Impembelelo Ehlala Ihleli Yokuva Iindlebe Kwamabhunga Emgaqweni Wokongamela Umgaqo - siseko

Ukuvakala kwemithetho-siseko yekomkhulu lilungu elisisiseko lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho waseMerika, elisebenza njengejelo eligxekayo phakathi kwenkxalabo kawonke-wonke, uhlalutyo, kunye nokwenziwa komthetho osemthethweni. Akukho mmandla wenkqubo ubalasele okanye ungumphumo kunalapho ufuduka khona. Ukubonelelwa kokuntsonkotha komthetho wokufuduka, ukudibana kwawo nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho, kunye nezibophelelo zobuntu, inkqubo yokuva inika i-asbuum ebonakala kakhulu ukuze kuqhutywe impikiswano. Ezi ntlanganiso zivumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bahlule imigaqo ekhoyo, banciphikise imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, kwaye bakhe ingxelo eyinyaniso kunye neyo yezobupolitika efunekayo ukuqhubela phambili izinguquko ezinkulu.

Ngokungafaniyo neengxoxo ezikwimigangatho, ezidla ngokubhalwa ukuze zisetyenziswe ngabacuphi, iindlebe zinika ubunzulu obukhethekileyo bobuphicotho-zincwadi. Amalungu eKomiti angabuza amangqina afakwe isifungo, acele amaxwebhu akhethekileyo, kunye nohlolo olugqwethekileyo lwenkqubo yorhwebo olulahlekileyo kumacandelo eendaba angama-30 esibini. Ngelixesha abagxeki bechaphazeli benyanise ukuba iindlebe zinokusuka kwi-injini yezopolitiko, ingxube, indima yazo ekulungiseni inkqubo yokufuduka kwelizwe ngenkulungwane edluleyo, ingenakuphikwa. Ukusuka ekudluleni kwendlela yorhwebo noMthetho ka-Immiququzelelo ka-1965 ukuya kwimizamo ebanzi yokulungisa iminyaka yonyaka yowama 2010, iindlebe zisebenza rhoqo njenge-injini yokuqala yezopolitimente, ukuqulukela, nokulungisa imithetho elawulayo kwilizwe elilawulayo phantsi kwemeko.

Imisebenzi yokushukuma kwesandi

Ngoxa abantu besoloko bebona ukuchotshelwa kwetyala njengeqonga lokuvelela, basebenza imisebenzi emininzi eyahlukeneyo nengenani kwizinto eziphila ngendalo. Ukuqonda ezi ndima kubalulekile ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba amaqela anomdla, abameli bakarhulumente nabenzi bomthetho bachithe imali eninzi kangaka ekulungiseleleni ezi ziganeko.

Intlanganiso yeNkcubeko eFunyelwayo neNkcubeko yoLwazi

Umsebenzi othe ngqo wokuva kuqokelelo lolwazi. IBP ayinawo amandla okulawula isebe eliphetheyo, kwaye ayinabuchule bobuchule bamaqumrhu akhethekileyo anjenge-U.S. uBumi kunye neeNkonzo zobuGcisa (USCIS) okanye iCortim kunye noKhuselo loMda (CBP). Iindlebe zivumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bafake ngqo kulo buchule. Amandla e-Subpoena ayamkiswana ukunyanzela amaziko afuna ukuvelisa ugcino-lwazi kwi-visa, umlinganiselo wokongamela, okanye ukhuseleko lwexesha. Amangqina okucinga ngeetankitha, njenge [[FLT:] izikomganomzeliti ze-PGOLD [FFUT:1], ziziswa ekuboneleni imodeli yezoqoqosho okanye ukuthelekisa ii-eaventi ye-eaventieat propatitiestiestiestiesties.

Lo msebenzi wokufumana ubaluleke kakhulu kuba inkqubo intsonkothile ngokumangalisayo. Iceba elinye lolungiso, njengoMgaqo-mva, i-Economic Option, kunye noMthetho woMbutho woKhuselo lwe-Modernithi ka-2013, uchaphazela iinkalo ezininzi ezisezantsi: uqinisekiso (Ukuqinisekisa) iresta yogcino-mthetho, i-resta yamakhadi aluhlaza asekelwe yentsapho, inkqubo yomsebenzi enobuchule, kunye nomthetho obekelwelo mgaqo-nxaxheba. Ukuva kuvumela ikomiti ukuba inikezele iiyure eziliqela kwimiba nganye, ivelise ingxelo enika imvume yokuvala ityala.

