Kuyo yonke idemokhrasi esebenza, abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke banesikhundla esikhethekileyo sokuthembana. Balawula oovimba babantu, banyanzelisa imithetho, baze benze izigqibo ezichaphazela izigidi zabantu. Noko ke, ukugxininisa kwabo igunya kudala ubungozi obungokwemvelo: ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Xa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha iwohloka, urhwaphilizo luqalisa, ukuphelelwa yintembelo kubantu, kwaye sona kanye isiseko sokulawula siyaphelelwa. Ukukhusela ukuxhatshazwa okunjalo akuyonjongo nje yolawulo, kwaye kungumsebenzi oyimfuneko ogqiba enoba urhulumente uyabanceda abantu okanye yena ngokwakhe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo yokuziphatha elawulayo ebeka inkonzo kawonke, imingeni edla ngokubanziwa yingqibelelo, kunye nobuchule obukhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Ngokuqonda ezi zinto, abasebenzi bezomthetho, abasebenzi bezomthetho, abasebenzi bezomthetho, abasebenza kunye nokusebenza kunye nokuxhasa imilinganiselo ehlala kurhulumente.

Ukubaluleka Kwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Kwinkonzo Kawonke - wonke

Ukuthemba uwonke wonke yimali yokulawula. Ngaphandle kwayo, kwaneyona migaqo enenjongo idityanisiweyo kunye nokuchasa. Imithetho esesikweni esetyenziswa kumsebenzi woluntu iphembelela ngokuthe ngqo oku kuthemba. Xa amagosa esebenza ngengqibelelo, ngokucaceyo, nangokusesikweni, abonisa ukuba urhulumente usebenzela inzuzo eqhelekileyo kunokuba afumane inzuzo yobuqu. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukungaphumeleli kwesimilo (hhhayi, ukungquzulana okuncinci kwenzala ephambili okanye ukunyoba okukhulu ukunyoba impephozo (hy) inkcaso ekhutshelweni kwaye isenokuvelisa ukugxeka okusasasazi esithekileyo. Imizekelo embalini enjengesihlazo seWatergate eUnited States okanye iPetrobras eBrazil ibonisa indlela okunokuchaphazeleka ngayo oorhulumente noqoqosho. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, imithetho yokuziphatha ayiyo ayiyo ingcamango engaqhelekanga kodwa iyimfuneko esebenzayo, kodwa ilungele ulawulo olufanelekileyo.

Ukuthemba Njengesibhexo Seziko Loluntu

Abahlali bathumela amandla kubaphathi-mikhosi basekuhlaleni belindele ukuba loo magunya asetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo. Abathunywa benza umsebenzi onzima: amagosa kawonke-wonke kufuneka abeke inzala kawonke-wonke ngaphezu kwezilangazelelo zawo zabucala. Xa loo msebenzi waphulwa, isivumelwano soluntu siyaphelelwa. Uphando lwemibutho enje [OECD lubonisa rhoqo ukuba imigangatho ephezulu yokuthemba kukawonke wonke isebenza ngokunempumelelo kwezoqoqosho, ukuthobela imithetho engakumbi, nokuthobela intsebenziswano yentlalo-ntle. Ngoko ke, ukuziphatha okuhle akuyo nje enokubandakanye ukuphepha amanyala kubangela ukuba urhulumente asebenze ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuchaza Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Kwinkonzo Kawonke - wonke

Imigaqo yokuziphatha kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke ibhekisela kwimigaqo yokuziphatha ekhokela ihambo yabantu abakwizikhundla zikawonke-wonke. Le migaqo inxulumene nemithetho, imimiselo, nemigaqo yehambo, kodwa ekugqibeleni ixhomekeke kwisazela sobuqu nakwinkcubeko yentlangano. Imigaqo esisiseko iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ubuqhetseba – ukwenza ngokungaguqukiyo ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha neyingcali, naxa kungekho mntu ubukeleyo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] ukunikwa mali-mali -ukwamkela uxanduva lwezenzo nezigqibo zikabani, kwaye ukulungele ukuzichaza.
  • I-Trarency – ukwenza izigqibo kunye neenkqubo kuvuleka kuphando lukawonke-wonke, ngaphandle kokuba imfihlo ifunwa ngokusemthethweni.
  • Ukucalula – Ukuphatha bonke abantu namaqela ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kocalulo okanye ucalulo.
  • bonisa ulawulo lomthetho - Ukunamathela kwisakhelo somthetho kunye neenkqubo, kwaye ungasebenzisi amandla ukudlula kuzo.

