Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengenye yezona zinto zingundoqo zokukhusela kumthetho wezaphuli-mthetho waseMerika, ukhusela abantu kumandla karhulumente okubamangalela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Umthetho oqhelekileyo wamandulo kwaye kamva ugunyaziswe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu owenziwe ngokusemthethweni waseUnited States, le mfundiso iqinisekisa ukuba igqibele, ithintele ukuphazanyiswa kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye igcina ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokugweba. Ngelixesha ukukhuselwa ngokuphindwe kabini ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunye kubonakala kugqibelelekile, iinkundla zityhide zathimba iinkundla zikhutshelwe iindidi ezithiwe phantsi kweemeko ezilinganiselweyo. Ukuqonda le mida ibalulekile kubameli abameli abakhuselayo, abagcinezeli-mthetho, nabagwebi, nabagwebi, nabani nabani nabani nabani nabani nabani na olawula imigaqo yenkqubo yokugweba.

Ingcamango engundoqo ilula: xa umntu ekhululwe okanye egwetyiwe ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluthile, urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuzisa ityala lesibini lolwaphulo-mthetho olunye. Oku kuthintela urhulumente ukuba angadinisa ubuncwane bommangalelwa, abawumisela ngokuphindaphindiweyo uxinezeleko lwemvakalelo kunye nemali, okanye bavumele abatshutshisi "babethwe okwesibini e-apile" emva kwesiphumo esingalunganga. Noko ke, inyaniso iyachasana. Amatyala, isibheno, imfundiso eyahlukeneyo yolawulo, kunye nengcamango yokuba "ityala elinjalo" zonke zidala imida yokuvavanywa kwesibini. Eli nqaku lihlola imidanganiso ephinda kabini, imbali ebambe iziphumo emva komthetho, kunye nesitshixo esivumela ukubulawa kwakhona.

Yintoni Ingozi Ephindwe Kabini?

Igalelo eliphindiweyo lengozi loMphetho-mva wesihlanu linika: "Nabani na akazukubekwa phantsi kwetyala elifanayo ukuze abekwe kwingozi yobomi okanye umlenze." Eli lungiselelo lisebenza kumazwe akwiSigqibo se-14neth Amendment (bona i-Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969). I- Jeopardiy inxibelelana kwityala lejaji xa ijaji igweba eliphethe ityala, kwaye kwibherin xa ingqina lokuqala lifungxelwe.

Ukhuseleko lusebenza izilangazelelo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: luthintela umntu ukuba ohlwaywe kaninzi ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunye, luthintela urhulumente ekulungiseni ityala emva kokugwetywa, kwaye luthintela ukutshutshiswa okuninzi ngetyala elifanayo kwanokuba ummangalelwa akakhululwanga okanye akagwetywanga (umzekelo, emva kokumangalelwa okuphosakeleyo okuvakaliswe ngaphandle kwemvume yommangalelwa). Intlalo nganye kwezi zinto ineziqubuliso zayo ezingqubanayo neempempe, ezithi inkundla ziye zavala icala kwiinkulungwane ezininzi zetyala.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Umgaqo usukela kwiGrisi yamandulo neRoma, kodwa indlela yawo yabakho kumthetho wesiNgesi oqhelekileyo. Isiko . [i-debet bixbari] ne-et eadem causa — "akukho mntu ofanele axhatshazwe kabini ngenxa yesizathu esinye" — wayeli-siseko sobulungisa baphakathi. Ngenkulungwane ye12, umthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani wavuma izicelo ze- u-aurective Conrective [[ [outlection] [okanye] [iiiisizathu esinyusiwe] kunye ne [ityala:].inqanawa eziphethe i-RGenearse. [iii-Rhost:5] [iglast] [irdecd prose.implate proset]

KwiRiphabliki yamandulo, iinkundla zawusebenzisa ngokungqongqo umthetho wokugweba emva kokugwetywa, kodwa ngaphandle kwetyala eliphosakeleyo nezibheno zavela ngokuthe ngcembe. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ye19 neye-20 zayiphucula le mfundiso, zilungelelanisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente ekumangaleleni ulwaphulo-mthetho. Namhlanje, ingozi ephindwe kabini yindawo ekhuselekileyo eqinileyo emgqeba-siseko, kodwa enemida ecacileyo.

