Ukwazisa: Indima Ekhulayo Yamasebe Karhulumente Ekusetyenzisweni Kwelizwe Elicekethekileyo

Amasebe esizwe kulo lonke elaseUnited States athatha indima engakumbi ekukhuthazeni ukusetyenziswa komhlaba okuzinzileyo. Njengoko ukwanda kwabemi, ukwanda kwedolophu, kunye neengcinezelo zemekobume kukhula, imfuneko yokuzinzisa ngendlela elungeleleneyo ebhekisele kwinkqubela kunye nokulondolozwa kwezinto azizange zibe nengxamiseke ngakumbi. Amasebe elizwe `amaziko obuncwane bendalo ukulungiselela nokuphuhlisa uqoqosho."ayinkqubo yobuchule kunye neenkqubo ezizimiseleyo ukwenza ingxubevange, ukumelana nemeko, ukulingana, kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza kwe-ecococo ayiziqheliselo zobugcuba kuphela; amele ukutshintsha ngendlela esicinga ngayo ngomhlaba njengovimba ophelelwayo. Ngokuhambela phambili kokusingqongileyo, ukulondolo lwentlalo, neenjongo zezoqoqosho, imibutho yezombuso ezimisele ukuhambelana kwemibutho yabantu, kunye noluntu ukuze kulungele ukuhambela phambili izizukulwana ezihlala.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa amanyathelo angundoqo, imingeni, kunye namathuba amasebe karhulumente ajongene nawo njengoko esebenzela ukulondolozwa kwendlela yokusebenzisa izigqibo zomhlaba. Ukusukela ekulondolozweni kwezinto ezilula ukuya kwizikhuthazo ezintle zokukhula, izixhobo ezikhoyo zingafani kwaye zinamandla. Ukuqonda le migudu kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kwikamva lemekobume yethu eyakhekileyo nendalo.

Yintoni Esetyenziswa Kumhlaba Ozinzileyo?

Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba okuzinzileyo kuyindlela ebanzi yokulawula ubuncwane belizwe ngendlela ezanelisa iimfuno zangoku ngaphandle kokulalanisa amandla ezizukulwana ezizayo okuhlangabezana neemfuno zazo. Kudlula kulawulo lwesithethe lokulawula ukuma nokuphuhliswa kwendalo, ukulingana kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokulingana kwentlalo. Imigaqo esisiseko iquka ukuncitshiswa kokubekwa phantsi, ukulondolozwa kwendawo ezihlala kuyo, ukukhuthaza imithombo yendalo elungileyo, nokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle yoluntu.

Ngokwembali, ukusebenzisa umhlaba kudla ngokubeka inzuzo yezoqoqosho yexeshana eUnited States, ekhokelela kwizahluka-hlukeneyo, ukulahleka kweendawo zokulima, kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu. Noko ke, iparadigm itshintshile. Namhlanje, amasebe karhulumente ayaqonda ukuba ukusetyenziswa komhlaba okungalondolozwayo akuyongxaki nje yemekobume, kodwa kuyimfuneko yezoqoqosho neyoluntu. Umzekelo, ukudityaniswa, uluntu oluhambayo lunciphisa iikhilomitha zezithuthi, ukunyuka kwendleko kunye nokungcoliswa komoya.

Le ngcamango isekelwe kwi yentsika ezintathu ezizinzileyo : imekobume, uqoqosho, kunye nebutho labantu. Ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kwezi ntsika kufuna ukulungelelaniswa ngocoselelo ngaphaya kwemigaqo kunye namasebe. Amasebe karhulumente asebenza njenge nexus apho ezi zilangazelelo zidibana khona, ukuguqulela iinjongo ezizinzileyo kwimigaqo esebenzayo emhlabeni.

Amanyathelo Aphambili Awenziwa Lisebe Likarhulumente

Amasebe karhulumente asebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukuqhubela phambili umhlaba olondolozwayo. Ngelixesha urhulumente ngamnye elungisa indlela asondela ngayo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, amanyathelo aliqela aqhelekileyo avele ephumelela kakhulu. Ezi nkqubo zisoloko zisebenza kwi tandem, zidala icebo elilayishwe ngobuninzi bolawulo lomhlaba.

