Ukuqonda iRaje Sabra: IBhunga LaseIndiya LaseIndiya

IBhunga lase-Rajiya Sabba, okanye iBhunga lase-United States, yindlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseIndiya. Imela amaphondo kunye ne-Union Programme (UT) kumgangatho wesizwe, inika iqonga lamazwi engingqi ukuphembelela umthetho karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabbaha, enyulwe ngqo ngabantu, iRajiya Sabha yenzelwe ukuba ibe ngumzimba oqhubekayo, [[FLT:], [FF:], i-[2] iminyaka emibini, iqinisekisa inkumbulo kunye nozinzo lwengingqi. Inkqubo yokhetho ye-Jajiya Sabba ilawulwa yiyo [[FLT] ekhethelwe ngamalungu akhethekileyo e-Indiya, [FLT], [5], u-FFFFFFF], kunye ne-Underation.

Amandla onke eRajiya Sabha abekwe kumalungu angama-250, apho u-238 angabameli bamazwe nama-UT, kunye ne-12 atyunjwe nguMongameli wase-Indiya ngenxa yobuchule bawo kwimimandla efana noncwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, kunye nenkonzo yentlalo. Ukwabiwa kwezihlalo kwiphondo ngalinye kunye ne-UT kusekelwe kubemi, njengoko iShedyuli yeSine yoMgaqo-siseko. Amazwe anabemi abakhulu, abanjengo-Uttar Pradesh (izihlalo ezingama-31) kunye noMaharashtra (izihlalo) abasebenzi abathenjiweyo, abanabameli abangakumbi, ngoxa amaphondo afana (isihlalo esi-1) anezihlalo) anezinye izinto ezikhethekileyo ze-Utrash. I-Unicism iquka inani elikhethekileyo leendawo zezolawulo lwezopolitiko.

Inkqubela yoKhetho jikelele lwamalungu kaRaje Sabha

Kumazwe kunye no-UTs kunye neendibano zowiso-mthetho, uRaje Sabha amalungu anyuliweyo kwezo ndibano esebenzisa inkqubo ye-'FLT:0] edluliselweyo eyodwa (STV') inkqubo ye- yomelo olulungelelanisiweyo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane okanye abatsha abazimeleyo abanamathuba afanelekileyo okuphumelela, ngokuchasene nenkqubo yentsika yokuqala esetyenziselwa iLok Sabba. Ilungu ngalinye liphosa ivoti enexabiso elikhethekileyo elimiselwe inani lezihlalo elizaliswayo kwaye lizaliswe inani elipheleleyo labemi bezwe .

Nantsi indlela inkqubo yeSTV esebenza ngayo ngonyulo lukaRaje Sabha:

  • Unyulo ngalunye (onyuliweyo iMLA) luvotelwa kanye, kodwa olovoti ludluliselwa phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezikhethwayo.
  • Inani lilonke leevoti ezisebenzayo lahlulwe ngenani lezihlalo eziza kuzaliswa kunye nenye, kwaye emva koko enye yongezwa ukufumana [[FLT: 0] quota ifunekayo ukwenzela umlandeli ukuba aphumelele.
  • Abavotesi abathathi-nxaxheba ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba ivoti yokuqala yomntu oza kubhaptizwa igqitha umlinganiselo, ivoti eziseleyo zitshintshelwa kukhetho olulandelayo. Ukuba akukho mvoteli ufikelela kumlinganiselo, oza kubhaptizwa osezantsi uyasuswa, kwaye amavoti abo ayasasazwa.
  • Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe.

Le ndlela yenzelwe ukuvelisa iziphumo ezilungelelanisiweyo nokukhusela ulawulo olupheleleyo lweqela elinye. Kodwa, ukuqhelisa, ezopolitiko ezidibeneyo kunye nokuvota okucwangcisiweyo kusoloko kuphembelela iziphumo. Umzekelo, kwimeko apho iqela elinye libamba uninzi olucacileyo, abaza kufumana iziphumo, kodwa kwindibano exhotyisiweyo, inkqubo ye-STV ivumela amaqela amancinane ukuba akhuseleke. IKhomishini yoNxulumaniso yaseIndiya (ECI) ijonge bonke ooNombololo i-rapya Sabha ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela iimfuno zomthetho.