Xa Ingozi Incamathisela

Phambi kokuba ummangalelwa athi usengozini ephindwe kabini, ingozi kufuneka iqale idibene. Ixesha lokudibanisa liyahluka ngohlobo lokuqhubekeka:

  • Iityala ze-JURY:[[FLT: 1] I- Jeoparding xa i-avalect ifakwe kwindawo yolawulo kunye nesifungo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iimvavanyo ze-Bench: I- Jeoparding xa ingqina lokuqala lifunghiwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izicelo zeGuilty: I- Jeoparding xa inkundla ivuma isicelo ngaphandle kokucela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukungalawuleki kwetyala: ukuncamathisela ijoparthi xa ingqina lokuqala lifunghiwe kwilizwi le-antification.

Ukuba ityala lithe larhoxiswa ngaphambi kokuba lincanyathiselwe kwingozi — ngokomzekelo, ngaphambi kokuba abachopheli-tyala bafunwe — urhulumente usenokuzilungisa izityholo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka komGaqo-siseko. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ummangalelwa ubeka ityala engozini ngokuvuma ukubekwa kwetyala eliphosakeleyo, urhulumente usenokuphinda asongelwe. Ukuqonda xa kuqukwa ingozi kuvavanywa ukuba imivalo yetyala yesibini kusini na.

Iinkobe: Xa Ukutshutshiswa Kuvunyelwa

Phezu kwalo nje ulwimi olunamandla loMgaqo-nkqubo wesihlanu, iinkundla ziye zavuma iimeko eziliqela apho urhulumente anokuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukukhusela ummangalelwa. Ezi zinto azizibopheleleli kodwa zisekelwe kwimfuneko eyimfuneko kwaye ziyimfuneko ukugcina ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokuvavanya.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Uvavanyo oluphosakeleyo lunqumla ityala elifutshane phambi kokuba kufikelelwe isigqibo. Nokuba urhulumente angalilungisa kwakhona ityala ngenxa yetyala iziphumo zempazamo zachazwa. Ukuba iziphumo zetyala zivela "eziyimfuneko" — njengejaji elixhotyiweyo, ukufa kwejaji, okanye impazamo engundoqo ye-procradefial — ummangalelwa angaphinde abulawe. Umzekelo wodidi yinkundla wejaji engenakuvumelana kwisigqibo; umgwebi angavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo, kwaye urhulumente angazama kwakhona umgwebi phambi kweso somthetho omtsha. Jonga i-[FLT] .[FFLT:]

Ukuba, ngoko, umtshutshisi ulola ummangalelwa ukuba ashukunyiselwe ukuqhutyelwa ityala eliphosakeleyo (okwaziwa njenge "ukutshutshisa ngokungafanelekanga" ukufikelela ekucaphukeni ngengozi), uvavanyo kwakhona lungavalwa. Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S 667 (1992), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwinto yokuba xa ihambo yomtshutshisi yayizimisele ukuxhoko lommangalelwa ukucela ukuba intsika eyingozi iphinde iphinde ifumane ingozi. Imposiso okanye ngaphezulu kwe-advoccy ayifaneleki.

Ukongezelela, ukuba inkundla ivakalisa ukuphosa ityala ngokuchasene nommangalelwa kwaye ngaphandle kokuboniswa kwemfuneko ecacileyo, ukuqulunqwa kwakhona kuthintelwa. Lo mthetho uthintela ijaji ekupheliseni ityala ngaphandle kokuphelisa ityala ngenxa yokuba imeko yabatshutshisi ibuthathaka. imfuneko efunekayo inyanisekile ukuba iinkundla ezingalunganga zigcinelwe ungxamiseko lokwenene.

Izibheno Nezindululo

Emva kokuqiniseka, ukuba ummangalelwa ufaka isibheno ngempumelelo kwaye uphumelele ekulungiseni, urhulumente uyakwazi ukulilungisa ngokuqhelekileyo eli tyala. Lo mahluko uyaqonda ukuba ukubuyisela okuzinzileyo akukokukhulula; ukunyanzeliswa kwantlandlolo kuyacinywa, kwaye ummangalelwa ubuyiselwa kwindawo phambi kokuvavanywa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ikuqinisekisa oku [[FLT:]] United States v. Ball[FL:1], 163 U.S.62 (189696), kwaye ihlala ihleli ingumthetho. Noko ke, ukuba inkundla ye-applatte ibuyisela umva kwizithuba ukuba ubungqina abunanele ngokusemthethweni ukuxhasa ukuqiniseka, ukuququluswa kwakhona kuvinjiwe. Bona [FLT:]

Ngokufanayo, ukuba ijaji egwebayo inika inyathelo lokugweba ityala elisekelwe kubungqina obunganele, urhulumente akanakumbhena loo mmiselo aze aphinde aphikise ummangalelwa. Kodwa ukuba ijaji inika ityala elitsha elisekelwe kwimpazamo esenziwa (umgwebi, ukuvuma okungafanelekanga kobungqina), urhulumente usenokuliphikisa elo tyala.

Imfundiso Yabalawuli Abahlukeneyo

Mhlawumbi owona mda ubalulekileyo kukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini yi-"dial commentation" okanye "ongolawulo olwahlukeneyo" imfundiso. Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente ngamnye zizinto ezizimeleyo, uLawulo lwesihlanu lokuHlaziya aluwuthinteli urhulumente ukuba atshutshise umntu ngenxa yehambo esele ibekwe ngurhulumente wesizwe, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Oku kusebenza ngokufanayo kumatyala alandelelanayo ngamazwe ahlukeneyo ukwenzela isenzo esinye, logama nje igunya ngalinye linomdla wobukhosi ekusohlwayeni esohlwayeni esona.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umntu uphanga ibhanki efakwe urhulumente, urhulumente worhulumente (phantsi komthetho webhanki yorhulumente wokuphanga) kunye norhulumente (phantsi komthetho karhulumente wobusela) angamangalela. Ukungagwetywa okanye ukugwetywa kwenye inkundla akuyivani enye enye. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa le mfundiso Gqiggggbb v. United States, 139 S. 1960. Ct (209), igatya ucelomngeni olufuna ukubhukuqalisela phantse iminyaka eli-170 yesiqinisekiso. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ulawulo olubini lujonge ukukhuselwa ngokuphindiweyo kokhuseleko oluphindiweyo, kodwa iNkundla isoloko ikholelwa ukuba umlawuli ngamnye unelungelo lokuzibo lwemithetho yayo.

Iziphazamiso Ezisebenzisekayo Zolongamo Lobukhosi

Oku kukhetha kuchaphazela kakhulu ukuqheliselwa komthetho. Kumatyala aphezulu, abatshutshisi basoloko belungelelanisa urhulumente kunye norhulumente ukuze bandise amathuba okuthembeka. Umzekelo, emva kokugwetywa kwamagosa amapolisa enkundleni karhulumente ngokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, urhulumente wazisa izityholo zamalungelo abantu — umtshutshisi ozimeleyo owenziwe ngengozi ephindwe kabini. Ngokufanayo, abatshutshisi beli lizwe baye bawalandela amatyala abamangalelwayo abagwetyiweyo abagwetyiweyo kwinkundla yephondo xa bephikisana neziphumo.

Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka aqwalasele ukuba kungenzeka ukuba ityala lesibini libekwe ngumlawuli omnye xa ecebisa abaxhasi. Iingxoxo zePlea zisoloko ziquka izivumelwano ezigquma izityholo zorhulumente norhulumente zokuphepha ukutshutshiswa ngokulandelelanayo, nangona izivumelwano ezinjalo zingafunwanga ngokomGaqo-siseko.

Izahlukaniso Ezibangelwa Yihambo Efanayo

Ubungozi obuphinda-phindiweyo kuphela bunemivalo elandelelanayo yokumangalelwa ityala elifanayo. Ayithinteli urhulumente ekumangaleleni ummangalelwa ngezenzo ezininzi ezisekelwe kwisenzo esinye esingaphantsi, lo gama nje ulwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye lunento olunye olungayi. Uvavanyo lokuba amatyala amabini ayafana na luvela kwi- i-Sburger v. United States[FFLT:3], u-US. 299 (1932): ukuba ityala ngalinye lifuna ubungqina belungu elingakwenye, luthathwa njengocazululo olwahlukileyo kwaye lungachatshazelwa ngokulandelelanayo.

Ngokomzekelo, isenzo esinye sokuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo ebangela ukufa singabekwa ityala njengaxa iDuI kunye nokubulala umntu ngemizimba ngenxa yokuba i-DUI ifuna ubungqina bokunxila (into engafunwayo ekubulaleni umntu ngemizimba) kunye nokubulalana ngemizimba kufuna ubungqina bokuba umntu ufe (ilungu elingafunwanga kwi-DUI). Ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo ongowe-DuI angabethwa ngenxa yokubulawa kwabantu ngemizimba yabo.

Uvavanyo olunqandayo lusebenza zombini kwityala eliphindaphindiweyo kwityala elinye nakumatyala alandelelanayo. Ukuba urhulumente uzisa izityholo kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ebezinokuthathwa njengetyala elifanayo phantsi [ i-stimular, ityala lesibini livalelwe — ngaphandle kokuba enye yeminye ingekho semthethweni iyasebenza (eg, ulawulo olubini).