Le migaqo ixhomekeke kwilungu ngalinye. Ngokomzekelo, ukubonakala kwale ngxaki kuxhasa ukuphendulelwa ityala, yaye okusesikweni kuqinisa ukuthembana. Xa kukho nayiphi na into engekhoyo, yonke imilinganiselo yokuziphatha iba sengozini.

Iingxaki Eziqhelekileyo Kwinkonzo Yasekuhlaleni

Ezinye iingxaki zikho jikelele, ngoxa ezinye zichane iindima ezithile okanye umongo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki linyathelo lokuqala lokuzilungisa ngokuzigcina zisebenza.

Iingxaki Zomdla

Kuvela ingxabano yenzala xa urhulumente efuna inkxalabo yangasese. (i-finanicial, okanye i-familial) inokuba yingozi ukuphembelela ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yabo yoburhulumente. Umzekelo, umcebi wesixeko othe wanempahla kwindawo ebekwe impumelelo kufuneka azibeke kwisigqibo sokuzimisela. Kwanokubonakala kwengxabano kungakonakalisa ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke. Amazwe amaninzi afuna amagosa ukuchaza izinto aze aziquluxe ngokwawo kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo. U. U.S. I-ofisi yemithetho yoRhulumente ( [KO] ])) inika ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha ekuchazeni nasekulawuleni nasekulawuleni ingxabano enjalo. Ngaphandle kwemithetho enzima, iingxabano zingathobcazanyaza ibonakalisa ngokuzothe ngqo ukucotha kwemithetho yolawulo.

Ukunganyaniseki Nokunyoba

Urhwaphilizo lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla sikawonke-wonke ukuze kuzuze inzuzo yangasese. Ukunyoba yenye yezona ndlela zaso ezingqalileyo: ukutshintshiselana imali, izipho, okanye ukuxhasana ngesigqibo esilungileyo. Ukunganyaniseki akugcini nje kuphela ukuchitha imali kodwa kugqwetha iziphumo zenkqubo. Umzekelo, umphathi ofumana izalathiso zokurhoxa kwizivumelwano zokuhlawula inkampani ethile exhasa imigaqo yokuziphatha. Zingaqhathanga nje kuphela iimpahla okanye iinkonzo eziphezulu. I-Transparency International ( transparency.) ingxelo yokuba urhwaphithiso lwenziwa kwimali yemali yeshishini elithile, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho inkqubela ekhoyo kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Koovimba Boluntu

Ubuncwane bukawonke-wonke (ukusuka kwimirhumo yaseofisini nakwizithuthi kwabasebenzi nemali) kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokungqongqo ukwenzela iinjongo ezisemthethweni. Ukuzilahlekisa ukuze kungenelwe, njengokusebenzisa imoto karhulumente ukwenzela ikhefu yentsapho okanye ukuqesha isizalwana sokungabikho komsebenzi, luhlobo lobusela kuluntu ngokubanzi. Ukusetyenziswa kakubi okunjalo kudla ngokungabonwa de abacuphi bempempe okanye abaphicothi-zincwadi bawubhenthe. Ukukhusela oku, oorhulumente baphumeza iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokungqongqo, kuquka ii-picocotha zemali kunye nemigaqo ecacileyo ekusetyenziselweni komrhumo wemali. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-akhawunti kaRhulumente (GAO) kwi-U.S.

Ucalucalulo NeeBhaas

Izicaka zikawonke wonke zinomsebenzi wokuphatha bonke abemi ngokulinganayo. Noko ke, ukungaboni kakuhle kusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, okanye ezinye izinto `zingangena kwisigqibo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, amagosa omthetho asenokujolisa abantu abambalwa ngokungenakulinganiswa, okanye amaziko asebenza ngokungekho mthethweni asenokuyikhanyela ngokungafanelekanga imvume kumaqela athile. Umsebenzi kawonke-wonke kufuneka amanyathelo asebenzayo okulwa nocalucalucalucalulo, njengoqeqesho olunezelo olukhankanyisweyo, ukulungele ukuqesha, kunye nokugcinwa kwemithetho eqeshwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokungakhethi.

Ukungabikho kokucace gca ekwenzeni isigqibo

Xa kwenziwa izigqibo emva kweminyango evaliweyo, umngcipheko wesimilo esingekho mthethweni uyanda. Ukufihla imfihlo kungafihla ucalucalulo, urhwaphilizo, okanye ukungagqibeki. Abami banelungelo lokuqonda indlela nesizathu sokuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezichaphazela zona. Inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi, iimfuno zeentlanganiso ezivulekileyo, kunye namathuba okugqabaza esidlangalaleni zizixhobo ezikhuthaza ukubonakala. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zisebenza kuphela ukuba abameli batyhila ulwazi ngokuphandle kwaye baphendule kwiimfuno zikawonke-wonke. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho yokukhanyisa okungalawulekiyo kuhlala kungucelomngeni olukhulu.

Izixhobo Zokukhuthaza Ukuziphatha Okububunyulu

Ukukhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kufuna okungaphezulu kuneengxelo ezithenjiweyo, ezifuna iinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle nokumohlwaya. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza kakuhle xa zidityaniswe kwimisebenzi yorhulumente yemihla ngemihla.

Imithetho Ephathekayo

Imithetho eyayakhiwe kakuhle yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha icwangcisa ukulindela okucacileyo kwesimilo. Ichaza izenzo ezichaseneyo, ezifana nokwamkela izipho ezivela kwizindlu, kwaye inika ukhokelo ngendlela yokuphatha iindawo ezingwevu. Imithetho isoloko iquka imigaqo yenkonzo kawonke-wonke, njengokungakhethi nabaphathi. Noko ke, ikhowudi yomelele kuphela ngokusebenza kwayo. Ukuqeqesha rhoqo, ubuchule bokwenza iprojekthi, kunye negosa lemithetho yokuziphatha elimiselweyo linganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ikhowudi ayiloxwebhu nje eliqokelela uthuli. Imithetho emininzi ipapasha ikhowudi yayo kwi-intanethi ukwenzela abemi ukuba babhekise kubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula.

Uqeqesho Nemfundo

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo somgaqo-nkqubo akusoloko kuyinto yethuku. Abasebenzi boluntu abangenelwa kwimfundo eqhubekayo egquma zombini imigaqo kunye nokuqiqa okusemva kwayo. Iindawo zokusebenzela, iimvavanyo, kunye neemodyuli ezifundisayo zinganceda amagosa aqonde iingxaki aze asebenzise imigaqo yemithetho. Umzekelo, urhulumente wengingqi ufuna ukuba abasebenzi abathile baqeqeshwe ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngokufanayo, iOfisi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yeziyobisi neCrime inika oovimba boorhulumente abafuna ukwakha ubuchule bokuthembeka. Ukufunda okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ihlala ikho, hayi indlela yokubonisa isimilo yexesha elinye.

