Imigaqo Esemthethweni Esetyenziswa Ngabameli Bomtshato Abalinganayo

Abaxhasi bomtshato abaxhasa ukulingana komtshato baye balwa elinye lamaphulo aphambili asemthethweni kwimbali yamalungelo abantu yale mihla. Kwiminyaka emalunga namashumi amathathu, basuka phantse kukoyiswa ngokupheleleyo kwiinkundla baye kufumana uloyiso olukhulu olwakhusela ilungelo lokutshata izibini ezilinganayo ezingokwaseUnited States nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Olu tshintsho aluzange lwenzeke ngengozi. Lwayimveliso yeqhinga lomthetho eliqulunqwe ngeqhinga elilungiselelwe ukuguqula uluvo lwasekuhlaleni, ukwakha umzekelo owetyala, kunye nokunyanzela utshintsho lwemithetho. Ukuqonda ezo macebo — ukusuka kwi-gronationaligrafigs ukuya kwi-at commentstionstions joctive trans — ityhilary enokuthi i-cut compligial wired jour ejonge ukulingana nxamnye nenk echane nenk.

Umbutho wokwanelana komtshato awuzange uxhomekeke kuhlobo olunye. Endaweni yoko, abaxhasi badibanisa iingcamango ezininzi zomthetho, ukhetho lwe-foum, kunye namaqhinga okubeka ixesha ukuze bawandise amathuba abo okuphumelela. Bafunda kukweyiswa kwangaphambili, ukutshintshwa kwemimiselo yezomthetho nezobupolitika, kwaye bakha izibonelelo zezibonelelo zoluntu, abaxhasi bemfundo, kunye nabaququzeleli bengca abahlala becinezelekile ukutsalwa ixesha elide. Umphumo asiko nje ungcelele lwezolo lweenkundla kodwa ngumzekelo wamalungelo abantu aqhubeka ephembelela imibutho yezentethelo yohlanga, ukulingana kwelungu neLGBTQ, kunye namalungelo omhlaba wonke.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela ezingundoqo ezisemthethweni ezisetyenziswa ngabaxhasi bomtshato abalinganayo. Lihlolisisa indlela iimpikiswano zomGaqo-siseko ezalungiselelwa ngayo, indlela amatyala akhethwa ngayo aza abekwa ngayo, indlela umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe oye wasetyenziswa ngayo, nendlela inyathelo lowiso-mthetho nelokusebenza kwenkundla elifakelwe imigudu. Uhlalutyo lubonisa ukuba imigaqo ebalaseleyo, ugqabazi, kunye neengxelo zobuqu zabaxhasi ababumba le nkonzo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Isiphumezi-miyalelo somgaqo-siseko sokulingana komtshato sisekelwe kwintsika ezimbini: i- Equal Protection Clause yeMithetho yeshumi elinesine, ethintela ukukhanyela nabani na ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho, kunye I-Seed Programmes Claus [, ekhusela inkululeko esisiseko ekuchaseni uphazamiso lukarhulumente. Umtshato uphikisa ukuba imithetho emisela umtshato owenzelwe ukucalula isibini esineyo nesine sesini, kwaye bahlutha izibi ezingo zinye ezingundoqo sokutshata ngaphandle kobulungisa obunamandla.

Ilitha langaphambili lalixhomekeke kwimpikiswano ezilinganayo zokhuseleko ezifulelwe ngokwekhethe lesini. Babaehr v. Lewin (1993), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseHawaii yabambelela kwisigqibo somtshato esithelekelelwayo sokucalucalula ngesizinziso sesini kwaye ngoko ke iqalisa uphando olungqongqo phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe olinganayo wesikhuseli somthetho-siseko. Oko kulawula kwabangela ukuphendula kwetsheyina okwakhokelela kwilayisensi yomtshato yokuqala esuk'uthe kwicala lomtshato eMassachusetts ngo-2004 kwaye ekugqibeleni kwisigqibo somnyaka obalulekileyo kwi Obergefe.