Inkqubela yamakhaya nolawulo

Ingozi ephindwe kabini isebenza kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla zokungathobeli, izigwebo zolawulo, kunye nezinye iziphumo ezingezolwaphulo-mthetho azixhomi igalelo, nokuba zisekelwe kwihambo efanayo eyabangela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukuba isohlwayo sabemi sisohlwayo sokuba "ityala elikwindalo," iinkundla zingaliphatha njengelo libangela iinjongo eziphindwe kabini. Le mbambano ayiveli kwi- United States v. Halper[, 490 U.S. 435 (199), kodwa kamva inkundla ichaza umgangatho [FLT:].v [5], 52], 93) ngaphandle kokuba ityala lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuqhelisa, kunqabile ukuba intlawulo yelizwe ibangele ingozi ephindwe kabini. Noko ke, into eyenzekayo ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuhlolisisa indlela yokwenene eqhubekayo, hayi nje igama layo.

Iimeko Ezikhethekileyo: Juveniles, Umkhosi, Nomkhosi Weestopel

Ukhuseleko olubini lwengozi luquka ukungathobeli kolutsha, oluthathwa njenge-"quasi-riged" xa umntwana erhanelwa ukuba yinjubaqa (okanye ekhululwe ekuthethweni kolutsha), urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuphinda aqalise ukuvukela umthetho ngenxa yesenzo esinye. Noko ke, umntwana usenokubethwa njengendoda enkulu ngesenzo esifanayo ukuba urhulumente ulawula ulawulo olungekho mthethweni phambi kwengozi encamini yenkundla yabantwana.

Kumongo womkhosi, amalungu enkonzo akhuselwa ngengozi ephindwe kabini ngaphandle kokuba avavanywe yinkundla yetyala elahlukileyo phantsi kwemithetho ye-Uniform Code of Military Justice. Le mfundiso yolawulo isebenza nakurhulumente nakurhulumente xa omnye wawo ebandakanya inkundla yetyala.

Enye ingcamango ebalulekileyo yi-literanical estoppel, evalela urhulumente ekubeni aphinde afumane imibandela yenyaniso eyayinokuconjululwa kwinkoliseko yommangalelwa kwityala langaphambili. Nangona ingeyiyo ingozi ephindwe kabini, inikela ukhuseleko olufanayo. Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe ekuphangweni okusekelwe ekufumaneni kwabachopheli-mthetho ukuba akangomenzi-tyala, urhulumente akanakummangalela kamva ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo olufuna ubungqina bobukhonzi bolwazi obufanayo.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Olungokwasemthethweni

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkundla ziqhubeke zicombulula imida yengozi ephindwe kabini. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo ku Gugush v. United States (2029) yaphinda yaqinisekisa imfundiso ephindwe kabini yolawulo, yayikhaba ingcamango yokuba uGaqo-guqulo lweshumi elinesine luye lwayilawula ngokupheleleyo. IJaji Thomas, equkuqelayo, yaphikisa ukuba intsingiselo yangaphambili kawonke-wonke wonke ixhasa ulawulo oluphindiweyo, ngexa iJaji Gormos Gordate yaphikisa, iyibiza ngokuthi "ukwahlukani" kwiSinyulo sesihlanu.

Enye inkqubela ebalulekileyo ibandakanya ukudibana kwengozi ephindwe kabini kunye nomthetho wokungagqibeki kunye nokuziphatha okubi komtshutshisi. Mcnell v. United States, 136 S. 2355. (206), iNkundla yanciphisa ingcaciso yesenzo sorhwaphilizo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugwetyweni kwabamangalelwa abathile emva kokuba iinkolelo zabo ziqhawukile. Urhulumente wavunyelwa ukuba aphinde ahlole loo matyala ngenxa yokuba ukujika kwetyala kwakusekelwe kwimpazamo esemthethweni, hayi ubungqina obunganeleyo.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zikwajamelene neemeko eziphindiweyo zengozi, ingakumbi kumongo "wema phantsi" ukuchotshelwa kwetyala lokukhusela. Amanye amazwe akujonga ukuchotshelwa okunjalo njengokulingana nokuvavanywa kwetyala ngenxa yeenjongo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphindwe kabini, ukuvalwa kwetyala emva koko, ngelinye icala.