Ukhuseleko Lomvuthulu

Abaqhubi badla ngokuba ngumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela kukonakala nokuziphatha okubi. Kodwa ke, bazibeka engozini yokuziphindezela `kukusebenza kwabo, ukukhathazwa, okanye okungaphezulu ngokungaphezulu.) Imithetho yokukhusela enzima ikhusela abantu abachaza ukwaphulwa kokholo olulungileyo kwaye inike iziteshi zokuxela ayaziwa. Impumelelo yemithetho enjalo ixhomekeke kwimpucuko exabiseke kakhulu kunokuyohlwaya. Umzekelo, i-U.S. Whisletropeller Device Act kunye ne-Unity's Direct kwiWhispilling iyazinzile. Xa abalungiseleli besazi ukuba banganikela ingxelo ngokukhuselekileyo ngokuxhaphaka, iziphumo zokuzikhusela kokuziphethe okubi ziyakhula.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Amaziko olawulo oluzimeleyo ajonge ukuthotyelwa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. La maqumrhu aquka iikhomishini zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, iiofisi ze-ombusts, abahloli jikelele, kunye namaqumrhu alwa nokunganyaniseki. Aphanda izikhalazo, imigaqo yophicotho, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokucebisa. Umzekelo, iKomiti ye-U.K. kwiMigangatho yoBumi bukaRhulumente ([FLT: 0]] [ii-CPSP]]) [i-FLT]] ihlola imilinganiselo yokuziphatha esesikweni ngaphaya korhulumente wonke. Aba bameli kufuneka babe nenkxaso eyaneleyo, ukuzimela kwimpembelelo yezobupolitika, kunye negunya lokuqinisekisa oko banokufumana. Ngaphandle kokunyamekela okuqinileyo.

Ukuzibandakanya Nokondla Uwonke Wonke

Abami ngokwabo bangamagorha anamandla. Xa oorhulumente bemema abantu ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwiiholo zedolophu, kwii-ofisi ze-intanethi, okanye kwi-internet, okanye kwi-odonga eli-odokisi-mgathe-iii-asethi. Badala amathuba okuhlola nokusebenzisana. Ingxelo yoluntu isenokubonisa ukuphoxeka kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha enokuthi iphoswe zizithuthi zangaphakathi. Ngaphezu koko, uqingqo-mali kunye nokufumana iprojekthi yokuzinika ithuba lokulungisa. Ukuqhuba izibheno zikawonke-wonke kwakha ukuthemba, njengoko abemi bebona ukuba amazwi abo afanele bawakhuthaze ukuba akhutshwe kwaye bakhusele abemi ekuziphindiseleni imicimbi.

Ukubonakala ekuLungiselweni nasekucoceni

Ukufumana uwonke wonke kusengozini yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali eninzi ebandakanyekileyo. Iinkqubo zokufumana ezicace gca gca gca ngezantsi, njengemvume yokuhlola, imigaqo ecacileyo, kunye nokuvunywa kwesivumelwano sombutho (inceda ekuthinteleni ukukhetha nokunganyaniseki. Ngoku oorhulumente abaninzi basebenzisa amaqonga abhaliweyo inyathelo ngalinye lenkqubo, ukwenza indlela ephicothwayo. Abaxhasi beKhompyutha e-Opentractive bapapasha ugcino-lwazi lwesivumelwano kwifomati evulekileyo, ukuvumela uluntu kunye neentatheli ukuba zihlolisise ukusetyenziswa kwemali. Imilinganiselo enjalo inciphisa umngcipheko wokukhaba nokuqinisekisa ukuba imali kawonke-wonke isetyenziswe kakuhle.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Ekusileleni Nokutshintsha Kwezinto

Ukufunda kwimeko zehlabathi lokwenene kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela yokukhusela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha esebenza ngayo/okanye isilela. Nantsi imizekelo emibini ebalulekileyo:

Ulawulo olumanyeneyo nemithetho yokuziphatha kuMthetho kaRhulumente

Ihlazo leWatergate lonyaka ka-1970 labhenca ukungaphumeleli okunzulu kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kurhulumente wase-United States, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, ukuthintelwa kokusesikweni, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali yephulo. Ekuphenduleni, iBhunga layidlulisa i-Ethics kuMthetho kaRhulumente ka-1978, eyaseka i-Ofisi ye-Rhulumente Ethis, kwafuneka ukuba amagosa aphezulu afumane inkcazelo yemali, kwaye kwaveliswa inkqubo yokuzicebisa ngendlela ezimeleyo. Olu tshintsho lubonisa indlela eyona ngxaki yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha engundoqo enokuthi ikhokelele ngayo kwiinguqulelo ezihlala zikho. I-OGER. iyaqhubeka inikela uqeqesho nolawulo, imisela umgangatho kwiinkqubo zemigaqo yemithetho yesebe.