Ngexesha uObergefell afikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., abaxhasi babeyiphucule ingcamango yabo yezomGaqo-siseko ukuze bagxininise imigaqo-siseko elinganayo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Inkundla, ngokwembono yeJaji uAnthony Kennedy, yathi ilungelo lokutshata lilungelo elisisiseko elikwinkululeko yomntu, kwaye phantsi kwe-CSC Procession and Aumetic Protection Clausss, izibino ezingo ezikwanezobudlelane zisenokungahluthwa kwangoko kulungile. Isigqibo esithe ngqo sanxulunyaniswa nonxulumano olusondeleneyo, kunye nesidima sabantu ngabanye — iimpikiswano eziveliswe zazaze zavavanywa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente kumashumi amabini eminyaka adluleyo.

Abameli bakwathunyelwa iimpikiswano zomgaqo-siseko kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, ngokufuthi bexhomekeke kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente anika ukhuseleko olubanzi kunesomGaqo-siseko wezwe. Goodridge v. Isebe Loluntu Wezempilo [2003], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yezeeJaji ichaza ukukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko okulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo yokufuna ukulingana komtshato. Eso sigqibo sasibaluleke ngenxa yokuba sadala umzekelo wokuqala wasekhaya womtshato owezente eUnited States kwaye sanika imodeli yabameli bamanye amazwe.

Ngaphandle kwe-United States, iimpikiswano zomgaqo-siseko zathatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo. EKhanada, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Reference removement-move Marriage [2004]) yaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wengingqi unegunya lokumisela ukulingana komtshato, nokuba umthetho onjalo awuyi kwaphula nkululeko yonqulo. KuMzantsi Afrika, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko kwi- iNkulumbuso wemicimbi yaseKhaya v. [FOLT:3] [2005] (2005]) uluvo lwawo lungachasana kumthetho oqhelekileyo phantsi kokulungele ukulingana nokuhlonipheka komGatho-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika. Zonke ezi zigqibo zigqityelwe ngokwembali ezithile zomgaqo womthetho osemthethweni ongokwahlukeneyo, kodwa zonke ezona ezi mgaqo-mthetho-womeleleyokungakunga kumthetho olinganayo kumthetho olinganayo

Uqikelelo olucwangcisiweyo kunye namatyala ovavanyo

Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela intsonkothileyo yomthetho eyasetyenziswa ngabaxhasi bomtshato ukulingana yaba i-listratigic — ukukhethwa kwangabom kweendawo, indawo, kunye neempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni ukumisela iimeko ezintle zokumisela imizekelo elungileyo. Le ndlela yayifuna umonde, ukulungelelanisa, nokuvuma ukulahlekelwa zimeko ngendlela elungileyo ukwenzela ukuba kubekho ingxelo engcono yemeko elandelayo.

Omnye wemizekelo yokuqala yokubekwa kwemiqathango engokomthetho kumbutho wokwalingana yaba ngumzekelo wetyala le-Baehr eHawaii. Abameli kwiZiko le-Civil Liberation Union (ACLU) kunye noLambda esemthethweni babesebenza ngokusondeleyo namagqwetha asekuhlaleni ukuchaza abameli abamele icandelo elibanzi loluntu — izibini ezazinolwalamano olude, ezazinabantwana, ababenonqulo, nababenako ukuchaza isizathu sokuba umtshato ubaluleke kubo ngokobuqu. Injongo yayikukubeka ulwalamano lomntu kwimpikiswano esemthethweni kwaye yenza kube nzima ukuwamkela amatyala angenamsebenzi

Njengoko ukuhlaziywa kwetyala kwaqhubela phambili, abameli bakwajolise phambili ekwakheni ingxelo eyinyaniso eyamelana nokuchasana kwezigwebo zephondo ezithenjiweyo zezibini ezingokwasemgaqweni. Oku kungqina okucacileyo ngeengenelo zengqondo nezentlalo zabantwana, ukungabikho kwengozi kwimitshato echaseneyo, kwaye imbali yocalulo nxamnye neLGBTQ, abantu yaziswa kwiinkundla zamatyala yaye kamva yacatshulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo. Le ndlela icacileyo yayineengcebiso elibalulekileyo kwiimeko ezifana [FLT: 0]. Schwarzegger [20], umbangono wesizwe kwiprojectedings yeKliniary ecacileyo nesasa inkundla ebanzi yazamkelelwa ziimeko eziphangaleleneyo.

