Ukutshintsha Kwendlela Esemthethweni Yokutsala Abantu Ngaphesheya KweUnited States

Kwihlabathi eliphakamileyo lephulo lezobupolitika, mancinane amaqhinga afana nokulahlekisa ngabom − kwaye kungqinisekisiwe ngokusemthethweni . Ngokungafaniyo novavanyo olusemthethweni loluvo olucetyelwe ukuqokelela iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke, uvavanyo olunyanzelisayo luyiqhinga lorhwebo olufihlakeleyo njengophando. Injongo yalo kukuphembelela abavoti ngokuzibhexeza kwimimiselo engalunganga, ngokufuthi engaqinisekiyo okanye engachananga, ulwazi malunga nomchasi. Xa ukhuthuzo lokucotha luye lwaba licebo elivunyiweyo lokubhisa iphulo lamashumi eminyaka, ukuthembeka kwalo okusemthethweni kukude kakhulu. Urhulumente ngamnye umisela imithetho yakhe elawula iproject, ixesha kunye nokuqulu, ukwenza umsebenzi wemimiselo omele uhambe ngobuchule.

Eli nqaku lichaza uphando olusemthethweni olujikeleze ukuxinzelelwa phambili kwemingxuma enyanzelisayo eUnited States, ukuchaza iiyantlukwano zelizwe ngokwesivakalisi, iziphumo zokwaphula umthetho, noko le mithetho ithetha kona kumaphulo kunye nabavoti. Likwahlola isizathu sokuba amanye amazwe aqhubeke ejongise kulawulo olungqongqo lo gama amanye eqhubeka evumela lo msebenzi ngemiqathango encinane.

Yintoni Ngokwenene Ebangela Ukusasazwa Kooncwadi?

Uphando lokunyanzela asiloncedo. Kuphakathi komnxeba wokunyanzela, umvoti ubuzwa uthotho lwemibuzo elayishayo elungiselelwe ukudala uqhagamshelwano olungalunganga nomntu oza kubhaptizwa. Umzekelo: “ Ukuba uyazi ukuba uCudite Smith ubanjiwe ngenxa yokuqhatha, ngaba unokuba maninzi okanye ungaba mancinane kakhulu ukuvota?”[ Umvoti akafumani bungqina, kwaye intengo isenokuyishwa. Injongo kukungaqiniseki, ukungaqokeleli ulwazi.

Iifektha zophando ezisemthethweni zilandela imilinganiselo engqongqo yendlela esetyenziswayo, njengaleyo isuka ku- American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR). Uhlolo lonyuso lonyuso, ngokwahlukileyo, luhlala kwimizuzwana engama-60-90 kuphela, lubuza kuphela imibuzo engalunganga, kwaye lungavumi ukunikezela inkcazo malunga nokuba ngubani onikela umnxeba. Lo mahluko ngowomzi ongundoqo wokuqonda isizathu sokuba uqalise ukuchasa.

Isizathu Sokuba Amazwe Abhebhethekise Ukungcoliswa Kwabantu Ngokwahlukileyo

Ukuhlaziywa kwentetho yezobupolitika kuyinto elula. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komgunyaziso ukhusela izibhengezo zobupolitika, kodwa urhulumente unomdla wokuthintela uqheliselo lobuqhetseba okanye olukhohlisayo oluthob ’ isidima kwingqibelelo yonyulo. INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States ayikhange imisele ngokuthe ngqo ekunyanzeleni ukhuthuzo, kodwa iinkundla eziphantsi ngokuqhelekileyo ziye zaxhasa iimfuneko zokutyhilwa logama nje zingawuthwalisi umthwalo ongafanelekanga kwintetho.

