Iziganeko ezinkulu zikawonke-wonke, ukusuka kwiintlanganiso zezopolitiko zomkhosi nakwimisitho yomculo ukuya kumatheko omdlalo, kutsalela amawaka abathathi-nxaxheba nababukeli. Ukukhuthaza ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kwiintlanganiso ezinjalo kubekwe kakhulu ngamapolisa karhulumente, amele alawule izihlwele ezixhobileyo, ezisoloko zikhathazekile ngokweemvakalelo ngoxa zihlonela inkululeko esisiseko yabemi. Imilinganiselo esemthethweni yolawulo lwamapolisa ekulawuleni kwemicimbi yamapolisa isekelwe kukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, izindululo zemithetho yemiqathango, kunye nomthetho olawulayo. Le migaqo ifuna amagosa alungele ukulungelelanisa amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukubeka imidaba ecacileyo ekusetyenzisweni kwemikhosi, ukuvalelwa, ukuvalelwa, nokukhuselwa kwemibutho elipheleleyo. Ukuqonda ezi zicwangciso zomthetho ziyimfuneko kubaquququzeli-mthetho, izithethi-mthetho, izithethi-mthetho, kunye nomthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho, kunye nomthetho wokuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwenkululeko.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko Sokulawula Isihlwele

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States unikela isiqinisekiso sokuvavanya indlela amapolisa aziphatha ngayo ebudeni beziganeko ezinkulu. Iziphene ezintathu ziyimfuneko ngokukhethekileyo: ukukhusela koMphetho - Mgaqo Wokuqala wendibano yoxolo, imiqathango yeSine SoMthetho ohlaziyiweyo yokuphengulula nokuxhuzula, kunye nesiqinisekiso soMphetho weMthethweni weshumi elinesine senkqubo nenkuselo elinganayo.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala – Ilungelo Lokuhlanganisana

IFirst Amendment ithi “ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo” aliyi kuvalwa. Eli lungelo linwebekela kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezinjengezitrato, iitrato, nepaki, ezigqalwa njengeziko likawonke-wonke. Ngexesha leziganeko ezinkulu, amapolisa akanakukwazi ukuthintela indibano kuphela ngenxa yokuba indibano inkulu okanye ingxabano. Noko ke, urhulumente angabeka ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nendlela yokukhusela isiphithiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-m, ukuba imiqathango enjalo ithelwe-neutral, ithungiwe, ishiya imijelo evulekileyo ukuze ivakalise intetho. Umzekelo, imvume okanye i-lo olumiselweyo ayivumelangasetyenziswa kwaye ayisetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo. Xa i-polisa i-Pilainstric, kufuneka ibe ne-octricrac, i-ages, i-"erobicric.[8]

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesine – Ukuphanda, Ukusetyenziswa Kwamandla

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Kumongo wolawulo lwesihlwele, yonke imisebenzi ethintela inkululeko (nokuba kumiswa kancinci, okanye ukubanjwa) kufuneka igwetyelwe ngokufanelekileyo okanye okunokwenzeka. Amapolisa akanakuqhuba ubuninzi “iTerry" okanye ukuphengulula abantu ngaphandle kokukrokrala okuzenzekelayo. [[FLT:] [iindlela] yeme, i-ohiou [1968]) ivumela abaphathi ukuba bame kwaye bavumele umntu ukuba bakrokreleze ukuba umntu uxhobekile kwaye uyingozi, kodwa iintsomi yenkundla ilumkisiwe ngokuchasene nokusebenzisa okungaphi namaqela. Ngokunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kobuphindiswa komthetho kusenokusetyenziswa “umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kukwi-Gene. [FTLT] [FRA] [2] [3] (9]).[9] i-f.ig.) xa kuthenjisongelo somntu ngamnye, ukuba umphanganye oluchaneyo, uthe lwabiwo-wokunga

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi Elinane – Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

UMthetho-nkqubo we-14th Amendment unika umlinganiselo owengeziweyo wokhuseleko. I-Awth Procession Claus iyawalela amanyathelo okunyanzelisa abantu yaye ifuna ukuba iinkqubo nezenzo zamapolisa zinxulumene ngokufanelekileyo neenjongo ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente. I-Unimetic Protection Claus iyalulela ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisizwe, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kwezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba amapolisa asoloko esebenzisa iindlela ezingqongqo zokulawula isihlwele ngokuchasene nokuqhankqashelwa kuphela okukhokelwa liqela elithile lobuhlanga oluthile, ihambo enjalo isenokubangela ukuncitshiswa ngokungqongqo kunye netyala. Iinkundla ezisebuthweni zikwayamkele inkqubo efanelekileyo esekelwe kwingqibelelo engokwasemzimbeni, enokuphenjelwa ngokugqithisileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwesazela okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwesazela.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemilinganiselo Yomkhosi Neenkqubo Zolawulo Lwesihlwele

Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni agunyazisiwe ukusebenzisa amandla ukukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kodwa umgangatho osemthethweni womkhosi onjalo ucacile: kufuneka ubenolwazelelelo, ulungelelwano, kwaye ulungelelwaniso phantsi kweemeko. Iindlela zokulawula izihlwele zisoloko zibandakanya izixhobo ezincinane ezifana nerhasi yerhasi, ipepile, iimbumbulu zerhabal, kunye nokubetha kwe-pamp; ukubhanana kwazo kuxhomekeke kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kwaye nokuba zinokusetyenziswa kancinane kangakanani na ezinokusetyenziswa.

Umgangatho Osengqiqweni

INkundla ePhakamileyo Graham v. Connor yaqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zamandla ezigqithisileyo kufuneka zigwetywe ngokwembono yegosa elinobuchule kumboniso, ngaphandle kokucaca kwexesha eliphakathi. Izizathu ziquka ubukhali besisongelo, nokuba umbandela uyalwa okanye uyaphepheka, kwaye ubukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho olukwimeko. Kwiqela, umphathi kufuneka ahlolisise ukuziphatha komntu ngamnye kunokuba afake izenzo zabambalwa kwindibano yonke. Ukusebenzisa isiqhushumbisi sokudubula imibala ecacileyo kwisitrato apho abantu abaninzi benokugqalwa ngoxolo kunganakwenzeka, ngoxa beyibeka ngokuchasene neprojelo oluqhutyelwayo kumqesho eqeshiweyo.

Uqeqesho Olusemthethweni kwiindlela Ezikhethekileyo

Iindlela eziliqela zokulawula isihlwele ziye zaba ngumbandela weengxaki zomthetho nohlaziyo lwenkqubo:

  • Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo (igesi egqithisileyo, isitshizi sepepile): Isekethe yesine ibambelele ekubeni ukusebenzisa imichiza ngaphandle kwesilumkiso okanye abantu abangenabungozi bangenza amandla agqithisileyo. Amasebe amaninzi ngoku afuna abaphathi ukuba banike izilumkiso zomlomo kwaye bavumele ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuhluza.
  • Izixhobo zokufunxa (iimbumbulu zentsimbi, iibhenig): Iinkundla zifumanise ukuba ukujolisa izixhobo ezinjalo entloko okanye kwitorso kwandisa ubungozi bokwenzakala okunzulu kwaye kusenokuphula umgangatho wobungcathu benjongo. Olona qheliso lulungileyo lulawula ukujolisa ezantsi kwemibhobho nokuzisebenzisa kuphela xa amandla abulalayo egunyaziswa.
  • Imiyalelo eqengqelekileyo: Umyalelo wokuchitha kufuneka ucace, uvakala, ukhatshwe lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuthobela. Ukubanjwa kwexesha elifanelekileyo lokungasasazi ukuchitha kufuna ukuba umntu afune ukuba wobabini ave umyalelo kwaye ala ukuthobela ngaphandle kwesizathu esisemthethweni.
  • [[FLT: 0][Ujikelezo noluqulathe izihlwele]: Elicebo lithintela abantu ekuphumeni kwindawo, ukuqhuba ngokunempumelelo ukuxhuzula. IiNkundla ezinjenge Ninth hambar in ACLU of Nevada v. Isixeko seLas Vegas[[FLT:] [2020]) zibambelele ekuthi ukurhoxisa ngaphandle kokukrokretha komgaqo weSihla-Nhlanu ngaphandle kokuba sikhathazwe ngumyalelo osemthethweni nohambo oluphumayo.

Amagosa amaninzi amapolisa asebupoliseni amkele ukusebenzisa ushishino olunyanzelekileyo olufuna amagosa azama ukuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho nongenelelo lobungozi phambi kokusebenzisa umkhosi. Xa kusetyenziswa amajoni, umthetho karhulumente usoloko ugunyazisa iinkcukacha kunye nokunyanyekelwa konyango nabani na onzakeleyo.