Ukukhethwa kwamatyala okuvavanya kwaquka ukuqwalaselwa ngenyameko kwemeko yezobupolitika neyomthetho. Ekuqaleni koo 2000, abameli baphepha ukuzisa amatyala kumazwe atyekele kakhulu, endaweni yoko babhekisa kwimimandla apho uluvo lukawonke-wonke lwalulunge ngakumbi nalapho iinkundla zikarhulumente zazibonise ukuvumelana neLGBTQ+ amalungelo. Njengoko ukwakhiwa kwelizwe kuvela, abaxhasi basuka kucelomngeni lomgangatho karhulumente baye kumatyala karhulumente, bequkumbela kumzamo wolungelelwaniso oveliswe yi-Obergefell.

Enye intlukwano yentlawulo yezorhwebo yayikusetyenziswa kwe cumiacee . Abameli baqokelela umahluko ongaqhelekanga wamazwi axhasayo — ukusuka kwimibutho yonqulo nakubaphengululi abasemthethweni ukuya kwiinkokeli zoshishino kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantwana — ukunikezela iinkcazelo ezifutshane ezaphendula imibuzo ecacileyo engokwasemthethweni kwaye zabonisa inkxaso ebanzi yeso siseko solingana nomtshato. Umgangatho kunye nolwahluka-hluka-hlukeneyo kwezi nkcazelo zaba yindlela yokulingana komtshato kwaye mhlawumbi zaphembelela imbono yeNkundla Ephakamileyo yenkundla.

Kwakhona kwakufuneka uqeqesho olucwangcisiweyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwetyala. Abameli baqonda ukuba ukungxamela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo kusekuqaleni kakhulu kungaphumela ekoyiseni okuqinisekileyo okuya kubuyisela intshukumo kangangeminyaka. Endaweni yoko, balinda de kwafuneka ubuninzi obubalulekileyo bezigqibo eziphantsi zenkundla kunye nobunzima bomgangatho karhulumente bamisele isiseko esiqinileyo somthetho. Xa u-Obergefell ekugqibeleni wafikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, isiseko sasisomelele kangangokuba isiphumo sasilindelwe ngokubanzi.

Imithetho Ecel ’ Imbambano: Ukusuka eBaehr ukuya eObergefell

Ucelomngeni lokuphelisa ucalucalulo lwaqulunqwa kwityala lomtshato elingaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini. Amatyala angaphambili ajamelana nobunzima obukhulu: ku Baker v. Nelson (1972], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ngokufutshane yasilahla isibheno esivela kwityala lomtshato elikwi-Minnesota-x, kamva abaxhasi bavuma ukuba yayisisithintelo esikhulu. Kodwa ukoyiswa kwangaphambili kwafundisa nesifundo esibalulekile: iNkuqulumo ibingakulungelanga ukuva imbambano, kwaye abameli kufuneka bakhe isiseko esiqinileyo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente kuqala.

Le mpumelelo yabakho nge Babaehr v. Lewin eHawaii. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseHawaii yagqiba kwelokuba umthetho womtshato karhulumente wawunganyanzeliswanga kuba wawubalwa ngokwesiseko sesondo. Ngokwama, inkundla yamatyala yaba netyala elicacileyo yaza yagqiba kwelokuba urhulumente akanakubonakalisa umdla onyanzelisayo wetyala. Nangona ekugqibeleni esi sigqibo sabekwa phantsi kwe-mgaqo-siseko, u-Bahr ityala] labangela ukuba incoko yesizwe iqhutywe kwaye ishukufunwe.

Ngonyaka wama-2003, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yezeeJaji yaseMassachusetts yakhupha isigqibo sayo kwi- Goodridge, ikholelwa ukuba ukuvalwa komgaqo-siseko omnye wobufanayo kukarhulumente kwawuphula umGaqo-siseko waseMassachusetts. Ummiselo wenza ukuba uMassachusetts abe ngurhulumente wokuqala e-U.S. urhulumente wavumela umtshato ongokwabelana nokutshata, kwaye imifanekiso yezibini ezinyuke yaguqula ukuqonda kwabantu ngokubanzi komcimbini. Isigqibo seMassachusetts yanikela umzekelo ocacileyo wokuba umtshato owenziwe ngomthetho awubangelangabangelangabangelangaphithiyo isiphithiphithi-mphicolo, kwaye yanika intethelo enamandla.