Iinkqubo zolondolozo lwelizwe

Enye yezona migudu zibonakalayo kukusekwa kwemimandla ekhuselekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokulondoloza indalo. Amasebe karhulumente alawula iihektare zepaki, amahlathi, iindawo zokusabela kwizilwanyana, namanye amazwe emvelo. Ezi ndawo zisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: ukulondoloza indalo, ukulungiselela amathuba okuzonwabisa, nokukhusela indalo njengamanzi acocekileyo nomoya.

Ngaphandle kwamazwe kawonke-wonke, amazwana amaninzi ayile ukunciphisa umgangatho werhafu. Iinkqubo zokuzigcina zilula zingumthetho owenzelwe ukuzimisela ukuba ubeke umda wokusetyenziswa komhlaba wobucala ukuze ukhusele amaxabiso awo okulondolozwa. Abaninimzi bagcina ubuni kodwa bavumelana ekuthinteleni inkqubela phambili. Kumazwe asoloko enikezela izikhuthazo zerhafu okanye ukuthenga izinto ezilula. Umzekelo, iNatature Cancerdancy[ isebenza namaziko amaninzi esizwe ukukhusela iindawo zokuhlala ezigxekwayo ngokulula. Kumazwe afana noColoradoldo neKlino, ezi nkqubo zigcinwe amawaka ee-mapuland, ebhusayithi, eeland, kunye nee-efallands.

Amasebe karhulumente asebenzisana nesebe elikholose ngelizwe lasekuhlaleni kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente anjenge-U.S.Fish neNkonzo ye-Wildlife yokwandisa iinkqubo zokulondolozwa kwendalo.

Ukwanda Kwesimilo Ngobulumko

Ukukhula okukrelekrele yiseti yemigaqo yokucwangcisa ukunqanda ukugudlana kwedolophu ngokukhuthaza ukudityaniswa, ukuhambela phambili okuhambayo. Amasebe karhulumente athathe iinkqubo zokukhula ngobuchule ukulungiselela ukuhambelana noluntu olukhoyo, ukunciphisa iindleko zezibonelelo, kunye nokukhusela izithuba ezivulekileyo. Iziqalelo ezingundoqo ziquka ukudityaniswa kweendawo, ukuqiniswa kobunzima obuphezulu kufutshane nezitishi zokuthutha, kunye nemigangatho yenkcubeko ekhuthaza ukusebenza kwabantu abahamba ngesantya.

Ngokomzekelo, uphuhliso lwezibonelelo zemoto negesi eshushu (TOLT) luye lwaxhaswa lisebe lezothutho nezomsebenzi zendlu. Ngokunikela imisebenzi yokuhlala neyorhwebo kwimibutho yothutho kawonke-wonke, i-TOD inciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwenqwelo-moto kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu. Inkqubo kaMaryland yeTransit-Oriented Development, elawulwa lisebe lesizwe lezothutho, inika inkxaso kunye nobuchule bemithetho yolwakhiwo lwe-TOD. Ngokufanayo, ulawulo lombuso woluntu lwaseOregodry ifuna izixeko ukuseka imida eshushu, ukulinganisela nokuqhuba utyalo-mali ngaphakathi.

Ukwanda okukrelekrele kubandakanya izitrato ezipheleleyo iinkqubo eziqinisekisa ukuba iindlela zenzelwe bonke abasebenzisi (iinqanawa), abakhweli beebhayisikile, abaqhubi benqwelo-mafutha, kunye nothutho lukawonke-wonke. Amasebe amaninzi esizwe ezithuthi athathe imigangatho epheleleyo yendlela, ekhokelela kwimijelo ekhuselekileyo, eqaqambileyo. Le migaqo ayiphuculi nje kuphela ubomi kodwa ikwanyusa uqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni ngokutsala amashishini kunye nabemi abaxabisa imimandla ehambayo.

Iinqanaba zophuhliso

Ukukhuthaza icandelo lobuqu ukuba lisebenzise iindlela ezizinzileyo, amasebe karhulumente anika uludwe lwezikhuthazo zemali ezifunekayo. Ezi ziquka iityala zerhafu, izibonelelo, imali-mali ebolekiweyo ephantsi, iibhonasi ezixineneyo, kunye nokuvunyelwa kokuzikhulula. Injongo kukuhlisa iindleko eziphezulu zesakhiwo esiluhlaza, ukudityaniswa kwamandla anokuhlaziywa, kunye nokulungisa indawo ehamba emanzini.