Kukwakho impikiswano ekhulayo ngokulunga kwamatyala amaninzi phantsi kwemfundiso ephindiweyo yolongamo, ingakumbi xa izityholo zorhulumente norhulumente zivela kwisiganeko esinye. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi oko kuchasene nomoya wecandelo eliyingozi ephindwe kabini, ngoxa abaxhasi bemi ngelithi kuyimfuneko ukulondoloza uburhulumente. Ngowama2025, iNkundla ayikhange ibonise ukukulungela ukubhukuqa umgaqo ophindiweyo wolawulo.

Ubalo Loqheliselo Olusemthethweni

Kumagqwetha akhuselayo, ukuqonda imida yengozi ephindwe kabini kubalulekile ekwenzeni izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo. Xa umxhasi ejongene nokutshutshiswa okunokwenzeka, icebiso kufuneka lihlolisise ngenyameko ukuba ingozi idibene na, nokuba uvavanyo luyiyo kusini na "ityala elinye," nokuba ngaba ikho na into engenziwa ngaphandle kwayo. Iingcinga ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Intshukumo zomthetho: Ngamaxesha onke uphonononga ukuba ityala lisekelwe kwimfuneko ecacileyo okanye kwihambo engalunganga yabatshutshisi. Ummangalelwa ovumayo kwityala eliphosakeleyo usoloko ekhusela ngokuphindwe kabini ingozi.
  • Appals: Ukuba ulweyiseko lutshintshiwe kwizizathu ezingabonakaliyo, umxhasi angajongana netyala elitsha. Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka avavanye iinzuzo zesibheno nxamnye nomngcipheko wokufumana ingtshutshiso yesibini eneziphumo eziqatha.
  • Ulwahlulo lobugcisa olunobungozi: kwiimeko ezibandakanya zombini izilangazelelo zikarhulumente norhulumente, xoxani ngesivumelwano sehlabathi lonke esisombulula izityholo zombini. Khuphela amadinga abatshutshisi bezwe ukuba bangayi kusifaka esibhedleleni.
  • [Iiplagiral estoppel: Kwimeko ezilinganiselweyo, ukugwetywa kwangaphambi kokuba kungavumeli urhulumente ukuba abonise izibakala ezithile kwimvavanyo elandelayo. Le yimfundiso enamandla kodwa enciphileyo efuna ubungqina obunobuchule.

Kumagqwetha, icandelo eliphindiweyo lengozi libeka imida ebalulekileyo kwizigqibo ezibotshwayo. Ithintela ukutshutshiswa ngezohlwayo nokunyanzeliswa korhulumente ukuba aqinise izityholo ezinxulumeneyo kwityala elinye naninina kunokwenzeka. Ucalulo olubini lolawulo lunika ubuchule kodwa luthwele ubungozi bokubonakala ungenabulungisa, ingakumbi kwiimeko eziphezulu apho uluntu lubona ukuba ityala lesibini lingumthetho.

Isiphelo

Umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ngumgaqo wengcaciso yetyala laseMerika, olungiselelwe ukukhusela abantu kwigunya elongameleyo leli lizwe. Kodwa ukhuseleko lwawo aluphelelanga. Iinkundla zetyala, izibheno, imfundiso eyahlukileyo, kunye nengqiqo yezolwaphulo-mthetho ezahlukeneyo zonke zidala iindlela zokuphinda zitshutshiswe. Iinkundla zilungelelanise ngokucokisekileyo ilungelo lommangalelwa lokuphelisa umdla woluntu wokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lusohlwaywa kwaye ukuvavanywa kwazo kusenziwa ngendlela elungileyo.

Nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo yobulungisa — enoba ngummangalelwa, umgwebi, umgwebi, okanye umenzi wenkqubo — ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo iingozi eziphindwe kabini kunye nokungahambelani kwazo kubalulekile. Eli binzana aliqinisekisi ukuba umntu uza kuvavanywa kanye; liqinisekisa ukuba aziyi kuvavanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo, njengoko kuchazwa ngeenkulungwane zokutolikwa komgaqo-siseko. Njengoko kuvela imida esemthethweni ebangela iingozi eziphindwe kabini, iya kuqhubeka ivavanywa, kodwa injongo yalo ihlala ingaguquki: ukukhusela umntu omsulwa ekuhlaselweni kwetyala elinye nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uthwala ubunzima bobungqina bokuqala.

Ukuphinda ufunde, jonga [[FLT: 0] Icandelo lolwazi loshwankathelo lwengozi ephindwe kabini, Ggag v. United States uluvo , kunye iSebe loMgwebi weJaji 101 iphepha elikwingozi ephindwe kabini.