Intsingiselo Ecacileyo Yomgangatho Osemthethweni

Umgaqo wokulingana phambi komthetho ungaphezulu nje kwesiqubulo esisemthethweni; sisixhobo esiphantsi kwaso; lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akuxhomekekanga kubutyebi bomntu, uhlanga, unqulo, okanye impembelelo yezopolitiko. Xa kuqondwa ngokupheleleyo, ukulingana phambi kwemithetho esemthethweni eqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banokufuna ukubuyiselwa kwiinkundla, kuvalwe ngokungakhethiyo, kwaye anikwa isohlwayo okanye afumane inkxaso engqinelanayo nakwabo basetyenziswayo kwezinye iimeko ezifanayo. Ngaphandle kwesi siseko, yonke inkqubo yomthetho ilahlekelwa ligunya layo lokuziphatha nelomthetho.

Kodwa ibinzana elithi “ukulingana phambi komthetho” lisoloko lifihla ungquzulwano olunzulu. Ukulingana okuqhelekileyo .-ukusebenzisana kwamanani okulinganayo kunye nomntu ngamnye ngamanye amaxesha kungenza iziphumo ezingekho bulungisa xa abantu beqala kwizithuba ezahlukeneyo. Umthetho othintela ukuxengaxenga, umzekelo, usebenza ngokufanayo kumntu ongenamakhaya kunye nesigqeba esiphezulu, kodwa iziphumo eziluncedo zikude kakhulu ekulinganiseni. Yiyo le nto ingcingalwazi yale mihla esemthethweni eyahlula phakathi kobulingani obusesikweni kunye nolinganayo, ukuvuma okokuba ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kunokukhuthaza ukungalingani xa kungekho mithetho ekhoyo. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni oko kufunwa lukhulu phambi komthetho, umahluko.

Umlinganiselo Omde Osemthethweni: Ukusuka Kwizinto Ezingekhoyo Ukuya Kukhanyiselwa

Ingcamango yokuba umthetho ufanele usebenze ngokufanayo kuwo onke amalungu oluntu yamandulo, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo okusebenzayo akukhange kuvumelane kwimbali yoluntu. Kwimithetho yamandulo enjengoMthetho kaHammurabi (c. 1754 BCE), izigwebo ezahlukahlukeneyo kakhulu ngodidi lwentlalo---"ingangamsha eyamfamazisayo umntu oqhelekileyo owahlawula inkokhelo, kanti umntu oqhelekileyo owafak ’ amehlo ophamba isidima wabulawa. Iitafile ezilishumi elinesibini zeRoma (c. 450 BCE) zathatha inyathelo elincinane phambili ngokupapasha imithetho ekhutshelwa ekuhleni, nto leyo eyayibanceda abeziinkomfama ababephantsi kwemithetho yobungangamela ubungangamsholo. Kodwa kwana eRoma, ukulingana okusemthethweni kwakugcinelwe abemi, abakhonza okanye abaphambukwasemzini.

Eyona ntshukumo ikhawulezileyo yafika ngeMagna Carta ngo1215. Ngexesha isoloko idibene, inyanzelisa ukuba i-"ikumkani waseNgilani angabinakubopha abantu abakhululekileyo ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho") yamisa imbewu eyayiza kukhula kwiinkulungwane. U-Celas 39 no-40 yavakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi abanjwe, afakwe entolongweni, okanye avinjwe “ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni wabalingana naye okanye umthetho welizwe,” kwaye okokuba isigwebo asibanganako ukuthengiswa, okanye ukuphoswa. La mabinzana ayengengowokuqala asetyenziswa kuphela kumadoda akhululekileyo, amancinane eNgilani, kodwa amisela umgaqo woburhulumente ukuba umlawuli ngokwakhe wayeboshwe ngumthetho.