Ulawulo olunolawulo oluphezulu nokunikwa ingxelo

Inkqubo yokwahlulwa kwemiqathango iphunyezwa kakhulu ngamaziko olawulo phakathi kweSebe loKhuselo lwaseHomeland, Justice, kunye noRhulumente. Ukuva okucokisekileyo kunikela uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwaba bameli. Xa kusenzeka uthintelo lwenkqubo, njengokhuseleko oluphezulu lweprofile okanye ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kwiimeko zokhuseleko, iintlanganiso zequmrhu ziyindlela yokuqala yokufuna iimpendulo. Abaquququzeli kunye nabaphathi babizwa ukuba bangqinele, ngokufuthi bajongene nohlolo olunzulu lwamaqela omabini.

Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo yokwahlukana kwentsapho yonyaka ka-2018 yabangela ukuchotshelwa kookrwelelo oluphezulu. Ababenzi bokhuseleko lwasekhaya nokhuseleko kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu kwafuneka bachaze iinkcukacha zokusebenza kwenkqubo "Zero Ukunyamezela", ukuphendula kwiingxaki zokuphinda zahlukaniswe iintsapho, kwaye bakhusele ukuthethelela okusemthethweni komsebenzi. Ezi zimvo azikhange zinikezele nje kuphela uqwalaselo lukawonke-wonke kodwa zaphembelela imiqathango yenkxaso-mali kunye neenguquko zolawulo. IKomiti yendlu YaseKhaya Lendlu kunye neKomiti yeNdluneli i-Judiciary igcine ii-ocessistee ezisezantsi zolwamfuduko, ziqinisekisa ukuba kuquququ nokumiswa komsebenzi wolawulo oluqhubekayo.

Umthetho karhulumente nokwakhiwa kwezivumelwano

Ngapha koko kuhlanganiswa kobugcisa bezibakala, ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe kusebenza ngokunzulu kwezopolitiko. Kunceda ukwakha imvume yoluntu kwiindlela ezinzima zokukhetha iinkqubo. Ukuva kunika iqonga abagcini-matyala, kuquka iinkokeli zezoshishino, iziqu zabaphathi-mali, abasebenzi abanyanzeli bomthetho, nabameli abavela kwamanye amazwe, ukuvakalisa inkxaso okanye inkcaso yabo kwisicelo somthetho. Ukubakho kweC-SPAN kunokwenziwa kwezixhobo ze-mecamera kunye nokungasicombululela oku, ukuguqula igumbi lekomiti libe likwinqanaba lesizwe.

Xa ikomiti iququzelela ityala ngenzuzo yezoqoqosho yotshintsho lokufuduka, libonisa uluntu ukuba imbambano ithathwa nzulu. Ingqina lamaNgqina lingasetyenziswa kwiingxoxo zomgangatho olandelayo nakumaphulo eendaba ukunyanzela amalungu angenazintlu. Lo msebenzi wolawulo ungokokuba ukumiselwa kokuchongwa kusoloko kujongwa njengoloyiso olukhulu lweqhinga kwelinye icala okanye elinye. Ukuva okusexesheni kungaguqula ingxelo, njengoko kubonwa kuthethwa kumangqina aphezulu e-profileyo apho amangqina anjengonobhala weSizwe uRekholeza uRice anika ukuvunywa okuqhelekileyo.

Ubuchule Bendlebe: Ukusuka Kwizixhobo Zokuchwetheza Ukuya Kuphawuleka

Indlela esuka kwingcinga yenkqubo ukuya kumgangatho wegumbi lokuva ilawulwa yimithetho engqongqo kunye nezibalo ezingqongqo. Le nkqubo ichaza ubungakanani kunye nempembelelo epheleleyo yendlebe.