Umzekelo omnye ophambili ngu umgangatho wolwakhiwo lwerhafu eluhlaza yerhafu . Amanye amazwe, njenge New York neWashington, anika ityala lezakhiwo eziphumeza i-LEED creding okanye aphumeze imigangatho ethile yamandla. Ezi zihlomelo zingagquma inxalenye yolwakhiwo nolwakhiwo lwemali oluneyo, ukwenza inkqubela phambili esebenzayo ngoqoqosho. Ukongeza, amaphondo amaninzi anikela ngemali yebala elimda omdaka wokukhula kwebala elimnyama elineendawo zemizi - `ecureaaaaaaacces''' okanye izakhiwo ezichuliweyo.

Enye indlela entsha ingu itransfer yamalungelo ophuhliso (TDR) iinkqubo. Phantsi kwe TDR, abemi bengingqi kwimimandla yogcino-lwazi bangathengisa amalungelo abo okuphuhlisa kwiindawo ezimiselweyo zokuphuhlisa. Esi sixhobo sinceda ukukhusela amazwe achukumileyo ngelixesha esavumela ulwando kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo. Amazwe anjenge New Jersey kunye namaMassachusetts adala iiplanimes ze-TDR ezigcine amashumi amawaka eehektare.

Kubenzi bezinto, ezi zikhuthazo zingaba ngumatshini womdlalo. Ufundo oluvela kwi-arhente yoKhuselo lwendawo ebumelwayo lufumanise ukuba inkqubela-phambili eluhlaza isoloko ikhupha amaxabiso empahla aphezulu kunye neendleko ezisezantsi zokusebenza, kodwa utyalo lokuqala lungaba ngumqobo. Izikhuseli zebrorho zebhulorho, ukwandisa ukwamkelwa koqheliso oluzinzileyo ngaphaya kwemarike.

Ubungqina nocwangciso oluluntlukwano

Ucwangciso lokusebenzisa umhlaba oluzinzileyo alunakuphumelela ngaphandle kokuba abantu bathenge ngaphakathi. Amasebe karhulumente aye amkela iindlela zokuzingca, eqonda ukuba ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni kunye nemilinganiselo kufuneka zilusebenzise. Ukuganana kwabantu ngowonke-wonke kuthatha iindlela ezininzi: izicamango, iintsimbi, uhlolisiso lwe-intanethi, iikomiti zoluvo loluntu, kunye nokuchongwa kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Uninzi lweemeko lumisele amabhunga okucwangcisa okanye iziganeko zivumela abemi balapho ukuba baphawule izinto eziphambili ````````````'''''''' ukunika abahlali ilizwi elingqalileyo kwinkqubo yokucwangcisa. Umzekelo, iSebe leVmont le House neNguquko yoluntu lisebenza ngeekhomishini zokucwangcisa iintlanganiso zoluntu. Ezi ziganeko zivumela abemi ukuba baphawule izinto eziphambili ezikhoyo ``njengegcina amafama, ukufikelela kobubanzi, okanye ukwenza indawo yokufikelela ebhabhabha, ukuphumelela kwendlela yokuyila inkqubo yesikhokelo.]

Ubuxhakaxhaka bukwandise inxaxheba kawonke-wonke. Izixhobo zokuzoba imaphu kwikhompyutha njenge i-GIS yenza abemi bakwazi ukuphawula iindawo abazixabisayo ekulondolozweni, ekuzizonwabiseni, okanye ekuphuhlisweni. Amazwe anjengeMinnesota kunye nomNtla Carolina asebenzise izixhobo ezinjalo ukuqokelela igalelo kwizinto zokuthutha ezinde kunye neeplani. Ukwenza inkqubo ekhanyayo nequkayo, amasebe karhulumente akha ukuthemba kunye nokwenza izicwangciso ezibonisa kakuhle iimfuno zoluntu.

Ucwangciso olunengcaciso ludlulela ngaphaya kokudibana noluntu kunye nokudityaniswa kwemithetho. Amasebe karhulumente asoloko esebenza ngobalo, oomasipala, oorhulumente besizwe, kunye nemibutho engafumani ngeniso. I- American Planning Association ibalaselisa imizekelo ephumelelayo yezi nkxaso, njengeBhunga leKhilithane leKhwephe leKrathi leKhwephe leCalifornia, elilungelelanisa ilizwe, elisebenzisa izindlu, izithutho, kunye nenkqubo yemozulu kumazwe azimele.

Iingxaki Neengxaki Zokulungiselela Umhlaba Ozinzileyo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela, amasebe karhulumente ajamelana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Ukuqonda olu celomngeni kubalulekile ekuveliseni iindlela ezisengqiqweni nezisebenzayo.