Ukufanelekela unyulo lweRaje Sabha, umtshakazi kufuneka afikelele iimfaneleko phantsi kwe Article 84: ukuba ngummi waseIndiya ubuncinane iminyaka engama-30 ubudala, kwaye abenezinye iimfaneleko ezimiselwe yiPalamente. Ngaphezu koko, abatshayeli kufuneka babhaliswe njengabanyuli nakweyiphi na imigaqo-mthetho yesizwe okanye u-UT apho befuna khona unyulo. Unyulo lwe-Daqualu phantsi komfatho woMthetho kaLuntu, njengolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukuphathwa kwemali, kwakhona luyasebenza.

Ukhetho kwimimandla ye-Union: Unikezelo lwezarhaki ezimbini

I-Union Madera e-Indiya ilawulwa ngqo ngurhulumente osembindini, nangona ezinye zinikwe i-odolo yecandelo ngokweenxenye kunye neendibano zazo zowiso-mthetho. Inkqubo yokukhetha i-Rajiya Sabba ku-UTs ayifani; kuxhomekeke ekubeni i-UT inendibano yemithetho-mthetho. Okwangoku, ezimbini kuphela ii-UTS_T_ [Delhi ne- Punderry u-neeweloasssss wit ezithenti yemithetho eRapya Shab. Olunye unyulo , njengoChandirh, no-Daveldal no-Laukh, Laudadhadharoa, kunye no-Delkishmarn, kunye no-Dhomeshmarn, kunye no-Kamirnsh, kunye no-odmirn, ii-odrugrac.

Imimandla ye-Union kunye neNtlanganiso yoMgaqo-siseko: iDelhi nePuducher

Delhi kunye uPuderry unemeko zomgaqo-siseko ezizodwa phantsi kwenqaku 239A ne 239A ngokulinganayo. Zombini zineNdibano yeGastiliti kunye neBhunga labaPhathiswayo, kodwa amandla azo alinganiselwe kumaphondo apheleleyo, `eland', amapolisa, kunye nolungelelwano lukawonke-wonke lusasele phantsi kwe pur ephakathi karhulumente. Noko ke, iindibano zazo zinikwe amandla okuchola u-Jayya Sabba. UDelhi unezihlalo ezi-3 Sabha, ngexa abameli be-Puchryryryry bebonke. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yonyulo ilandela inkqubo efanayo ye-SV esetyenziswayonyuliweyo ye-ASMLMLN-207, i-Auchneyn

Ngokomzekelo, eDelhi, iqela elilawulayo phantse lisoloko liphumelela zonke izihlalo ezintathu ngenxa yobungakanani obuncinci bendibano nesibakala sokuba i-STV imodeli yendlela yokuvota kwilungu elinye iba ngumzekelo wokuqala wesiphelo wesihlalo sokuqala sePuducherry. Noko ke, kunyulo lweDelhi oluninzi lwezihlalo, inkqubo ye-STV ibaluleke kakhulu. ixabiso ngalinye le-MLA lisekelwe kubemi be-UT esizalwana kwinani lezihlalo. Uvoteko luthatha indawo kwisakhiwo sendibano ye-Rognbo phantsi kolawulo lwe-ECI. URaj Syasha usuka kula malungu amele izilangazelelo zabemi baseUT, uquququze umthetho ofana nomthetho, kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente lwezemfundo.