Ukunganyaniseki EBrazil Nokunyuka KweLava Jato

I-Brazil’s Operation Car Shash (Lava Jato) yavumbulula iqhinga elikhulu lokunyoba elibandakanya inkampani ye-oyile yePetrobras, abezobupolitika, kunye neefektha zokwakha. Ihlazo lakhokelela ekuboshweni kwamanani aphezulu e-profile, kuquka owayekade enguMongameli Luiz Inácio da Silva. Ityala libalaselisa ukubaluleka komthetho ozimeleyo kunye nabatshutshisi, kunye namandla okubhenela ekubhexezeni ukubhenca ukunganyaniseki. Noko ke, kwakhona, lanyusa inkxalabo malunga nenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Iziphumo ziye zakhuthaza utshintsho kwiphulo lwezeko nemithetho elawula i-Rhulumente, nangona kusekho imingeni. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba ulungele ulungiso olufanelekileyo noluvo lwemithetho kufuneka lulungelelaniswe ngezo olusemthethweni lokuphepha ukukhomba.

Indima Yokhokelo Ekuhlakuleleni Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

Akukho mithetho ingathabathel' indawo kukhokelo lwemilinganiselo. Amagosa aphezulu amisela indlela yokumisela imibutho yawo. Xa iinkokeli zimisela ingqibelelo efuziselayo ngokuzingxengxeza kwiimfazwe, ngokungavumi izipho, nangokuvuma iimpazamo, babonisa ukuba imigaqo yokuziphatha ibalulekile. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkokeli ezibopha imithetho okanye zijonge enye indlela yokwenza imekobume yokuziphatha evumelekileyo ukuze zixhatshazwe. Ngoko ke, uqeqesho lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kufuneka lunyanzeleke bonke abaphathi, kwaye uvavanyo lwendlela yokusebenza luquke ihambo entle. Ngaphezu koko, iinkokeli kufuneka zibhiyo isimilo esithelekisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nokuvumela imigaqo efanelekileyo. Isithethe sokuziphatha siqala phezulu kwaye sifake kuyo yonke imiqatha yenkonzo kawonke.

Ukwenza isakhelo somsebenzi wesigqibo

Izicaka zikawonke wonke zisoloko zijamelana neemeko apho ukhetho olufanelekileyo lungacacanga. Ukulungiselela ilungiselelo elicwangcisiweyo kuyazicingela iingxaki. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukubuza: Ngubani ochaphazelekayo? Zintoni ezifanelekileyo? Ingaba isigqibo sihambelana nemigaqo yokuziphatha? Ingaba ndiya kukhululeka ukuba esi sigqibo sityhilwe esisesidlangalaleni? Imibuzo enjalo ikhokela amagosa ajonge kwiziphumo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ingakumbi xa kuvela iingcinezelo zokulungisa isimilo okanye ukunyaniseka kobuqu.

Isiphelo

Imigaqo yokuziphatha ekusetyenziselweni inkonzo kawonke wonke asiyondlela yobunewunewu, isiseko sokulawula okusemthethweni. Kodwa ke, ukusuka kwimilo ephambili ukuya kutsho kwingxaki ecacileyo, zininzi, kodwa zinjalo izixhobo zokuyithetha. Imigaqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, uqeqesho, ukhuseleko lwempempendulu, iqumrhu lolawulo, ukubonakala, nokubotshwa kwemida yoluntu konke kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zifuna ukuqinisekisiswa nokuchananiswa kweengozi ezintsha. Abasebenzi boluntu kufuneka bafake imigaqo yokuziphatha njengenxalenye yolwazi lwabo, kwaye abemi bamele bahlale bephaphile bethe thathi qwa. Ngokuphakamisa imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yengqibelelo, ukuthembeka, nokuthembeka, oorhulumente, bangazuza ukuthenjwa kwabo ngokunempumelelo. Uxandumiso lomntu ngamnye osebenza kwinkonzo karhulumente.