Ilitha lelizwe laqhubeka ngelinye icala kwishumi leminyaka ezayo, ngoloyiso eConnecticut, eIowa, eVermont, eNew Hampshire, eNew York, nakwamanye amazwe. Uloyiso ngalunye lwakha intembelo kwaye lwadala iqumrhu elikhulayo lomzekelo elinokuxhomekeka kulo iinkundla zesizwe xa ziqalisa ukuxubusha loo mbambano ngqo.

Ucelomngeni lwesizwe kwiProcence yaseKhalifoniya 8, Perry v. Schwarzenger (kamva Hollingsworth v. Perry), yaye yenzelwe ukuvelisa isalathisi somthetho. Inkundla yamatyala, ephethwe yiNtloko enguMphathi uVaughn Walker, yabamba uluvo olude lwakhanyayo yaza yakhupha uluvo olucacileyo lokufumana ukuba uProfece 8 waphula wobabini uMxokelelwano-Mkhosi noKhuselo oluBanzi. Nangona ekugqibeleni ityala laphela ngokumiswa kwinkundla ephakamileyo, izinto ezichanekileyo zenkundla zacaciswa zacaciswa zezinye iinkundla zenkundla ze-Oberge.

I- yenze iUnited States v. INkundla yaphakamisa isigqibo (203]) yayiyenye incopho yokuguqula okubalulekileyo. INkundla Ephakamileyo yagatya iCandelo 3 lokhuselo lomtshato (DOMMA), eyayichaze umtshato njengophakathi komntu omnye nebhinqa elinye ngokweenjongo zikarhulumente. Inkundla yathi iDOMA yawuphula umthetho olinganayo wemigaqo yokukhusela ekwiNtlangatha. Windssor[ ayizange ifune ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuvuma umtshato omnye-ox, kodwa yawuvula umnyango ukuba ucekele urhulumente ekuwiseni ulawulo olusemthethweni ukuba uvale urhulumente akakwazi ukuchasa ngokuchasene nomthetho-ex.

Emva ````Ilungu''', ubuninzi betyala elilinganayo leNkundla ePhakamileyo yezomthetho, livavanye ukuvalwa komtshato kwilizwe lonke. Iinkundla zephondo ezisezantsi, zicaphula zombini Wundstor[ kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yokhuselo olulinganayo lwejariso, yawisa izithintelo kurhulumente emva kwemeko. Inkundla yeSithandathu seQumrhu yezibheno zeNkundla yaba yinkundla yeNtloko yeSiqithiso yoorhulumente kuphela eyayixhasa uvalelo, idala isahlulo sesiphatho esiso sigqitywe yiNkundla e[FLT:]. Hodberged v [FFT]

Isigqibo esona sigqibo saso ngokwaso sasiyimveliso yecebo lobuchule lokucacisa. Abalawuli bakhethwa ngobuchule ukumela amava ahlukeneyo — kuquka isibini esikhulisa umntwana, umhlolo ofuna ukugqalwa ngomtshato wakhe, kunye nezibini ezikwimeko ezahlukeneyo ezingokwasemthethweni. Iimpikiswano zomthetho zafakwa ekubheneleni kuMgwebi uKennedy ukugxininisa kwisidima kunye ne-Isomkhethe. Kwaye isigqibo, xa sifike, sasilulo olukhulu oluquka uvumo lokufumana ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata nabo bonke abatshati bobuhlanga-55 kulelo nyaka wonke.

Ukufikelela kwemithetho yehlabathi

Abaxhasi bomtshato abagcinanga imigudu yabo kwiinkundla zasekhaya. Basebenzisa umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokulawula kweenkundla zamanye amazwe ukuqinisa iimpikiswano zabo nokuvelisa uxinzelelo lotshintsho. Eli cebo lamazwe ngamazwe lanceda iinjongo ezininzi: lanika ezinye izicwangciso zomthetho, labonisa ukuba ukulingana komtshato kwakuvisisana nemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu, kwaye lanika abaxhasi betyala ukuphikisa intelekelelo yokuba umtshato omnye wawuyintsonkothile okanye utshintsho oluthile olucacileyo.

Enye yeengqwalaselo zokuqala zamazwe ngamazwe yenzekile ngo-2005, xa iNkundla yezee-Europe yamaLungelo abantu [[FLT:] yakhupha uthotho lwemithetho eyamkela amalungelo ezibini ezingokwasemthethweni. Schalk kunye ne KopF v. IAustria [2010], iNkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata phantsi kweQumrhu eli-12 leNkulumbuso waseYurophu eMalungelweni abantu alizange liwanyanzelele ukuba avume ukuba amtshato ofanayo utshate, kodwa kwafuneka kunikezelwe ezinye iindlela zolwazi olusemthethweni kwizibini ezifanayo ezithelelwayo. Ngexesha eliphakathi, iNkundla ithe yaqhubela phambili idinga ukulingana, nangona ilungu elibalulekileyo.

Ngo-2018, iNkundla yama-Inter-American yaMalungelo abantu yakhupha uluvo lokuba iqela lesizwe kwiNdibano yaseMelika yaMalungelo oluntu kwafuneka ukuba liqonde umtshato ofanayo nowobunyani. Uluvo lwalungabopheleli kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu, kodwa lwanika abaxhasi bemithetho esemthethweni e-Latin America. Amazwe afana neCosta Rica, Ecuador, kunye ne-Argentina kamva agunyazisa umtshato ongokwasemthethweni, mhlawumbi ngemvume okanye ngomthetho, exhomekeke kwinxenye kwingqiqo yeNkundla yezolawulo lwe-Internetic America.

IKomiti yamaZwe eUnited Nations Amalungelo abantu ikwajongene nokulingana komtshato. Kwiimeko ezifana nabafana bezinye ii-ofisi () [2003] kunye [[FLT] Fotovav v. Russia[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2021], iKomiti efunyaniswe ewe yaphula umnqophiso wezizwe zonke wamalungelo oluntu nawepolitiki ngokukhanyelisa izibini ezifanayo ukufikelela emtshatweni okanye okulinganayo. Ngexesha iimbono zeKomiti zingenagunyazwe ngendlela efanayo njengemimiselo yenkundla yasekhaya, iphethe igunya lokuziphatha kwaye iboniswe kwiingxoxo ezingomthetho.

Amaqhinga asemthethweni ehlabathi lonke ayebaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumazwe apho iinkundla zamakhaya zazingafuni ukuthatha inyathelo. Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya, abaxhasi baye basebenzisa iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ukuvavanya imithetho yokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho njengokuba imeko yezopolitiko yelizwe iye yabonakalisa ubutshaba obungakumbi. Kwimimandla ethile ye-Afrika nase-Asia, abameli baye bathembela kumalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke ukuyekelela nxamnye nemithetho ye-sodoma kunye nemiqathango yomtshato.

Ukusetyenziswa komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kwakungenampikiswano. Abanye abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukubhenela kwimizekelo yamanye amazwe okanye yezizwe ngezizwe kwalulaza ukubekwa kwedemokhrasi. Kodwa abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi izithethe zamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke zinika ukubuyiselwa okubalulekileyo xa iinkqubo zezopolitiko zasekhaya zisilela ukukhusela amahlelo amancinane. Umanyano lomtshato nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe lubonise indlela iindlela zomthetho ezinokuxhasa ngayo ukubekwa kwemali emakhaya zize zenze umgangatho ophakamileyo wamalungelo ehlabathi lonke.

Indima Yemithetho Eqinileyo Neqela Lolawulo Loluntu

Iindlela ezichazwe ngasentla bezingayi kuba nokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba izibonelelo ezinikezelwe iziko loluntu lomthetho kunye neentlangano zobugcisa. Amaqela anjenge iLambda yasemthethweni[, i-[FLT] ye-American Libertial Union [[ ye-ACLU], i-[[FLT]] Inkamsko yamalungelo e-Human [[FLT]], ne [[FLTLT:]] ikhululekile kuDSGOM [FLT] [FLT:]] [FLD]] idlala iindima ezisembindi, ukuxhasa ulwakhiwo-mali, nokuxhasa uluntu.

Lambda Legal, eyasekwa ngo1973, yayiyintlangano yokuqala eUnited States eyanikezelwa kwiLGBTQ+ imvume esemthethweni. Yazisa amanye amatyala okuqala okulingana komtshato kunye nobuchule bokucacisa icandelo elakhokela umbutho kangangamashumi eminyaka. I-ACLU's LGBTQ+ Amalungelo, esungulwe ngowe-1986, yathatha amatyala aphambili kuquka ucelomngeni lwasemthethweni kwiDOMA kunye [[FLT: 0]] no-Obergefell[. Imibutho emibini idla ngokusebenza ngokuhambelana okanye ngokuncedisana, ulwano lwemibutho kunye namaqhinga.

Inkululeko yokutshata, eyasekwa ngo-2003, yathatha indlela eyahlukileyo. Kunokuba isetyenziswe ngokwezimo ezidityanisiweyo, ijoliswe kwimfundo kawonke-wonke, ukwakha izakhiwo kunye nokufumana imvume yorhulumente. Inkululeko yokutshata inyuse imali yamaphulo karhulumente, inike amaqela asekuhlaleni ukhokelo olulungelelanisiweyo, kwaye isebenzele ukuguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngokuhlawula amajelo eendaba kunye nokulungelelanisa iingcambu. Iphulo layo "Isizathu Sokuba Nomtshato" lanceda ukuphinda lidibanise imbambano yothando, isibopho, kunye nentsapho — ishukushela ngaphaya kweminye engokwasemthethweni ukunxibelelana namaMerika aqhelekileyo.

ICammission yaMalungelo oLuntu, umbutho omkhulu weLGBTQ+ i-dvocacy eUnited States, wenza indima engqinelanayo. I-HRC lobbed Congress kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, abanconyelwa, nabaququzeleli. Isalathisi somgangatho ophezulu kunye nenkqubo yayo yokuxhasa umgangatho weshishini yabangela ingcinezelo yezoqoqosho kubaqeshi beze baxhase ukulingana komtshato, nto leyo eyathi ngenxa yoko yaphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nezibalo zezobupolitika.

Le mibutho yayingasoloko ivumelana. Iingxoxo malunga nexesha lokuhamba, ukhetho, kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo zaziqhelekile. Kodwa umanyano olupheleleyo lwalunempumelelo. Umbutho wokulingana womtshato wakha umbutho osemthethweni ongobuchule, owenziwe kakuhle onokuthi uxhase amaphulo exesha elide kwaye usabele ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezitshintshayo.

Ngehlabathi, imibutho efanayo yavela kwamanye amazwe. Egale eCanada, ibonelela ngesakhiwo esitsha [ kwiUnited Kingdom, kunye I-ILGA World [ (i-International Lesbian, Gay, Biegnal, Trans Trans and Interssex Association]) yanikezela ngobuchule bomthetho, ukuxhasa, kunye nokulungelelanisa imirhumo yomtshato jikelele zweni jikelele. Iintambo eziphakathi kwezi ntlangano zazithetha ukuba imigaqo ephuhlisiweyo yelizwe elinye inokwenziwa kwaye isetyenziswe kwezinye iindawo.

Ukuqalisa Imidlalo Yamabhola Nomthetho Oyintsebenziswano

Ngoxa ukudityaniswa kwakulelona cebo libonakalayo, umbutho womtshato waqonda ukubaluleka [[FLT: 0] kombutho womtshato odityanisiweyo kunye namanyathelo abonakalayo. Kumazwe athile, abaxhasi basebenza ukudlulisela imithetho yokulinganisana ngemithetho-siseko yorhulumente, ukwakha imibutho yabenzi bomthetho abaxhasayo kwaye basebenzisa uxinzelelo lwamaphulo kawonke-wonke. Kumanye, balwa amadabi okulwa nolulwelo olufuna ukuvalwa komtshato kwimithetho esemthethweni.