Ukungabi namali yaneleyo kunye noovimba

Amanyathelo amaninzi okusebenzisa umhlaba afuna ukurhweba ngokunzulu (ukufumana umhlaba, ukunyuswa kwesiseko, ubuchule, kunye neenkqubo zokukhuthaza. Uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente lusoloko lunyanzelwa ngezicelo zemfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ngaphezu koko, imijikelo yezobupolitika ingenza ukungaguquguquki kwemali, nto leyo ebangela kube nzima ukuxhasa iinkqubo zexesha elide. Amanye amazwe aye aphethukela kwimithombo yemali enikezelweyo, enjengerhafu okanye amaqhina omhlaba, kodwa ezi zinto azifumaneki jikelele.

Iimbambano Zezobupolitika NezobuJustili

Izigqibo ezisetyenziswa emhlabeni zizinto zezobupolitika ngokwemvelo. Bangaxhasa amalungelo empahla ngokuchasene nabalondolozi bendalo, abaphuhlisi bemibutho echasene nabahlali, nezilangazelelo zasedolophini ngokuchasene nezisemaphandleni. Ukuqokelela imibono yokukhula kusoloko kusilela okanye kunciphisa iinjongo ezimanyumnyezi. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo lwelizwe kumaphondo amaninzi lwahlulwe phakathi kwabameli abaninzi noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungavisisanini kwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemiqobo. Ukufumana umanyano phakathi kwezi zixhobo kufuna ukhokelo olunamandla nengxoxo eqhubekayo.

Iimephu zogcino-lwazi kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule

Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba okunempumelelo kuxhomekeke kugcino-lwazi oluchanileyo malunga nesigqumo somhlaba, amanani, iimeko zemekobume, kunye nezibonelelo. Noko ke, amasebe amaninzi karhulumente aswele izixhobo eziphambili ze-glomatiliyo, ubuchule, kunye nabasebenzi bobugcisa abafunekayo ukuhlalutya olu gcino-lwazi lubanzi. Amalizwe asemaphandleni kunye namaziko aphantsi kwenkxaso-mali achaphazelekile ngokukhethekileyo. Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi oluqinileyo, kulucelomngeni ekukhuleni kweprojekthi, ukuvavanya iziphumo zemekobume yemekobume, okanye ukuvavanya iziphumo zenkqubo.

Izithintelo Zorhwebo Nendlela Yokuziphatha

Kwanangokuba iindleko eziphambili zenkqubela-phambili, imarike ayinakuzenza ifumaneke ngokuzenzekelayo imisebenzi ehlala isongiwe. Abaphuhlisi kunye nabemi bakhona basenokuba basengozini, abaqhelileyo ngobugcisa obuluhlaza, okanye abathandabuzi ngeengenelo zexesha elide. Ngaphezu koko, iindleko eziphezulu zenkqubela-phambili ezizinzileyo zinokuthintelwa kwimisebenzi emincinci. Izinto zobuntu (ezifana nokuxhathisa kokutshintsha, ukungaqondi, okanye ukucinga okufutshane okuthabatha ixesha lokumkelelwa.) Ukuthetha ngezi zizinto ezifunekayo akufuni zizinto ezinika imali kodwa kwanemfundo, iprojeliso, kunye neenkqubo zolwazi ezibonisa imbonakalo, kunye novavanyo.

Amathuba Nemikhwa Ekhulayo

Ngoxa iingxaki ziqhubeka, kukho izinto ezininzi ezibangela ukuba amasebe karhulumente aqhubeke elungiselela ukulima.

Inkqubela kwezobugcisa nogcino-lwazi

IiNkqubo zolwazi lwe-Gographic (GIS), uluvo olukude, kunye nobuchule bokwenziwa bokwenziwa buguqula utshintsho lwezigqumo zomhlaba zisebenzisa ucwangciso. Amasebe karhulumente angafumana intelekelelo yesatellite ephezulu, ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene lonxibelelwano, kunye nemodeli ezixelwe kwangaphambili. Umzekelo, .S. Uvavanyo lolwazi lwejiyolwazi ugcino-lwazi olugqume umhlaba olugqumayo lungazisa ugcino-lwazi oluphambili. Umatshini bokufunda amanani anokuchonga iindawo ezifanelekileyo zogcino-lwazi oluluhlaza okanye izindlu ezinokufumaneka. Amaqonga asekelwe kwimiboniso-mathetho avumela ucwangciso olunemba kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezibambanayo. Ngokurhwalathisa ngamandla nangokwenza isigqibo. Ngokuhlolo lwezobugcisa kunye noqeqesho, amaziko esizwe angenza ulwazi olunempumelelo.