Uqwalaselo lwentlanganiso

Ityala lokuchongwa liqhutyelwa ngokuyintloko kwiiKomiti zeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, nangona iKomiti yoKhuselo lweMhlalo yaseHomeland nayo ifumana amatyala kwimicimbi yokhuseleko nemicimbi yomda. Usihlalo wekomiti unegunya elikhulu lokumisela ucwangciso. Bagqiba ukuba baqule ityala, bathethe ngomxholo ongqalileyo, kwaye ngubani oza kumenywa ukuba anikele ubungqina. Iqela elincinane limele ngokuqhelekileyo libize libize linikezele ubungqina ngokwalo, kodwa inkoliso yeqela lilawula isakhiwo sonke.

La mandla okumisela adwelisweyo athetha ukuba ukuva kusoloko kubonakalisa izinto eziphambili zeqela elikhulu lowiso-mthetho. Ikomiti elawulwa yiRiphabliki ingagcina ukuva kujoliswe kwi-visa egqithisileyo kunye nokhuseleko lobungozi bokufuduka okungekho mthethweni, ngeli lixa ikomiti elawulwa ngedemokhrasi ingajolisa kwingxaki yobuntu emdeni kwaye ifuneke imendo yokufumana ubumi be-Dremphores. Ukukhetha kwesihloko sokuva kungumsebenzi wezopolitiko obonisa oko iqela lizimisele ukusukela imigaqo yomthetho.

Ukukhetha Ubungqina Nobungqina

AmaNgqina asisigxina sazo zonke iindlebe. Ukuva okuqhelekileyo kwabantu abafudukela kwamanye amazwe kuya kuquka iqela lamangqina amathathu ukuya kwamahlanu, asoloko elungelelaniswe ukuze amele iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Amangqina orhulumente, njengoMlawuli we-USCIS okanye uMphathi-mikhosi we-CBP, kusoloko kufuneka abonise ukuba ngabalawuli bolawulo abangoondilele, nangona ekhonza kwiyolo kaMongameli. Ngaphandle kwamangqina kukho abameli abasuka kwimibutho yezentengiselwano, oonjingalwazi bomthetho abanobuchule obukhethekileyo kwimithetho yokufuduka, urhulumente kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni, nabantu abachatshazelwa ngqo yimigaqo-mvume yokufuduka.

Amalungiselelo anzima. AmaNgqina achitha iintsuku elungiselela ubungqina obubhaliweyo kwaye "ephakanyiswe" ngabasebenzi bekomiti okanye imibutho yawo ukwenzela intlanganiso yemibuzo nempendulo. Ubunjani bolu lungiselelo bungamisela impumelelo yokuphulaphula. Ingqina eliye lasilela phantsi kombuzo linokulawula umjikelo weendaba, ngeli lixa ingqina elipholileyo linokuwuthintela ngokunempumelelo umgca wokufuna nokukhusela indawo eliyithandayo yenkqubo.

Umbuzo- Nempendulo Enamandla

Ixesha lokubuza eliqhelekileyo, elidla ngokulawulwa ngumthetho weminenu, kulapho isenzo sokwenene senzeka khona. Amalungu asebenzisa eli xesha ukwenza iimpikiswano zomthetho, ukubamba amangqina ngokuphikisana, okanye ukukhupha izibakala ezikhethekileyo ezixhasa ingxelo echaziweyo yangaphambili. Eli lixesha apho ulwahlulo lubonakala kakhulu. Ilungu elibuza ingqina elichasayo lizakusebenzisa imibuzo ebukhali, ekhokelayo, ngexa libuza ubungqina obunobuhlobo buvumela incoko eluncedo elungiselelwe ukwakha ingxelo yobungqina obuxhasayo.

Ubuchule besitulo sokunyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa, ukuqaphela amalungu, kunye nomthetho kwiingongoma zokucwangcisa ulolonga uhambo lwendlebe. Kwizimvo eziphezulu, igumbi lizaliswe ngabasebenzi, umatshini wokushicilela, kunye nababukeli abanomdla. Uxinezeleko lusoloko lubonakala, lubonakalisa izinyuko eziphezulu zezigqibo zenkqubo yokufuduka.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iindlebe Ezathi Zabangela Ukuba Kubekho Umthetho Ongalawulekiyo

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo engqalileyo yembali kubonisa indlela okuchana ngayo ukuva kweendlebe ezikhoyo kwiimeko zomthetho wokufuduka waseMerika.