Imimandla ye-Unity engenayo iNtlanganiso yoMgaqo:

U-UTs oswele intlanganiso yowiso-mthetho, akukho lungiselelo linyuliweyo yi-MLMA Ukuvotela amalungu e-Rajiya Sabba. Endaweni yoko, umGaqo-siseko unika ukuba umongameli waseIndiya] umisele amalungu amele ezi-UTS[. Eli lungiselelo lilawulwa Amalungu asebenzayo] 80 ([5]]] kunye nomthetho we-Universal-Unices, 1963 [njengokulungiswa kwe-Phondo])] (njengokulungiswa kwe-mthetho). Amalungu asebenza nje ngokweminyaka emithandathu, njengamalungu anyuliweyo, kwaye anandisiwe namalungelo akwawo kwi-Syabhab. Ngaphandle kokhetho lwawonke (kuchongonyulwa).

Inkqubo yokutyunjwa iqaliswe yiNkonzo yeMicimbi yeMicimbi yeKhaya, ecebisa amagama kuMongameli asekelwe kumagqabi ezobupolitika, kwibutho labemi, okanye kulawulo lwe-UT. Ngokwesiqhelo, urhulumente osembindini uthetha ngabantu abaye benza igalelo eliphawulekayo kubomi babantu, kumsebenzi woluntu, okanye kwinkcubeko, okanye abanolwalamano oluqinileyo neUT. Umzekelo, umbhali wendalo odumileyo kwiZiqithili zeAndaman angatyunjwa ukuze amele i-UTs of Andaman and Nicobar kunye neLakhadcueat badish bedityaniswe kwisihlalo esinye. Njengo-2025, i-UTs ezilandelayo zimelwe ngu-Rajya-abhabha:

  • IAndaman neNicobar Islands neLakshadsee (isitulo esinye sidityanisiwe)
  • UChandigarh, uTatara noNagar Hapoli, uDaman noDiu (isihlalo esinye sidityanisiwe)
  • Isalathisi 1 emva koHlahlo-nkqubo lwama-2019)
  • UJammu noKashmir (akukho rhulumente uthe ngqo uRajiya Sabha ngoku; izihlalo zakhe ezine zabelwa iphondo le-J&K ngaphambi kokuphinda kuhlaziywa, kodwa ngoku indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-UT ayikabekwanga izihlalo zokukhetha amalungu. Endaweni yoko, urhulumente osembindini ucebe ukuzalisa ezi zihlalo ngomngxube okanye ngonyulo emva kokwenziwa kwendibano, kodwa njengoko ngoku zihlala zingekho nto zikhoyo? Kodwa, emva kokuba intlanganiso i-U&K’Sya Sabha Yah yah yahha yahliswa ukusuka kwi-4 ukuya kulinda?, iShedyuli yesine yalungiswa ukuba i-J&K 4 KK, kodwa idityalwe ngamalungu amaqela amaqela ahlukeneyo kodwa athe athe athengwa yi-UTPucerce. Kodwa ke, i-U-Scam-mone iya kusebenza ngenye i-umphalm, ingaba i-ongcustom yabe ikho i-a, ikho i-Puni i-20

Umzekelo: Isihlalo seRajiya Sabha esimele i-UTs of Chandigarh, uTatara noNagar Hameli, kunye noDaman noDiu sibanjwa ngunomnenga. Inkqubo yokukhetha ibandakanya urhulumente osembindini ocinga ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanokumela ngokunempumelelo intsabelo ezahlukeneyo zala mimandla isasazekileyo. UMongameli ukhupha ulwazi phantsi kolawulo lweKhomishini yoKhuselo, kwaye ilungu elingumnini-mkhosi lifunga kwi Jajaya Sabha. Le nkqubo, ngexa igxekwa ngabanye yindlela yokupakisha indlu ephezulu, iziqinisekiso zokuba kwanabasebenzi belizwe elincinane be-UT banelizwi kumthetho wesizwe.