Ngenxa yoko, imithetho karhulumente yahluka-hlukene kakhulu. Ezinye izilawuli zokunyanzelisa ukunyuswa kweminye imiba yokubhengeza kwezobupolitika efuna ukukhutshelwa. Eminye iyijonga njengoqheliselo lophando lobuqhophololo. Amazwe ambalwa akanamthetho ongqalileyo othetha ngeqhinga lanto. Ngeli ngezantsi lujongo olubanzi kwindlela amazwe anyanzela ngayo ukuvota, amaqela ngomgangatho womthetho.

Amazwe anemithetho erhabaxa yokurhwexa

Amazwe aliqela aye amisela imithetho ecacileyo nenyanzelekileyo ekwalela ukuphembelela ukuvotelwa ngokungqalileyo okanye amisela iimfuno ezinzima ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe naluphi na uhlolisiso.

  • ICalifornia – Icandelo leKronomo yoNkhetho yaseKhalifoniya 18406 ifuna ukuba nawuphi na umnxeba ophilayo ofowunela okanye ochasene nomntu oza kufumana okanye umlinganiselo wokufumana kufuneka uquke ingxelo yokutyhila umntu okanye umbutho ohlawula umnxeba. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kungaphumela kwintlawulo ukuya ku $5 000 (R1 000) ngokokwaphula umthetho ngokungqalileyo ulwenqanda naluphi na uhlolo “olwenza uphando lobuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo lwento.”
  • [[NTL:0] New York--New York Icandelo loMthetho woNqumo 17-74 likwalela “ukutyhalela okuzenzekelayo okusetyenziswayo ukuphonononga” (unxulumano olusetyenziswayo olulungiselelwe ukuphembelela abavoti) kwaye lufuna unxulumano oluphilayo ukuchaza umxhasi. Iqumrhu lokunyanzelisa, iBhodi ye-New York State of Evolutions, lingafuna izisohlwayo zamakhaya eziya kunyuso ngalunye olubiweyo ukulwa.
  • Isifungo---Oregon Revised Sigmenttes 260.208 imiyalelo yokuba naluphi na uhlolo oluquka ulwazi malunga nobuntu bomntu oza kubhaptizwa okanye irekhodi yokuvota kufuneka luchonge umxhasi we-vFotoms kwaye luchaze ukuba ubizo alucelelwanga ukuqokelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke kodwa luphembelela abavoti. Ukungathobeli luphathwa njengeqela elingalunganga.
  • I-New Hampshire – i-New Hampshire RSA 664: 14-a iyalela nawuphi na umntu ngokuqhuba uvolo lokutyhalela ngaphandle kokwenza ubhaliso kuqala noNobhala welizwe. Le ngxelo kufuneka iquke umbhalo opheleleyo wophendlo, inani lonxulumano olucwangcisiweyo, kunye nomthombo wemali. Olu bhaliso lwenziwa ngokubanzi, inika ubhaqo lokhupho lwe R335 kunye nesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi.

Imithetho eneemfuno ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela

Kula maphondo, ukunyanzela ukuvota akuvalwanga, kodwa amaphulo kufuneka avumelane nemithetho ethile ecacileyo. Ukunyanzeliswa komngxuma kungaguquguquka, ngokufuthi kuxhomekeke kwizikhalazo.

