Table of Contents
Kuyintoni Ukuba Nemali Engakumbi Kurhulumente?
Ukubonakala kwemali kubhekisela kumlinganiselo obonisa ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukwabelana ngokukhululekileyo ngengeniso, iinkcitho, amatyala nempilo yemali. Oku kugqitha kukhutshelwa nje kwamanani aluhlaza; kubandakanya ukunikela i-data yemali ngexesha elifanelekileyo, elifikelelekayo, neqondakalayo ukwenzela ukuba abemi, iintatheli, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, kunye nemibutho yabaveleli ikwazi ukuqwalasela ngokuphumelelayo indlela imali kawonke-wonke eqokelelwa ngayo kwaye isetyenziswe ngayo. Urhulumente othe qhathayo utyhila ngokunelisa amaphepha ohlahlolo, iingxelo zophicotho, iinkcukacha, kunye neemali ezigunyazisweyo, ezinceda abemi, ukuhloliswa kwemi, ukusetyenziswa kolwazi olungaphandle kunye nengxoxo kawonke.
Umbindi wayo, ukubonakala ngokwezimali kungumthombo wolawulo olulungileyo. Imisela umgca othe ngqo wokubona phakathi kweminikelo yokuhlawula irhafu kunye neziphumo zikarhulumente, inciphisa ulwazi olunokukhusela ukungahoywa okanye ukunganyaniseki. Xa imisebenzi yemali inqabile, abemi abanakwazi ukuba imali yabo isetyenziswa ngobulumko, kwaye amagosa kawonke wonke ajongene nesiphumo esincinane sokuziphatha okungachananga. Ukuzifihla ngokufihlakeleyo kuxhomekeke ekuziphenduleni, kudala isiseko sokuthemba phakathi kwelizwe nabantu balo.
Isizathu Sokuba Imali Ebonisa Ibhaqo Ibalulekile Kulawulo Lwedemokhrasi
Ukwakha Intembelo Kuwonke Wonke
Ukuthemba yimali yolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukunqongophala kokubonakalisa ukuma kukhululeke kwiinkqubano zabo zemali ukuba akukho nto banokuyifihla. Abami abanokubona apho iirhafu zabo zihamba khona banokuvumelana neemfuno zerhafu, baxhase amanyathelo kawonke-wonke, baze babandakanyeke ngokunempumelelo kumasebe karhulumente.
Ukuphendula Amagunya
Xa ugcino-lwazi lwemali lufumaneka ekuhleni, amagosa anyuliweyo namagosa asekuhlaleni ayazi ukuba izigqibo zawo ziza kuhlolisiswa ngamajelo eendaba, amaqela ajongileyo, kunye nonyulo. Oku kuvelela kusebenzisa ubuchule obucokisekileyo bobuncwane kunye nokuthintela ukuxhumelelwa. Ukubonakala kwelinye icala kunika abasebenzi bemiqathango kunye namaqumrhu achasene nokunganyaniseki amandla okufumana izinto ngokukhawuleza, ngaphambi kokuba iingxaki ezincinane zibe zizilele kwinkqubo.
Ukukhuthaza ukufuduka kwezibonelelo
Inkcazelo evulekileyo yemali ivumela oorhulumente ukuba baphawule indlela abasebenza ngayo ngokuchasene noontanga neengxelo zexesha elidlulileyo. Inceda ukuba kubekho uqingqo-mali olusekelwe kubungqina, apho imali ijoliswe kwiinkqubo ezibonisa iziphumo ezinokuthelekelelwa. Ingingqi ingathelekisa ukuchitha imimandla okanye amasebe, ukuqaqambisa ii-aspeciens kunye nokucinezela iinkokeli kwimithombo yemali efuna uncedo kakhulu.
Ukukhuthaza Isabelo Esinentsingiselo
Abemi abanolwazi baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba bakhuthaze izinto eziza kuqala. Xa amaxwebhu ohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali neengxelo zemali zifumaneka, amaqela oluntu angahlolisisa indlela imigaqo-nkqubo ehambelana nemfuno zasekuhlaleni, angqine ngayo ekuchongeni iindlebe, kwaye achaze ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa. Ukubonakala kwemali kuguqula abaxhasi bemali abangasebenziyo babe ngabaxhasi bemiqathango abasebenzayo kwinkqubo yolawulo.
Amalungu e-ICM Inkqubo yeMali ecace gca
Ugcino-lwazi Oluvulekileyo kunye nokubhalisa kukawonke-wonke
Oorhulumente kufuneka bahambe ngaphaya kwee-PDF kunye neengxelo zephepha ukuya kwi-oyile efundekayo, iifomati eziphengululwayo. Iiplatfomu zedata ezivulekileyo zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bakhuphele, bajonge, kwaye basebenzise ii-data zemali ezilungiselelweyo. Oku kubandakanya ulwazi oluninzi olufana neerekhodi zothengiso, iimali zomthengisi, kunye nemali ehlawulwayo. Imigangatho efana ne International Aid Transfixection Intection Ixectivation (IATATI) kunye ne-Open Contracting Data Standard (OCDS) inika izicwangciso zesakhiwo esilungelelanisiweyo, ezisetyenziswayo.
Ukunikela Ingxelo Ngokufikelelo Nangoko
Ukucaca kolwazi akunantsingiselo ukuba lufike emva kwexesha kakhulu lokuphembelela izigqibo. Oorhulumente kufuneka bapapashe ngokwekota iingxelo zobhaqo loqingqo-mali, iingxelo zemali zaminyaka le, kunye neengxelo zangaphambi kwengxoxo yemali. Ixesha lokwenene okanye iibhodi ezinqamlezileyo zexesha lokwenene ziyasetyenziswa ngokukhula ukubonisa inkcitho yangoku, ukunciphisa iliveyi phakathi kwenkcitho kunye nokubonakala kwayo koluntu.
Uxwebhu oluququzelelayo lohlaziyo lohlahlo
Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali evulekileyo iquka amaxwebhu amaninzi: uqingqo-mali oluninzi lwabemi (uguqulelo olulula lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lukawonke wonke), isindululo sohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, iziphumo zohlahlo-mali, iingxelo zonyaka ophelileyo, kunye nezinto ezifunyanisiweyo. Uxwebhu ngalunye kufuneka luchaze iintelekelelo, izibonisi-mali, kunye nokuphambuka ekuhlawuleni okucwangcisiweyo. Ijelo loHlathiso-mali lweMazwe Lomhlaba Lonke loHlaniso loHlaniso loHlaziselo-mali oluBomi
Ukusebenzisa Umatshini Kawonke - wonke
Ukubonisa ngaphaya kwengqondo akuthethi nje ngokupapasha ugcino-lwazi; kukwabandakanya ukuvelisa izitena zokunika ingxelo ngabami. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuqingqo-mali, iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, ukunxibelelana nee-intanethi, nokuphulaphula i-intanethi yonxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ntle kuvumela uluntu ukuba luthandabuze ukuchitha izinto eziza kuqala kwaye lucebise iinguqu. Xa oorhulumente bevala irhintyela ngokuchaza indlela igalelo elisetyenziswe ngayo, ukuthemba kuyakhula.
Ulawulo oluzimeleyo kunye nophicotho-zincwadi
Amaziko aphezulu ophicotho-zincwadi (SAIS) kufuneka abe nenkululeko kunye noovimba bokuhlolisisa imali karhulumente aze apapashe ekuhleni oko kufunyanisiweyo. Oorhulumente ababonakala benjalo baqinisekisa ukuba iingxelo zophicotho-zincwadi zixatyiswa kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho, zisetyenziswa ngamaqumrhu, kwaye zifikeleleka kumaphephandaba. Ibutho labemi linokusebenzisa ezi ngxelo ukwenza amagosa aphendule.
Imisebenzi yesakhelo exhasa ukubonakala ngaphaya komthetho nomthetho
Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ekhethekileyo egunyazisa ukucaca kwemali. Eyona iqhelekileyo yinkululeko yezenzo zolwazi, enika abemi ilungelo lokufikelela kwiirekhodi zikarhulumente. Ukongeza, imithetho yetyala lemali ifuna ukuba oorhulumente balandele uqingqo-mali olucacileyo baze banike imithetho. Umzekelo, i-Fiscal Rescal Junices (I-Lei de Respobalade Fiscal Fiscal) imisela imithetho engqongqo yemali kawonke-wonke, kuquka nemfuno-okhanyayo eyakhokelela ekudalweni kwayo kwemithetho ebhabhileyo ye-Transportal. Eminye imimandla iye yadlulisela imithetho yokuvula i-data, i-filtererer, kunye neyokuchasasamfatho eqinisekisa ukubonakala.