Icebo lowiso-mthetho laba nempumelelo ephawulekayo. Ngo-2009, uVermont waba lizwe lokuqala ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni umtshato ongokwasemgaqweni ngomthetho kunokuba kuthethwe inkundla. Inkundla ephakamileyo ka-Iowa yayisele iwubethelele umlomo womtshato karhulumente, kodwa isenzo sendlu yowiso-mthetho eVermont sabonisa ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo anokuvuma ukulingana ngaphandle kwentlekele yezobupolitika. INew York yalandela ngo-20, ukudlulisa uMthetho we-Mality Eatyletyleality emva kwephulo leprofile equka ukungenelwa ngokobuqu nguMphathi-Andrence Cuomo nomgudu olungelelaniswe kakhulu wamaqela ekwayanyaniswa kakhulu.

Umthetho wokumisela umthetho wawufuna ubuchule obahlukileyo kunobuphicothi-zincwadi. Abameli kwakufuneka baqonde indlela ejolisekileyo yezopolitiko, ukwakha ulwalamano nabenzi bomthetho, kunye nemiyalezo yezobugcisa eyayivakala kuvoti abangenamdla. Basebenza neenkokeli zonqulo, amaqela ezoshishino, kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ukusungula imibutho ebanzi enokumelana nenkcaso evela kubantu ababambelele kwizithethe zentlalo.

Amanyathelo ebhola ayelucelomngeni kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yowama- 2000, ukunqandwa kokuncitshiswa komtshato kwadluliselwa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30, ngokufuthi ngamacala amakhulu. La manyathelo awazange nje athintele ukulingana komtshato — akwadala imiqobo esemthethweni abaxhasi ekwakufuneka bayoyise ngokukhutshwa. Ukoyiswa kweProsition 8 eKhalifoniya ngo-2008 kwaba sisithintelo esibuhlungu kakhulu, nangona kwathi kwabangela ukuba umbutho uhambele phambili kwaye kwakhokelela kucelomngeni oluphumelelayo lwamazwe alawulayo ekugqibeleni olwathi lwathi lwathi lwawahla umlinganiselo.

Phakathi kwiminyaka yo-2010, uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngokulingana komtshato lwaye lwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo, kwaye amanyathelo okuvota aqalisa ukusebenza kwintsebenziswano yabaxhasi. Ngo-2012, abavoti eMaine, eMaryland, naseWashington bavunyiweyo ngamanyathelo okulingana komtshato, okuphawula umtshato wokuqala osisigxina osuvunyiwe kwibhokisi yebhola. Ezi zoloyiso zabonisa ukuba umbutho wawunemisipha yezobupolitika ukuzuza ngqo kubavoti, hayi kwiinkundla nje.

The combination of litigation, legislation, and direct democracy created a powerful multi-front strategy. When courts were unavailable or hostile, advocates turned to legislatures. When legislatures were blocked, they turned to voters. And when all else failed, they went back to court. This flexibility allowed the movement to adapt to different political and legal environments and to keep pushing forward even when one avenue was closed.

Imiphumo Nento Eqhubeka Ikho

Amaqhinga asemthethweni asetyenziswa ngabameli bomtshato abalinganayo aba nempembelelo enkulu. Bafumana ilungelo lokutshata izibini ezingoonongogo eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Baguqula indlela abantu abayiqonda ngayo iLGBTQ + iintsapho kwaye banceda ekuqondeni ukuba uthando nesibopho yingcamango echaza intsapho, kungekhona ubufanasini okanye ibhayoloji. Baseka isikhokelo samalungelo abantu aqhubeka ekhuthaza amanye amaqela azimeleyo.

Impembelelo yanda ngaphaya komtshato ngokwawo. Iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni eziphuhliswa kumatyala okulingana komtshato — ngokomzekelo, ingakumbi kwisidima, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, kunye nengozi ebangelwa kukususwa korhulumente — zichaziwe kwiimeko ezibandakanya amalungelo adlulisa urhulumente, okusesikweni kobuhlanga, kunye nokufuduka. Oberge wawisa [ isigqibo, umzekelo, sacatshulwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kuboxv. Clayton County[[[FF:]20], eyayikholelwa ukuba uwiso lweSithiyo esingu VII's's's kucalulo olubandakanya isimilo sesini nesifana nesifana nesifanayo. Ukwakhiwa komtshato olinganayo kwanikelwa ngomzekelo kunye nokuphefumlalwa.