Izithandi-bulumko ezikhanyiselweyo zayikhulisa le ngcamango. uJohn Locke waphikisa ngelithi kwimeko yendalo, bonke abantu babelingana kwaye bekhululekile, kwaye loo rhulumente osemthethweni wayefuna ukuvunyelwana kweZigqibo zenkululeko phantsi kwemithetho ekhoyo. UBaron de Montesquieu wagxininisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya njengesikhuselo kulawulo oluzimeleyo. UJean-Jacaques Rousseau wanyanzelisa ukuba umthetho kaRouseau umele uchaze umthetho ngokubanzi kwaye usebenzise ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke. Ezi ngcamango zibunjwe ngqo yiSindululo senkululeko (“onke amadoda adalwe ngokulinganayo”) kunye neSibhengezo samaFrentshi samaLungelo kunye neSimi (Agrike 1: ULungu uzalwa kwaye uhlala ekhululekile kwaye ulingana namalungelo”.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi Komthetho Osemthethweni Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Namhlanje, ukulingana phambi komthetho kubekwe phantse kwisixhobo ngasinye esingundoqo samalungelo abantu. IGatya 7 leSindululo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu (UDHR) lithi: “Zonke ziyalingana phambi komthetho kwaye zingenalo ucalulo olulinganayo kumthetho.” Isivumelwano sezizwe nge-Oversity on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), esibophelela amaqela amazwe angama-173, sihambela phambili kwiGatya 14, siqinisekisa ukulingana phambi kweenkundla neenkundla zenkundla. Iinkonzo zephondo ezinjengeConvention on Human Rights neConvention of American on Human Rights (ICPR), eqinisekisa umgaqo ofanayo.

Ezi zivumelwano aziphindi nje kuphela intsingiselo; zidala izibophelelo zekonkrithi kumazwe. Iziqinisekiso kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zazo zobulungisa zifikeleleka, azikhethi, kwaye azicalucalulo. Kufuneka zithabathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okususa imiqobo ethintela amaqela akwimida elinganayo esemthethweni. Umzekelo, iKomiti yamaLungelo oLuntu itolike iGatya 26 le-ICPR ukucela ukuba amazwe angakuvumeli ucalucalucalulo kuwo omabini umthetho nokuqhelisa, nokuthatha i-ea ekho xa kuyimfuneko ukufikelela ulingana okuphakathi. umbhalo opheleleyo we-ICRP [FLT] ukhona ngenxa yokubhekisa phambili.

Imiqobo Esetyenziswayo: Umsantsa Phakathi Kwendlela Elungileyo Neyokwenene

Nangona kukho imigaqo engqongqo, izigidi zabantu azikwazi ukufikelela kumava okulingana phambi komthetho.

Ukungalingani kwentlalo nezoqoqosho nokufikelela kokusesikweni

Ubutyebi bumisela ubunjani bomelo olusemthethweni, kwaye ubunjani bomelo busoloko bumisela iziphumo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa rhoqo ukuba abamangalelwa abaphantsi abafumana izigwebo eziqatha, basengozini yokuvalelwa, kwaye abanamathuba aneleyo okuhlawulwa okanye ancitshiswe izityholo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ukunqongophala koncedo olusemthethweni olufikelelekayo kuthetha ukuba iingxabano zezindlu, amatyala, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, kunye neengenelo zisoloko ziconjululwa ngaphandle kommeli. I-Melika Bar Nhlangano we-'s ingxelo ye-2023 [ ifumaniswe ukuba iimfuno zoluntu ezingaphantsi kwama-80% ezifumana imali ephantsi kakhulu zihamba-Merika zihamba ngaphandle kwemithetho. Xa ityala lifuna imali, ayisohlwaywakubulungisa.

Ukuxhatshazwa Kwezithethe Nezizwe Nakwiinkundla

Ucalucalulo lwendlela yokusebenza lugqwetha lonke iqondo lenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. E-United States, amaMelika amnyama avalelwe phantse izihlandlo ezihlanu kumlinganiselo owesihlanu womsebenzi weziyobisi, phezu kwale milinganiselo efanayo. Uvavanyo lokukhetha abachopheli-mthetho, ukuchopha izigqibo, nokugweba ityhila iiyantlukwano ezingapheliyo ezingenakuchazwa ngamaqondo olwaphulo-mthetho kuphela. Ukusetyenziswa kobungcali bobungozi bemithetho-algorithritili kwimi ethile kwezinye iindawo kuboniswe ukukhuphisa ikhethelo lobuhlanga, ukuchaza abamangalelwa kobuBlamla-mnyama njengobungozi obuphezulu kunabagwebi abamhlophe abagwetyiweyo. