika izixhobo ezifunekayo zokuxhasa utshintsho, ukugcina iinkokeli zinobutyala, kwaye lwakha uluntu olomeleleyo. Ngokusingatha iingxaki ngolwabeko lwezibonelelo, utshintsho, kunye neenkqubo zokufundisa ezintsha, abafundisi-maqumrhu banokunyusa imfundo yezezezezizukulwana ezizayo. Umgangatho odumile osisityebileyo usisiseko sesiseko solawulo-demokhrasi esinempumelelo, kunye nemfundo yemfundo ehlala sisona sixhobo sethu esisebenzayo sokufikelela loo njongo.