Imimandla Ekhethekileyo kunye neenkqubo zayo zomelo ezikhethekileyo

Ibinzana elithi “imimandla ekhethekileyo” kumongo weRajiya Sabba libhekisela kwimimandla enemimiselo ekhethekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi ngenxa yendawo yayo elungeleleneyo, ukwenziwa kwabemi bomthonyama, okanye ukuzilawula ngokwembali. Ezi ziquka iMasimi e-Union ye- Andaman kunye neNicobar Islands[, [[FT], [[FT]], [[FLT], [iiindawo ekhethekileyo], ngokufanayo nemeko ye-[FLT], i-Skikkim[FT] [5], [iiiiiindawo ekhethekileyo ekhethekileyo ekhoyo, ngaphandle komntlawulo olukhoyo, kwaye i-UTPNUT.

Umahluko ophawulekayo ngu- u-President oquka amalungu amabini asuka kuluntu lwama-Anglo-Indiya ukuya kwi-Lok Sabha (dis yaqhubeka ngo-2020) kunye namalungu anezithoba ezilishumi elinesibini kwi Rajiya Sabba. Phakathi kwaba, kuqhelekile ukuquka abantu abasuka kwimimandla ethile okanye kumaqela amancinane. Umzekelo, owayeligosa-mkhosi waseLadakh okanye isazi ngebhayoloji saselwandle kwiZiqithi zeAndaman angazinyuswanganiswanga ukuba abalase ubuchule bengingqi. Noko ke, oku akuyonto izenzekelayo yasekunene kwendawo ekhethekileyo; kuxhomekeke kumongameli, ulawulo, ukhokelo lukarhulumente.

Ityala likaJammu noKashmir: Intsimi ekhethekileyo yeSizwe esiManyeneyo enomthetho

Ukuphinda kulungiswe iJammu neKashmir ngo-2019 kwadala iSiqithi somanyano olutsha lwamaJammu kunye noKashmir ngentlanganiso yowiso-mthetho kunye ne-UT of Ladakh ngaphandle kwendibano. I-J&K, izihlalo zayo ezine zeRajiya Sabhabha zaqala zaba yinxalenye yolwabeko lwezwe (UArtle 80 neShedyuli Yesine). Emva kokuhlelwa kwakhona, i-UT’Sjapya Sabhaha sahha yancikwa yancitshiswa [[FLT: 0] izihlalo? Eneneni, i-J&K Reorganation Act, 2019 i-SCI iya kuqwalaselwa ukuba iSicwangciso sesine sichaze ukuba u-J&K kuya kuba nezihlalo ezine kwiRajiya SY[FM], njengoko igqiwe yayiziziwe yayizizi izihlabe izihlalo, kwaye ihleli ezihlalini ze-EXIK.

I-Ladakh, kwelinye icala, yi-UT engenayo indlu yowiso-mthetho, ngoko ke ukumela kwayo kuphuma kwilungu elityunjwe liziintloko. Le ndlela idityanisiweyo ibonisa ukuma kwemeko-bume yezobupolitika entsonkothileyo yengingqi. I-Ladakh Aumoufe Hill Development Council (LAHDC) ayinandima kunyulo lweRajiya Sabha, kodwa amalungu ayo asoloko ephembelela urhulumente osembindini ngenxa yokungatshati kwemiba abanolwazi lwenkcubeko enjengokhenketho, isakhiwo, kunye nokhuseleko lomda.

Inkqubo ePhakamileyo kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo: Indima yemiButho yasekuhlaleni

Kweminye imimandla ekhethekileyo, njenge Andaman kunye ne Nicobar Islands, akukho qumrhu lowiso-mthetho lasekuhlaleni elikhetha uRajiya Sabba. Noko ke, i-Andaman ne-Nicobar Islands Panchayati Act [[FLT: 3] ilungiselela idolophana nesithili, kodwa aba abanayo indima kunyulo lwepalamenti. Indlela yodwa ye-Jajiya-Sabha ayisebenzi. Inqaku lokuqala lithetha “imibutho yomthetho yengingqini" ekhethekileyo kwindawo ethile ekhethekileyo, ngexesha eliphantsi kwe-UTkh (D, Puuchry) kwaye alifanele licacise indawo efana neLa Kneat , ithetha ukuba i-Ayman (unik) kwaye ingekho inguqulelo (unyunyu) phantsi kwe-An.

Noko ke, kukho ilungiselelo lokupapashwa koMthetho kaRhulumente, 1951, Icandelo 27C eliqhubana nonyulo lwabameli abasuka e-UTS ngaphandle kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho: banyulwa ngamalungu eNdlu yabantu (Lok Sabha) kunye neBhunga lase-United States (Rayya Shaha) kukhutshwe kwiUT? Hayi, oko kukwanento yokuchonga iimfuno eziqhelekileyo. Enyanisweni, unyulo lokuqala luka-Jajanha Shabhat-ok olusuka ngaphandle kweendibano, umongameli. Akukho lunyulo oluthe ngqo lwemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Ngoko ke, akukho lunyulo oluthe ngqo lweziqithilo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukubaluleka Komelo Lwemimandla Encinane

Ukufakwa kweZizwe ze-Union kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo kwiRajiya Sabha kuqinisekisa ukuba kwanemimandla ehlala abantu abambalwa okanye ebalulekileyo ithetha into ekhoyo ekulawuleni kwesizwe. Ngoxa abagxeki bephikisa ngelithi amalungu angenawo amagunya anokungamele ukuphendula, abaxhasi bagxininisa ukuba la malungu azisa ulwazi olukhethekileyo kwaye anokuxhasa iimbambano ezinokungahoywa ngabalawuli bezobupolitika abanyuliweyo. Umzekelo, ilungu elityunjwayo kwimimandla eLakshadcuckat lingaphakamisa inkxalabo ngotshintsho lwemozulu kwiziqithi ze-Oral, ngoxa ilungu elisuka eChandigargh linokubhenela izibonelelo ezingcono zocwangciso-matheko. IRayya Shabha indima yegumbi lokulungisa igumbi livumela lamalungu ukuba aphembele imithetho kwizinto ezifana nemeko-bume, i-temxtrate, ne-transmeterne, ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo kubantu abahlala ezi-UT.

Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yokukhetha ngokungena kumthetho iye yahlolwa ngokusemthethweni. S. R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba amandla kaMongameli okungasebenzisi melo akanyanzeleki kodwa kufuneka asetyenziswe kuncedo nakumacebiso eBhunga labaPhathiswa. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente osembindini ugqiba ngokunempumelelo ii-minenomes, ngokufuthi esekelwe kwimibutho okanye kwimibango yezobupolitika. Kodwa, uMgaqo-siseko weBench awusebenzi phakathi konyulo olusemthethweni, umele ubeke ulawulo lwe-Cepid v. Umanyano lwe-Indiya ([20066:3] [FLT]] lucacisa oko kufunekayo “uhlulo lwe-Sranktotovolur) (uktovovolue). Kodwa ke, uMgaqo-siseko wemithetho wemithetho omiselwe ngokumisela unyusoluthothothotho lwezo olusemthethweni, alusebenziyokulawulayokuhlela

Isiphelo kunye nesishwankathelo seencopho Ezingundoqo

[Indlela yokukhetha i Rajiya S10] [F10] idibanisa idemokrasi ne-gronation.[10] i-UTs neziQithi zewisograti (yangoku i Delhi ne Pudderry/ i-Pudderl ilandela indlela yokulinganisa egqithisiweyo edlula kwivoti enye, igalelo, i-FFFF iqinisekisa ukuba amalungu anyulwayo e-UT akhetha ummeli. [10] Icandelo:[10] [10] Icandelo:[10] [Iiiiiiiyunithi ye-F, i-F] [10] [NTP] [iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinke, i-Ayikhefu] iquka i-Aya, i-Lakhayiphayi-', i-uni i-Ayiphayi-N, i-Ayikeyike, i-PNt.[ain: [iain: [iagogqua] kwimeko engaphezulu] kwimeko eninzi ye-