Imilinganiselo Esemthethweni Yokubanjwa Nokuzibekela Imbopheleleko Kwiziganeko Ezinkulu

Ukubanjwa ngexesha leziganeko ezinkulu kuzisa imingeni ekhethekileyo engokwasemthethweni. Amapolisa kufuneka asebenze kumbandela olindelekileyo wesi-4 Uhlaziyo loMgaqo-nkqubo ngeli xesha elawula iingcinezelo zolawulo lweqela elixineneyo, elihambayo.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Ukuze abanjwe ngokusemthethweni, umphathi-mikhosi kufuneka abe nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba umntu othile wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukubanjwa kweMisa ./apho onke amaqela abanjwayo ngenxa yokuba ayekho ngexesha lokuphazamiseka--------- kwaye asoloko ehlaselwa ziinkundla. Hasell v. Henkel [2029], iD.C. isekethi yaba nenxaxheba yokubamba bonke abavukeli bemibhiyo apho abanye babehlazeli behlaze uHlulelo lweSine kuba kwakungekho siseko somntu ngamnye ekuvalelweni. Endaweni komnye amapolisa kufuneka aphawule umntu owaphula umthetho, esebenzisa iikhamera, iingxelo, okanye obunye ubungqina bokudityanisa.

UTerry Stoms noPat- Down kwisihlwele

Uphando olufutshane lokuvalelwa ngaphantsi Terry v. iOhio iyavunyelwa xa igosa linorhanela ngokusengqiqweni ukuba umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho uhamba ngenyawo. Noko ke, ukusebenzisa uTerry kwisihlwele sonke akunakwenzeka. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 2] Brown v. Isixeko saseNew York [2011], inkundla ibambelele kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba “misa kwaye i-frisk” iqhelisa ngokukrokretha okungalungelelananganga. Kwimimiselo yeqela, amapolisa ayakwazi ukusondela kubantu abasekelwe kwihambo ethile ekhethekileyo xa efihla into ethile okanye esongelayo.

Uxwebhu kunye nokugcina ushicilelo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula, amazwe amaninzi afuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuze abhale ukudibana ngako ngexesha lolawulo lwesihlwele. Oku kuquka isiseko sokumisa, nakuphi na ukuphendla okuye kwaqhutywa, nesiphumo (ukunika isiqinisekiso, ukubanjwa, ukuvalelwa). Ukusilela ukugcina iirekhodi ezinjalo kungakhokelela kwiingxaki ezicacileyo kumalungelo asekuhlaleni alandelayo. Ngaphezu koko, iikhamera zomzimba-mzimbini kufuneka zivulwe ngexesha lolawulo lwesihlwele, nangona imigaqo iyahluka xa ukushicilela kunokuthi kupheliswe. Eminye imithetho yorhulumente igunyazisa ukuba iikhamera zihlale zikho kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokusetyenziswa komkhosi okanye ukubanjwa.

Ubuchule bokuphendula ngokusemthethweni

Xa amapolisa karhulumente egqitha imida esemthethweni ngexesha lolawulo lwesihlwele, kukho iindlela eziliqela zokuziphendulela. Ezi ziquka uqeqesho lwangaphakathi, ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni, ukubekwa kwetyala ngokwee-aseburhulumenteni phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.19983, kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imicimbi yangaphakathi noHlahlo loLawulo

Amagosa amaninzi amapolisa aseburhulumenteni aneeyunithi eziphanda izikhalazo zangaphakathi zamandla agqithisileyo, ukubanjwa kobuxoki, okanye ukuziphatha okubi. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kokuhlola kwangaphakathi kusoloko kuxhomekeke kwinkcubeko yoorhulumente nokubonakala. Emva kokuba kubekwe iziganeko zokulawula kwesihlwele, amanye amazwe ayile iibhodi zokuhlola ngokuzimeleyo kunye namalungu angengowabupolitika. Umzekelo, ibhodi ye-Colorado’s Peace Profector Imigangatho kunye noqeqesho (POST) ingazicima okanye inqumanisa iziqinisekiso zabaphathi abachasene nemimiselo efana nokuvalwa kwemiqathango okanye umsebenzi wokungenelela.

Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Oluntu Owamkelekileyo

Unyango oluyintloko lwezomthetho-siseko lwamapolisa asekuhlaleni ngama-42 e-U.S.C.193. Amaxhoba okunyanzeliswa okugqithisileyo, ukubanjwa okungekho mthethweni, okanye ukuziphindezela ngenxa yokuqhelisela inkululeko yokuthetha, anokumangalela amagosa karhulumente ekwakheni ubuchule bawo bokukhusela ukhuseleko. Noko ke, imfundiso yamagosa afanelekileyo okukhusela imfuno-majoni ukuba ihambo yawo ayizange yaphule “emiselweyo okanye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.” Ukulawula inkundla, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba inkundla ngaphambili ayikalisilekanga iqhinga elithile elikhethekileyo, elifana nepell-aksigci, elityhalela umqhubi otyhini okhutshwayo ongaba tyala. Abagxeki bema ngelithi ukuthintelwa kwemiqatha yemiqathango yemibutho, ngoxa abaxhasi besithi abalawuli besenza izigqibo zendlu yemikhosi yesibini. Imithetho emininzi yemithetho ekwayimiqatha phantsi kwemithetho e-Mexico 201, i-201, utshintsho lwamapolisa.

Umlinganiselo okanye uphando lwendlela yobuchule

ISebe leMinneapolis emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd nakuMbutho wamapolisa eLouisville emva kokufa kukaBreenna Taylor. Oko kuphengululwa kudla ngokutyhilwa kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko phantsi koMthetho woLawulo lweCrime kunye noMthetho we-Enkordamentment ka-1994. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka uphando kwiSebe lamapolisa laseMinneapolitiki elifuna iinguqulelo zenkqubo, uqeqesho, uqeqesho, kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo.

Ukuzithethelela Ngokwesaphuli - mthetho

Kwiimeko ezimandundu, abatshutshisi bakarhulumente okanye besizwe bangazisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho kumagosa asebenzisa amandla agqithisileyo ngabom. Umzekelo, igosa elidubula imbumbulu yerabha kwisihlwele ngaphandle kwesisongelo esibonakalayo lingabekwa ityala lohlaselo okanye ukubeka engozini engozini ngokungakhathali. Ukufumana ityala kudinga ukungqina ukuba igosa lenza into ngenjongo yolwaphulo-mthetho engaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni, ingakumbi xa isiphithiphithiphithi sesiganeko esikhulu singenza iinjongo ezingaqhelekanga.

Uqeqesho nomgaqo-nkqubo onconyelweyo kumapolisa aseburhulumenteni

Ukuthobela imithetho kuqalisa ngokuqeqeshwa kwamapolisa acacileyo.

Uqeqesho lokuhla komgangatho kunye neengxaki

Uninzi lwamazwe lufuna abaphathi-mikhosi ukuba bagqibe uqeqesho kubuchule bokukhupha isantya somgangatho phambi kokuba basebenze kumaqela okulawula isihlwele. Oku kuquka ukuxoxisana ngamazwi, iindlela zonxibelelwano, ixesha kunye nobuchule, nokuqonda xa isihlwele sifuna ukunqumama kobuchule kunokuphendula ngamandla. I-International Association of Shists of Police (IACP) ipapashe imigaqo-nkqubo yemodeli egxininisa ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi mabajonge ukuchitha ixesha njengendawo yokugqibela yokuzibophelela kwaye bafanele baphucule unxibelelwano. Uqeqesho lukwagqubuthela imida esemthethweni yokusebenzisa imibhobho, iintsimbi, kunye nemiqobo yokulawula intshukumo.

Ukuhlaziywa okusemthethweni kunye nokuzilolonga okusekelwe kwimeko

Ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lwesihlwele luguquka .ingakumbi emva kweziganeko eziphezulu .i-adviser ezisemthethweni zifanele zihlaziye rhoqo uqeqesho lwezifundo zezifundo. Imithambo esekelwe kwimeko efanisa ukuqhankqalaza okukhulu okujika ugonyamelo inganceda abaphathi ukuba bafumane isizathu esilindelekileyo sokubanjwa kwabantu ngabanye, ukukhupha imiyalelo esemthethweni, nokukhetha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunyanzelisa. Ezi zenzo zikwaqinisa umsebenzi wokungenelela: umthetho wesizwe ofana noMinnesota neKhalifoniya ngoku ufuna abaphathi-mikhosi ukuba banqande ukusebenza ngegunya elikhulu, umyalelo osebenza ngqo kwimiboniso ediyo apho uxinzelelo lontanga lunokunyusa ugonyamelo.