Kodwa ilifa alikho ngaphandle kocelomngeni. Ukukhulula konqulo kuye kwaba yindawo enkulu, namanye amazwe amisela imithetho evumela amashishini nabantu ngabanye ukuba bangavumi iinkonzo kwizibini ezinxulumene neentlobano zesini ezisekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iphumele kwisigqibo iMacatenhop v. Colorado Commorado Commission ) icebisa ukuba amakhubalo onqulo amele alungelelaniswe ngokuchasene nokhuselo lobuhlanga - mhlaba — kodwa ashiye isigqibo esichanileyo sokulingana kolu mlinganiselo. Abameli bomtshato bayaqhubeka bekhusela umlinganiselo wabo wokulwa noloyisoyikiso nxamnye neemeko zabo.

Kumhlaba wonke, umfanekiso unzima ngakumbi. Ngexesha ukulingana komtshato kuqhubekeke nakumazwe amaninzi, kuye kwajongwana nako. ERashiya, i-LGBTQ, i-anti-LGB+ imithetho iye yomelezwa. EHungary, urhulumente uphumelele impenduliso yomgaqo-siseko echaza ukudibana komtshato njengeqhina phakathi komntu omnye nebhinqa elinye. EUnited States, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [FLT: 0] ku-Dobbs v. Jackson's Health Organization [[FLT:] [202], ephembelela ukukhuselwa kokuqhomfa okungumGaqo-m, esiye yaphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba ukuzinikela kweNkuhlalo kusini lokuqhosa okufanelekileyo kusiniswe kwinkqubo ephantsi kwe [FLT:]

Xa kuvela izisongelo ezingokwasemthethweni, amaphulo omthetho, imigudu yokufundisa abantu ngamava afikelela kumashumi eminyaka.

Isiphelo

Amaqhinga asemthethweni asetyenziswa ngabameli bokulingana komtshato ayengeyondlela yokulungisa ephambili kodwa yayiyinkqubo egqwethekileyo ehambelana neemeko ezitshintshayo. Ukuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko, ukukhethwa kwetyala, ukusetyenziswa kwezizwe ngezizwe, umsebenzi wezomthetho, kunye nedemokhrasi engqalileyo zonke ezi zinto zadlala iindima ezibalulekileyo. Impumelelo yenguqulelo ayibonakalisanga amandla empikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni kuphela kodwa kwanamandla omonde, kunye nokulungelelanisa amagqwetha kunye nabaxhasi ababewaqhubela phambili.

Okwenza iphulo lomtshato lokwahluka kukuba likulungele ukutyala iprojekthi yesakhiwo eside. Abameli abazange bamane bafake iifayile zokumangalela kunye nethemba lokufumana okungcono. Bakha amaziko, baphuhlisa ubuchule, badala isiqu semizekelo enokuthi ikwazi ukumelana nemiqobo nokuzinzisa isantya esingaphezulu kwamashumi eminyaka. Baqonda ukuba utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni asisosiganeko esinye kodwa yinkqubo — efuna ucwangciso lobulumko, ubungqina behlabathi lokwenene, kunye namabali abantu anika intsingiselo yemigaqo yesiseko.

Kubaxhasi abasebenza kweminye imibandela — enoba kukusesikweni kobuhlanga, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, okanye imozulu — umbutho wokulingana unikela izifundo ngendlela okunokusetyenziswa ngayo umthetho ukuhambisela phambili okusesikweni kwentlalo. Ibonisa ukuba ukucalucalulwa kunamandla kakhulu xa kuyinxalenye yenkqubo ebanzi equka imfundo kawonke wonke, ulwakhiwo lomanyano, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezobupolitika. Ibonisa ukuba kwanezona ndlela zingundoqo zocalucalulo zisemngcisweni zinokuphene ngokufanelekileyo ngengxuba esemthethweni, umonde nenkalipho yabantu.

Njengoko umlo wokulingana uqhubeka — eUnited States, kumazwe apho umtshato osisini esifanayo uhlala ungekho mthethweni, yaye kumlo omkhulu weLGBTQ + isidima — amacebo asemthethweni awenziwe ebudeni bephulo lokulingana komtshato aya kuqhubeka ekhokela yaye ekhuthaza.