Amaqumrhu ehlabathi akwaphembelela ulwakhiwo lwesizwe. Imali yehlabathi lonke ye-Fiscal Transparency Code inika iseti yemigaqo kunye nezenzo amazwe anokuzamkela, ukugquma ingxelo ye-fiscal, ukuxela kwangaphambili kunye noqingqo-mali, kunye nohlalutyo lwemingcipheko. Umthetho woRhulumente (OGP) yenye iqonga lehlabathi apho amaqela enza khona izibophelelo ukuphucula ukubonakala kwelinye icala, kuquka nokuphathwa kwemali. Ezi zicwangciso zinika imaphu yomgaqo-mendo yomgaqo wolawulo kuzo zonke izikhundla.
Ucelomngeni Lokufikelela Ibhaso Elipheleleyo Lemali
Ubuntlola bogcino-lwazi kunye nobugocigoci bobuchule
Isixokelelwano semali sikarhulumente sisoloko sisetyenziswa, sisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukileyo yobalo, i-software efunyenweyo, kunye nezicwangciso zokuhlela ezingaguquguqukiyo. Ukuhluza ugcino-lwazi olusuka kumakhulu ezinto zemigca, iimali ezikhethekileyo, kunye nezinto ezizimeleyo ezingekhoyo kusenokuba nzima ngokobugcisa. Kwanaxa ugcino-lwazi lukhutshwe, lungangaqondwa kubantu abangengoziingcali, lungasilwa phantsi koncedo lwalo. Ukunika olu celomngeni kufuna ukuveliswa kolawulo lwale mali lwale mihla (FMIS) kunye nokuqeqeshelwa abavakalisi bogcino-lwazi nabasebenzisi ngokufanayo.
Ukuchaswa Kwezobupolitika Neziko
Ukubonisa ngaphaya kwengqondo kungasongela abo bangenelwayo kubuchule obungabonisi ngaphaya. Ii-ofisi kunye nabezobupolitika bangaluchasa ulwazi olubhenca inkunkuma, ukuxhasa okanye ukunganyaniseki. Kwanangaphandle kwenjongo embi, amanye amaqumrhu alinda ugcino-lwazi njengempahla ephambili, ukoyika ukugxekwa okanye ukuphulukana nokulawula le ngxelo. Ukutshintsha kwenkcubeko kuyafuneka ukuveza ukubonakala ngokucacileyo njengesiqhelo kunokuba kube yiyo echaphazelekayo; ukhokelo olusuka phezulu lusoloko luyimfuneko ukulwa ne-iartria.
Ukulungelelanisa Ukubonakala Kwabantu kunye nokuKhuselwa kogcino-lwazi kunye nokuba wedwa
Upapashi lwemali olunenkcukacha-mali lungatyhila ngempazamo inkcazelo yobuqu evakalayo, efana nemivuzo yomntu ngamnye oqeshwa ngurhulumente, abaxhamli beenkqubo zoluntu, okanye amaqabane oshishino. Oorhulumente kufuneka bachaze iingxelo zelifa lemveli baze basebenzise imigaqo yokuzikhusela ngokwesondo ngaphandle kokususa imfuno yexabiso layo elisisigxina. Ngokufanayo, ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nemicimbi yezorhwebo zingasetyenziswa njengendlela yokuvala inkcazelo. Ngokucacileyo, ukukhulula okuncinane nokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo izibhengezo zomfihlelo kunceda kugcine ulungelelwano.
Izilondolozi Zikavimba
Ukusebenzisa amanyathelo okubonisa ubuchule kufuna uqingqo-mali nabasebenzi. Oorhulumente abancinane, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhayo okanye kumasipala asemaphandleni, basenokuswela imali yokwakha amasango ogcino-lwazi, abasebenzi boololiwe, okanye ukuqhuba unikezelo. Amasebe ophuhliso lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye neenkqubo zomnikelo anganikela uncedo lobugcisa, kodwa ukulondolozwa kuxhomekeke kwimbopheleleko yasekuhlaleni kunye nolwabiwo loqingqo-mali lwexesha elide.