Ubandakanyeko loLuntu noLungiselelo

Imigaqo yolawulo lwesihlwele sokupapasha isebenza kunye nokuba neentlanganiso zangaphambi kwemini nabaququzeleli kunganciphisa umngcipheko wokudityaniswa kwemingxuma. Ukubonakala ngaphaya kwemithetho `njengalapho abavukeli bangahlanganisa khona, xa kunikwa imiyalelo yokususa, kwaye indlela izixhobo ezincinane ngayo ziya kusetyenziswa ./ii-apply ziya kusetyenziswa, kwaye zivumela abemi ukuba bacel ’ umngeni imiyalelo engekho mthethweni enkundleni ngobungqina obungcono. Amanye amagosa amapolisa asekuhlaleni amisele ibhodi zobucukubhedeze iziganeko zesihlwele aze ancomele iinguquke.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Nomthetho Wetyala

Ukuqhankqalaza kwemithetho yobuhlanga ngowama - 2020 kwabangela ukuba kucetywe amapolisa okulawula isihlwele.

ACLU wase Oregon v. IsiXeko sasePortland (2021), iNtshukumo yeNinth yakholelwa ukuba amagosa omthetho karhulumente asebenzisa iimpuphuma zegesi kunye neziphumo zezobundlobongela asebenzisa igass ezizoxolo ezichasene kakhulu noMphetho-Mbetho weSihlaziyo weSifihlo. Inkundla yaphawula ukuba urhulumente akanako “ukuphelisa umkhosi kubantu ngaphandle kokukrokrazwa ngenxa yokuba nje ukuba bayinxalenye yeqela eliquka amalungu ambalwa angalawulekiyo." Esi sigqibo sicatshulwe ziinkundla zikarhulumente njengokhokelo lokuvavanyazisa ihambo yamapolisa phakathi kwezihlwele.

Ku uMaxell v. Ingingqi yeSan Diego [202], iNkundla yesibheno yaseKhalifoniya yawisa umthetho wokuba amabamba asebenzisa “uthotho-mthetho” abambelele kumbhikishi ohleliyo owayevale umnyango kodwa engathinteli ukubanjwa kwaphula umthetho wecarotid evingco kunye namandla agqithisileyo. Isigqibo sigxininisa ukuba kwanomgangatho ophantsi ophantsi othintelayo akakuthethelela ulawulo olubuhlungu ngaphandle kokuba kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo sokwenzakala.

Amanye amaphondo aye adlulisa imimiselo enika imiyalelo ecacileyo ekwalela ukulawulwa kwesihlwele. Umzekelo, iSB20-217 yeColorado iyalela ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yengxwelerha, isitshizi sepepile, kunye ne-kinetic colleties ngaphandle kokuba umphathi ugunyazise ukusebenza kwawo kwaye emva kokuba isihlwele sinikwe umyalelo osemthethweni wokuchitha izithuba kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo lokuthobela. Umthetho weColorado ukwalela ukuvalwa kwemiqathango kwaye ufuna abaphathi ukuba basebenzise ubuchule bokukhupha ii-efascals xa bekhuselekile.

Ezinye inkqubela eziphawulekayo ziquka ukudalwa kwamaqumrhu akhethekileyo ajongene ne-Attorney ye-Attorney yephondo laseNew York General ye-Oficial of Special Investigation, eye yathatha amatyala abandakanya ukubulawa kwabantu abaxhobiswe yisihlwele. ISebe leMithetho yeJaji lase-U.S. likwabhengeze ukhokelo olutsha ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo ezincinane, igxininisa ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwazo kumele kuphathwe njengokusetyenziswa okunzulu kokunyanzelisa ugwebo.

Isiphelo

Ihambo yamapolisa aseburhulumenteni ngexesha lolawulo lwezi ziganeko ezinkulu isebenza kwimiqathango entsonkothileyo yemithetho-siseko, yemithetho esemthethweni, kunye neemfuno zomthetho. IziHlaliso zoQala nezesine zimisela imida ecacileyo: amapolisa kufuneka alihlonele ilungelo lokuhlanganisa, kufuneka asekele okanye abambe inyathelo ngalinye ekukrokreleni abantu ngabanye, kwaye asebenzise kuphela amandla asengqiqweni phantsi kweemeko. Iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokusemthethweni . /ukuhlola okusemthethweni, ukumangalelwa kwamapolisa, kunye nokumangalelwa kwabelo-mthetho (* ukuvavanya ukuxhatshazwa kokuxhatshazwa kokuxhatshazwa, nangona indlela yokugweba ihlala inzima kumaxhoba amaninzi. Njengokuba iindlela zokulawula i-demokhrasi nemilinganiselo esemthethweni ziqhubeka zikho, ukuqeqeshwa okucacileyo, ukuvelela, nokuvelela okucacileyo kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa akhusele urhulumente ngaphandle kokukhulula kolawulo lwamachiza umphakathi oluntu