  • Florida- Florida Sigment 106.143 ifuna ukuba nasiphi na isibhengezo sezobupolitika esithe sachazwa njenge ``````iinkundla''''''''. Noko ke, umthetho awuchazi ngokucacileyo “uphando,” ukushiya indawo yokutolika. IKhomishini ye-Florida ilandele amatyala apho uphando luqulathe khona iintetho zobuxoki, kodwa uphando olupheleleyo ngaphandle kobuxoki lusoloko lungachaphazamisi.
  • --Ukhetho Icandelo 255.001 lifuna ukutyhilwa kwazo zonke “izibhengezo zezobupolitika,” uNobhala weSizwe athe wazichaza njengefowuni ezikhuthaza okanye ezichasene nomntu oza kubhaptizwa. Kodwa, uphatho oluninzi lunyanzela ukuba lusebenze kwindawo engwevu ngokusebenzisa izikripti ezithintela ukungathathi cala kwesandi esicacileyo. I-Texas Ethics Commis ikhuphe izilumkiso zokuba iingcamango ezinjalo zisenokucukuhlelwa ukuba zimele ukutyhilwa ukuba isiphumo sisebenza ngokubanzi.
  • Michigan – Michigan Confecture Mithetho 169.267, ifuna nawuphi na umntu okanye ikomiti eyenza umnxeba wenjongo zobupolitika ukuchaza igama nedilesi okanye inombolo yobhaliso. Ngelixesha ingajolisi kuphatho olucacileyo, lo mthetho unika indlela yokufumana umbutho osemva kobizo. Noko ke, awukwaleli oko kuqulethwe ngulo.
  • Ohio – iOhio Revised Code 3517.22 ifuna ukuba nasiphi na isibhengezo sezopolitiko esihlawulwayo siquke isibhengezo segama nedilesi yomntu owahlawulayo ngenxa yaso. Nangona umthetho wawucetyelwe ngokuyintloko ukushicilela nokusasaza amajelo eendaba, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseOhio ibambelele kwiminxeba yezopolitiko.

Amazwe anemithetho emincinci okanye engeyoyangqalanga

Kumazwe amaninzi abalulekileyo, akukho mimiselo ethetha ngqo ngokunyanzelwa kokuvotelwa. Iphulo kumazwe anokusebenza phantse kungekho mphicotho-mthetho, uthintelo lubangelwa kukuqhatha komthetho okanye ukunyeliswa kuphela ukuba kuthethwa ubuxoki.

  • Montana - imithetho yonyulo yeRhulumente ijolise kwingxelo yemali yephulo kunye nosasazo lwezibhengezo. Iminxeba yefowuni ikhululeke kakhulu ngaphandle kokuba iqulathe iintetho zobuxoki ngabom ezonaka igama elihle lomvoti. Kwanangoko, umthwalo wokuqinisekisa uphezulu, kwaye ukurhoxiswa kunqabile.
  • Wyoming - Wyoming ayinamthetho ochaza okanye idilesi ezinyanzela ukuvotelwa. Okukuphela komthetho osebenzayo ngumyalelo jikelele “wokunyoba okanye izisongelo,” ongagqubuthelanga uhlolo olulahlekisayo. Ngenxa yesiphumo, abacebisi bezopolitiko bezopolitiko bazama ukucola ikhowudi kwiWyoming njengezibuko elikhuselekileyo.
  • Idaho – Idaho Code 18 isigqumathelo sonyulo, kodwa amalungiselelo awumxinwa kwaye akakhankanyi uhlolo lwemfonomfono. UGeneral Idaho Attorney unyanzelise ukunyuswa kokunyuswa kwentengiso kumiselwe phantsi kwemithetho yentengiso ukuba umfono-mfono-mfono ugqwetha injongo yonyulo, kodwa oku akuvavanywanga enkundleni.
  • Alaska- imimiselo yonyulo ejolise kwimali yephulo nenkcitho ezimeleyo yengxelo. Akukho mthetho ufuna ukutyhilwa kwemfonomfono yezobupolitika ngaphandle kokuba bafune imali okanye amavoti. Ukufota izikripti zokucola eziphepha ezo zinto zingena kwimingxuma.

Ulawulo lomanyano nendima yeFCC

Ngeli xesha ulawulo oluyintloko lwemiqathango equlethwe lunyulo, iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loNxibelelwano loNxibelelwano lweNcedo (FCC) ijongene nobubanzi. I-TexInternational Consumer Protection Protection Act (TCPA) ibeka imiqathango ezenzekelayo kunye nemiyalezo ebhalwe kwangaphambili kwimigca ehlala abantu ngaphandle kokuba umamkeli we-omatiloshe onikwe imvume ngaphambi kokuba. Noko ke, unxulumano lwezopolitilitistiki ``asoloko lungahlawulwa yimiqathango yokuzinyanzela."[FCCC irhoxinzelela ngokucacileyo ukunyuselwa kweminxela ngokucaluvo-mfo, ithetha ukuba iminxelo emininzi enyathiswayo ihlala ihleli phantsi komthetho womthetho wolawulo lwe-othotho phantsi komthetho wezo zobupolishi.