Uphando Ngemeko Ekuboniseni Ngokuthe Cwaka Kwemali
Izibuko Elibonisa Imbonakalo Engatshintshiyo EBrazil
I-Brazil yavelisa i-Portal (Porteral da Transparência) ngo-2004 phantsi kwe-Comptroller General of the Union (CGU). Inxuwa linika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ngenkcitho karhulumente, kuquka izivumelwano, iminikelo, kunye nemivuzo, ezihlaziyiweyo, yonke imihla. I-Banegatheli bangaphendla ngamagama ayintloko, umbutho, okanye umnikezeli-mali. I-omatilo-sango landiswa emva koMthetho we-Fiscal Justicestyry kunye nokufikelela kophawu lomthetho ngo- 2011. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba eli zibuko linceda ukunciphisa urhwaphiso kurhulumente bomasipala kwaye landisa ukusebenza kophicotho. I-CGU ikwanikezela ngoqeqesho kunye noqeqesho lwenkqubo yogcino-data kubahlali.
Umsebenzi Ovulekileyo Karhulumente WaseNew Zealand
I-New Zealand ngokungaguqukiyo ijongene nemisebenzi ephezulu ye-edics. I-Moonte yayo ipapasha uqikelelo olubanzi lwezixeko zemali, iingxelo zemali zenyanga, kunye noxwebhu olukhuthazwayo “kuMgaqo-nkqubo we-Glance”. Iinjongo zeSebe leSebe likaRhulumente eliVulekileyo loRhulumente ziquke izibophelelo zokuphucula ukubonakala okunenzuzo kobumnini kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kuwonke wonke kwiinkqubo zoqingqo-mali. I-New Zealand kwakhona yaqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwezikhombisi eziluncedo ekuqingqeni, ukunxulumanisa ukwabiwa kwemali kwiziphumo zentlalo kunye nokwenza ukuba zibonakale kuwonke wonke.
IUnited States: INgxelo yoLawulo yeQumrhu neMithetho yokuSebenza (FFATA)
Eqanjwe ngo-2006 yaza yaqiniswa kwiminyaka elandelayo, i-FFATA ifuna i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo loHlahlo ukuba igcine i-webhsayithi enye ephelekayo (ibhaselele.gov) equlethe ugcino lwazo zonke iimvuzo ze-onke amazwe, kuquka izivumelwano, kunye neemali-mboleko. Le ndawo ngoku iqulethe iirekhodi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-60. Ngoxa abahlalutyi bephawula iingxelo zomgangatho wogcino-lwazi, umthetho uye wandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela kolwazi oluchithwa ngurhulumente kwaye uye waba ngumzekelo wamanye amazwe. U.S. ukwanoMthetho weDATA, oziifobe zikho iifomfo zokunika ingxelo ezithe kratya, ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwe-com.
IGeorgia (LOSE): Impumelelo Kukubonakala Kwasemva Kwesoviet
Emva kweNguquko yaseRose ngo-2003, iGeorgia yaqalisa ukulwa nokunganyaniseki nokubonisa. Yasungula utshintsho lwezembane lwezakhono (e-GP) ezenza zonke izivumelwano zikarhulumente zibonakale ekuhleni, zineenkcukacha zexesha lokwenene ekuhlawuleni, iimbasa, kunye nentlawulo. Isiphumo saba kukuncitshiswa okuphawulekayo kwenkohlakalo ekufumaneni uluntu. Amava eGeorgia abonisa ukuba namazwe anezinto ezincinane anokufumana inkqubela ngokukhawuleza ngokhetho lwezopolitiko kunye nobugcisa obukrelekrelekrele.
Indima yobuxhakaxhaka kunye nogcino-lwazi kwicandelo lomgangatho othe ngqo
Amaqonga amanani aye aba yisiseko samaziko asetyenziswayo ekuboneni okungaphaya. Iindawo zogcino-lwazi ezivulekileyo zivumela oorhulumente ukuba bapapashe iinkqubo zemali ezicwangcisiweyo ezinokulayishwa, ziqwalaselwe, kwaye zibonwe ngumntu wonke. Iizibuko zisoloko ziquka iimpawu ezifana nokufikelela kwe-API, zibangela ukuba abaphuhlisi bendalo benze ugcino-lwazi lufikeleleke. Ukusetyenziswa kwemigangatho evulekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba ugcino-lwazi olusuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo lungadityaniswa kwaye luthelekiswe, luxhase uphando kunye nophawu olunqamlezileyo lwemibhedreji.