Ukwanda kolwazi lukawonke-wonke kunye nemfuno

Inkxalabo kawonke wonke ngokutshintsha kwemozulu, imozulu embi, nokulahleka kwemimandla yendalo iphezulu kakhulu. Abahlali bafuna ukuba oorhulumente babo bathathe amanyathelo okuxhasa ukulondolozwa. Oku kudala inkxaso yezopolitiko ekusebenziseni iinkqubo zomhlaba ezifuna ikratshi. Abasebenzi benqanawa baye bavuma ukuba kuxhaswe amanyathelo okuxhasa ukulondolozwa kwemozulu, ukuthuthwa, namandla avuselelwayo. Amasebe karhulumente angaxhobisa le nkqubela yokwandisa iinkqubo kunye novavanyo ngeendlela ezintsha zokufikelela.

Ukungaguquguquki Kwemozulu Nokungaguquguquki

Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba okuzinzileyo ngoku kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ama-odolo aphuhlisa ucwangciso lokukhusela uluntu ekunyukeni kweqondo lolwandle, imililo yemililo, izikhukula, kunye nezikhukula. Ukufumana umhlaba kukhukuliso lwezikhukula, ukukhukuliseka njengesigcini-mhlaba esingokwemvelo, kunye nemithetho yokwakha ehlaziyayo yonke iyinxenye yale nkqubo. iSiziko seZibonelelo seZibonelelo-EPA [ [iiindawo yokwahlukanisa i-EPromplatementation Center [[FLT]]] inika ukhokelo olunomatshini besebe abanokusebenzisa ukuqinisa ugcino lwezigqibo lwezigqibo ezisemkhethelo emhlabeni. Olu lungele ukutsala inkxaso kunye nentluququququzo-o-msko.

Ukwandisa Ukusetyenziswa Kwezixhobo Zezoqoqosho

Izixhobo ezitsha zezoqoqosho . "njengentlawulo yenkonzo yezendalo, ikharbon, kunye neebhanki eziluhlaza" zifumana igalelo. Amanye amaphondo ahlola iindlela zokusebenzisa inzuzo yamazwe endalo agciniweyo, njengekharbon sethrafish okanye ikhukulisa amanzi." Ingeniso evela kwezi mithombo ingabuyiselwa kugcino-lwazi lwendalo kunye neenkqubo zokukhula okulumkileyo. Ukongeza, ukuveliswa koqoqosho kunye nokukhuliswa kwemekobume, kunye nolawulo lwentlalo (EG) zikhuthaza ikomkhulu lenqanawa ezizinziwa zizimele. Amaziko karhulumente anokukhuthaza ezi ngeniso ngokusenza izakhiwo zokwakha izakhiwo ezisebenzayo.

Isiphelo: Ukuguqula Ikamva Ngobugosa Obunemiba

Amasebe karhulumente aphambili ekutshintsheni utshintsho ekusebenziseni umhlaba ekucebeni. Ngokuzalisekisa iinkqubo zokulondolozweni komhlaba, iinkqubo zokukhula ezichuliweyo, izikhuthazo zophuhliso oluluhlaza, kunye nokudityaniswa koluntu, akha isiseko soluntu oluzinzileyo. Le migudu ayikho ngaphandle kobunzima , iingxabano zezobupolitika, kunye nentengiso ezithiwe yiprojekthi, imfuno yoluntu, kunye nokuzinziswa kwemozulu kunamandla ngokulinganayo.

Indlela engaphambili ifuna ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo ukuncedisana kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente, icandelo lobuqu, kunye nebutho labemi. Amasebe karhulumente kufuneka ahlale ekwazi ukuzama, ekulungele ukulinga izixhobo ezintsha nokuziqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo. Ekugqibeleni, ucwangciso lomhlaba oluzinzileyo lukukuba ngabaphathi / bezinto zethu zemvelo, imekobume yethu eyakhekileyo, nomgangatho wobomi kubantu abakhoyo kunye nabo bexesha elizayo. Njengoko amasebe karhulumente elungisa iindlela zabo, anika umbono onethemba ngoko sinokukufikelela kuko xa siceba ngomhlaba nabantu bawo.