UMthetho woTshintsho noLawulo wowama-1986 (IRCA)

I-IRCA yamatyala yayimela impumelelo ephawulekayo yowiso-mthetho kwinkqubo yokuphulaphula. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yee-1980, iNdlu yeQembu le-Judicary Committee ekwi-Immigtion, ephethwe yiNtetho uAlan Simpson, yabamba iindlebe ezibanzi kwingxaki yokufuduka okungekho mthethweni. Ezi ndlebe zagxininisa kakhulu kwindima yomsebenzi njengesixhobo sokutsala abantu abangena ephepheni. Emva kokunikela ubungqina, kuquka abaqeshi kunye neengcali zemisebenzi, zanikela ubungqina ngentethelelo entle yokungagunyaziswa kwabaqeshi.

Ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala kwakha ityala elinyanzelisayo "grand procence": ukugunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni kwabaphambukeli ababekho bengagunyaziswanga ekunyanzelweni kokuthunyelwa kwabantu ngokungqongqo ekuhlaleni okungekho mthethweni kwixesha elizayo. Ingxelo eyaqulunqiweyo ngexesha lokuviwa yaba luncedo ekuxhaseni ukuxhathisa kokuxhathisa koomashishini, ababefuna ukusetyenzwa nzima okungabizi mali eninzi, kunye nababekisw'intengi, ababechasa ityala lokuxolelwa. Umthetho wokugqibela, otyikitywe nguMongameli Reagan, waba yimveliso engqalileyo yokulala okuxokisiweyo kwigumbi lokuphulaphula.

Ukuchongwa kweNtlanganiso yeMicimbi yeNkcubeko

Ukuchotshelwa kweKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeeNtlanganiso ngo-2013 kwimali yolungiso lokufuduka ebanzi (S. 744) ngumzekelo wencwadi ebhaliweyo wendlela ukuva okunokulwakha ngayo ukhuseleko olungundoqo lwenkqubo. Ityala labhaliswa liqela labasebenzi abasibhozo be-i-Antars, kodwa lalifuna ukuphefumla kukawonke-wonke ukuze lifumane ilungelo elisemthethweni. Ikomiti, ikhokelwa nguSihlalo uPatric Leay, ibambe iindlebe ezininzi ezigqubuthela zonke iinkalo zemali: ukhuseleko lomda, ukufuduka okusemthethweni, isikhundla sexesha elizayo se-DREAMer, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemisebenzi.

Ezi zimvo zasebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wezopolitiko. Bavumela abaququzeleli abanobungcathu ukuba babuze imibuzo enzima yamagosa asebenza ngokhuseleko, bebonisa ukuzimisela kwabo kumda womda. Banika iqonga kumaqela anamandla anomdla njengeCentre of Commerce kunye ne-AFLCIO, eyayivumelene kwinkqubo entsha yabasebenzi abatsha. Iindlebe zakha ingxelo kawonke-wonke eyachazwa kakhulu ngexesha lengxoxo yomgangatho. Nangona ekugqibeleni ityala ladlula iBhathenti kodwa lafa kwi House, i-2013 isandi sasala sinolona vavanyo olubanzi lotshintsho lohlaziyo loluntu kumgangatho worhulumente. Babalase okunokwenzeka nokungangeniselwa kwendlela yokuva kwixesha lokuhamba kwe-poli.

Ukuqhekeka Kwentsapho Ngokwahlukana Kwama - 2019 Kufikelela Indlebe

Ukuva okulandelelwayo kolawulo lweTrump "Unyamezelo lomlawuli weTrump" luchasana kakhulu noluvo lwemithetho yonyaka ka-2013. Ezi ngxelo zazingekuko ukudlulisa ityala elithile kodwa ngokuphendula koxanduva kunye nokugwetywa kwabantu. Owangaphambili we-DHS uSosiba we-Kirstjen Nielsen kunye nowangaphambili weAttneral Jeffindney Inquisitions zajongwa ngokucokiseka okunzulu. Iindlebe zaziphawulwe ngobungqina obungokweemvakalelo obuvela kwiingcali zezamayeza ezazichaphazelela abantwana abaphazamisekileyo kunye namangqina angolwazi achaza isiphithiphithi senkqubo yokwakha kwakhona.