Ubugcisa bukwanceda ukuba kubekho iziseko zonikezelo lommi. Abanye oorhulumente baye basebenzisa iziphakamiso zokuhlola isihlwele apho abemi banikela ingxelo ngomgangatho wemisebenzi kawonke-wonke okanye ngemisebenzi yeflegi ekrokrelekileyo. Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-stem-sestifi zihlolwa ukwenzela unikezelo loncedo olucace gca kunye nokunikezela ngetsheyina. Noko ke, ubugcisa bodwa asiyopan abenzi bobuchule obusebenzayo; bumele budityaniswe nolawulo olunamandla lwe-data, imiyalelo ecacileyo esemthethweni, kunye nenkxaso exhathisayo yezopolitiki. I-OE CD yeOpen Government Officet Officet inikeza ukhokelo olusebenzayo lokwenza nokusebenza kweqongalo.
Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Oorhulumente Okuphucula Imbonakalo Yemali
1. Yenza uphicotho-zincwadi lokujonga ngaphaya
Uphando lwangoku lwezakhono ezichasene nemigangatho yehlabathi. Yahlula izithuba kumaxwebhu oqingqo-mali, imigca yexesha, kunye neefomati zedata.
2. Ukomeleza umhla woMgaqo-siseko
Imithetho esemthethweni efuna ukupapashwa kwenkcazelo yemali. Qiniseka ukuba le mithetho iquka imithetho ecacileyo ebandakanya ukukhulula, iinkqubo zokubhena zokungafikeleli, nezigwebo zokungahambelani.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kwemali
Ukuhlaziywa kokuququzelelwa kwenkqubo yolawulo lwemali enokuthi ivelise ugcino-lwazi olufundeka ngomatshini ngokuzenzekelayo. Abaphathi bemali yoqeqesho malunga nolwahlulo logcino-lwazi, ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho, nemigaqo evulekileyo yogcino-lwazi.
4. Ukundulula ugcino-lwazi loLuntu
Yakha i-ofisi yobuhlobo, enokwenziwa yi-ofisi esetyenziswayo, ephandwayo ngemisebenzi yokuzibhoza. Beka kuqala ii-data ezinokusetyenziswa ngabemi kunye namashishini, njengezivumelwano zokufumana imali, intlawulo encinane, kunye noqingqo-mali lwesebe. Quka izixhobo zokwenza imbonakalo kunye nee-PRCM.
5. Qeqesha Amagosa Nokwakha Isithethe Sokumazisa
Ukunika uqeqesho olunyanzelekileyo kuwo onke amagosa karhulumente ngemithetho yokubonisana, ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi, kunye nokubaluleka kolwazi olusemgangathweni.
6. Yibani Ngabemi Nabemi
Yenza iinkqubo zoqingqo-mali ezisetyenziswayo ubuncinane kwindawo yomqhubi. Beka iiholo eziqhelekileyo zedolophu apho abemi banokuthandabuza khona ezona zinto zibalulekileyo. Yima iqela eliphandle lokwazisa ngeenkcazelo eliquka abameli abasuka kwi-academia, iijenali kunye nemibutho engafumani ngeniso.
7. Imodeli kunye noLawulo
Sebenzisa ii-alytics ze-web, uhlolisiso olunika ingxelo kumsebenzi onika ingxelo, kunye novavanyo oluzimeleyo lokuhlola ukuba i-data etyhiliweyo iyasetyenziswa na nokuba iyayiphucula intembelo okanye iyakuphendula. Shicilela ingxelo yokubonakala komdla yonyaka ebonisa inkqubela kunye nobuthathaka obushiyekileyo.
Isiphelo
Ukubonakala okungephi kwemali asiyondlela yokuzonwabisa okanye i-bureaucratic PRC; yimeko ebalulekileyo kurhulumente onobutyala, ophumelelayo, nowedemokhrasi. Ngaphandle kwayo, abemi abanakugweba ukusebenza kweenkokeli zabo, ubuncwane budla ngokuchithakala, kwaye ukuthemba uluntu kuyawohloka. Ukukhula kobugcisa, kudibene nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezifundo eziqinisekisiweyo zetyala, kunika abahlali indlela ecacileyo phambili koorhulumente kuzo zonke imigangatho. Ukuba ukubonakala ngokucacileyo koorhulumente kufuneka, kumele kugcinwe emthethweni, kwaye kuqiniswe yimpucuko ebonakalisa imilinganiselo ecacileyo. Njengoko oorhulumente abaninzi besamkela le migaqo, inzuzo engcono, ulawulo olunamandla, kunye noqoqo lwezoqoqosho oluthe kratya, luza kuba bhenqi nangakumbi. Umbuzo awucacanga ukuba kuyimfuneko kusini na, kodwa ngokukhawuleza oko oorhulumente banokukwenza.