Ukongezelela, iFederal Trade Commission (FTC) ingagweba izenzo zorhwebo ezikhohlisayo, kodwa igunya layo lidla ngokunwenwa kuphela kwiintengiso, kungekhona kwintetho yezobupolitika. Lo msantsa ushiya imithetho yesizwe njengeyona mithetho yokhuseleko ephambili ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi korhwebo.

Imbali Nezinto Eziphawulekayo

Uphando lokunyanzela lwangena kwibala lesizwe ngexesha lombutho womongameli we-1996, xa izithuthi zemfonomfono ezithe xhaxhe ixesha elide kunye nabacebisi bezobupolitika baphikisana enoba “uphando-ntle” lubiza ulwaphulo-mthetho olungekho mthethweni. Kumjikelo wonyulo wama 2000, iphulo likaGeorge W. Bush latyholwa ngokusebenzisa uphando lokwenza uphando ukuze lonakalise uJohn McCain eMzantsi Carolina, nangona iphulo lakhaba lakhaba lazingela amatyala. Impikiswano yakhokelela kwizicelo eziliqela ze-wiso-mthetho, kodwa zimbalwa ezadlula.

Kutshanje, ngo-2018, iKhomishini yoNcitho yeFlorida yahlawulisa ikomiti yezobupolitika ii-R2 000 ukunyanzelisa okuqulathe iingxelo zobubuxoki ngomkhomishinala wephondo. Ikomiti yaphikisa ngelithi olu hlolisiso “luyindawo elungileyo” kwaye alunakutyhilwa, kodwa ikhomishini ayivumanga, ichaza ingcaciso ebanzi yomthetho wezopolitiko.

Ivan Hollen v. Federal Evontment Commission (202], iD.C. INkundla yesiphaluka yaxhasa iimfuno zokwamkelwa kwenkcazelo yonxibelelwano lonyulo, ezinye iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni ezithi zinokuyandisa ukunyanzela ukunyulwa ukuba okuqulethweyo kubhekisela ngqo kumnikezeli karhulumente. Noko ke, akukho nkundla ithe yawisa umthetho ngqo wokuba konke ukunyanzela okunyanzelisayo “kunxibelelana okunyuliweyo,” kushiya ucango luvulekile ukuze kube nocelomngeni.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zephulo Lezobupolitika

Kumaphulo, ukuqonda umthetho kwiphondo ngalinye kubalulekile. Uhlolisiso olunyanzelisayo olusemthethweni eMontana lungaphula umthetho waseKhalifoniya, kwaye impazamo ingakhokelela kwintengo, umatshini wokushicilela ongalunganga, okanye kwanezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho (njenge-Oregon). Izaphulo zokulwa kufuneka:

  • Yenza uhlolo olusemthethweni lwezikripti zokuvota kulo lonke iphondo apho unxulumano luza kwenziwa khona.
  • Quka ulwimi lokwalula ekuqaleni kwalo naluphi na unxulumano oluthetha kakubi ngotshaba.
  • Luthintele unxulumano oluya kubavoti ababhaliswe ngokusemthethweni uze uphephe ukufowuna ukuba umthetho karhulumente awulwamkeli.
  • Gcina iingxelo zemibhalo echanileyo, inani leefowuni, nomthombo wemali ukuze ubonise ukuthobela xa ucelw ’ umngeni.

Ukusilela ukulandela la manyathelo kungaphumela kwiziphumo ezingaphezulu kwezisohlwayo ezisemthethweni. Ngo-2020, i-PAC enkulu eDelaware yajongana nothotho lwezibheno emva kokunyanzelwa komvotelwa webhodi yesikolo othe wangena kwi-projekthi yezentlalo, okonakonakalisa udumo lomntu oza kubhaptizwa nasemva kokuba uphando lufunyanisiwe luqulethe inkcazelo engeyonyaniso. Usihlalo we-PAC warhoxa, kwaye isiganeko safak ’ isandla ekulahlekeni kokuthembana namaphulo asekuhlaleni.

Oko Kunokwenziwa Ngabenzi Bezinto Ezininzi

Abaxhasi abafumana ubizo olukrokrelekayo abafanele bacinge ukuba luhlolisiso olusemthethweni. [[FLT: 0] APOR inikeza ukhokelo lokwahlula uphando lokutyhalela kuphando lokwenyani: ukutyhalela uphotho lufutshane, ukubuza imibuzo engalunganga kuphela, kwaye ungaceli ulwazi lobuni namanani ngaphaya koko kufunekayo ukujolisa umvoti. Uphatho lwe-gatimete oluqhelekileyo oludlulileyo 10-15 imizuzu kwaye luquke imibuzo elungeleleneyo.

Ukuba abavoti bakholelwa ukuba bebezisulu zokunyanzeliswa konyulo olungekho mthethweni, banokufaka isikhalazo kwiofisi yabo yonyulo okanye kwiFCC. Ngoxa abasebenzi bezomthetho besoloko besenza amanyathelo, izikhalazo zikawonke-wonke zinokuxhokonxa uphando zize zithintele ukuxhatshazwa kwixesha elizayo.

Ikamva Lokungcoliswa Komoya

Njengoko ulwazi lukhula, amaphondo amaninzi acinga ngomthetho wokuvala izikhalazo. Ngo-2023, uMinnesota wasungula isindululo esiza kufuna zonke iimfonomfono zobupolitika zokubhalisa norhulumente kwaye kuquka ingxelo engqalileyo. Ityala elifana nalo licetyiwe eColorado naseMntla Carolina. Noko ke, inkcaso evela kubaxhasi bamasebe akhululekileyo kunye nabacebisi bamaphulo ithethsa inkqubela.

Kulo rhulumente, iSafeed Ads Act, efuna izibhengezo zezopolitiko kwi-intanethi ukuze kutyhilwe abaxhasi, isenokunwenwa ukuze ikwazi ukufowunela. Kodwa ulwando olunjalo lujongene nendlela engaqinisekwanga kwiBhunga loMbutho.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bukwatshintsha i-equation. Ukuxinanisa kuqhubo oluphosayo ukusebenzisa amazwi okungeyonyani kungenza izigidi zomnxeba ngexabiso eliphantsi, kuwenze kube nzima ukulandelela nokunyanzelisa. Abalawuli borhulumente batsala nzima ukugcina isantya, kwaye abanye baye babizela umgangatho wesizwe odityanisiweyo ukuthintela ukhuphiso lwemeko oluphithiweyo apho uphengululo lusemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe kwaye lungekho mthethweni komnye.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wokunyanzela ukuvotelwa eUnited States wahlulwa, ubonakalisa uxinezeleko phakathi kwentetho ekhululekileyo yezobupolitika kunye nemfuneko yonyulo olunyanisekileyo. Ngoxa amaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya neNew York enemithetho ecacileyo kunye nokunyanzelisa okunamandla, amanye anjengeWyoming neMontana anika ukhuseleko oluncinane kubavoti. Amaqela kufuneka anyathele ngocoselelo, kungekuphela nje kuphela ukuphepha isigwebo esisemthethweni kodwa kwakhona ukugcina ukuthembana. Njengoko ubugcisa buguquka kunye nokutshintsha kwemeko yezobupolitika, ukutyhalela imilinganiselo efanayo yesizwe kusenokukhula. Kude kufike oko, kutsho kuthi, kuwe kurhoxinze i-Romigcoshe, abalawuli, kunye nokuvota ngokwabodwa ukuze bakhusele kulo buchule bokukhohlisa noboyingela.