Oku kuchotshelwa kweendlebe akuzange kubangele ulungiso lwemithetho, kodwa kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kuluvo loluntu. Umfanekiso onamandla kunye nobungqina obuneenkcukacha zezobupolitika benza ukuba ulawulo lungakwazi ukwandisa inkqubo. Ukuchotshelwa kwale mithetho kwabangela ityala lezobupolitika elanyanzela ukusetyenziswa kwesebe eliphetheyo neliphembelela inkcaso. Babonisa ukuba impembelelo yokuviwa akuphelelanga ekudlulisweni komthetho; kwakhona kunokumisa inkqubo kwiindlela zawo.

Iingxaki Nemida Yezokuvakala Kwendlebe

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwazo, ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe kwamaqela asekuhlaleni akunaziphazamiso eziphawulekayo.

Ingxaki Yokuma Ngobuhle

Abahlalutyi bathi iindlebe ezininzi zale mihla zininzi ngokuvelisa iziqwenga zevidiyo kunokuqhuba uphando olunengqiqo. Amalungu angasebenzisa imizuzu emihlanu ukunikela intetho ebhalwe kwangaphambili kunokuba abuze umbuzo wokwenene. Oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezithe gqaba-gqaba njengeendawo zokufuduka. Xa ilungu lekomiti linomdla ongakumbi ekugxininiseni iingongoma zezobupolitika kunokuqonda iintsingiselo zenkqubo, ukuva kulahlekelwa lixabiso lako elisezantsi. Le "catnip for the nnubar" indlela yokuthetha ingenza uluntu lungathembana kuyo ngokwalo.

Ukukhethwa kwamaNgqina afanelekileyo kunye neMithetho yoLwazi

Ngenxa yokuba uSihlalo silawula uluhlu lwamangqina, iindlebe zingadityaniswa ukuze zinike imbono encediswayo enye inkupho. Ikomiti ingalufaka lula uluhlu lwamangqina nabaxhasi abaxhasa iziphumo ezikhethekileyo zenkqubo yayo. Ngelixesha iqela elincinane lifumana ubungqina bomqondiso, umlinganiselo opheleleyo unganzima kakhulu. Le nkcazelo ikhethayo inciphisa umsebenzi wokufumana indlebe. Endaweni yokunika uluvo olupheleleyo, ukuva kuba sisixhobo sokubhebhetha, ukukhulisa iinkolelo zangaphambi kokuba zifike endaweni yokuba zicelwe umngeni.

Iintsebenziswano ZamaCollegiants Nentsebenziswano Ekhoyo

Ingxelo yembali ibonisa ukuba utshintsho olukhulu lokufuduka, njengo1986 IRCA kunye noMthetho ka1965, zandulelwa yiminyaka yolwakhiwo lwe-bipartis kwigumbi lokuva. Namhlanje, ubuninzi bokuva buye bancipha, kwaye umgangatho wonxulumano lobuqu phakathi kwamalungu aphikisanayo unciphile. Abaququzeleli abaliqela baye baphawula ukuba kunzima ukufumana "umsebenzi wekomiti" ethis eyakhe yavunyelwa ukuba isebenzisane nocawa. Ngaphandle kwengxoxo engacwangciswanga ncam nokufumana isibakala sokuba iindlebe zinokukwazi ukukhulula, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iyakwazi ukuvala i-gridro.

Isiphelo: Indima enokuthathelwa indawo yendlebe

Ukuchongwa kwemithetho-siseko kuseyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yenkqubo yokufuduka eMelika. Zizibala eliphambili apho umthetho, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye neembumba zikawonke wonke zidityaniswa khona ukuze ziphikisane ngombuzo obalulekileyo wokuba ngubani ongowaseUnited States. Nangona le nkqubo ingafezeki, isoloko iphantsi kwemidlalo edibeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo, akukho ndlela ithile enika umgangatho ofanayo wokuphanda, ukuqulunqwa kwingcali, nokubonakala kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Kubo bafuna ukuqonda isizathu sokuba inkqubo yokufuduka ifane, okanye indlela enokuthi itshintshwe ngayo, ingxelo yokuva yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo. Iqulethe iingxoxo, ugcino-lwazi, kunye noxokelelwano lwezobupolitika oluye lwaguqula ukwakhiwa kwelizwe ukufuduka. Logama iUnited States isaqhubeka iphikisana ngokuzichaza njengesizwe sabaphambukeli, igumbi lokuva lembutho liya kuhlala lisembindini wengxoxo.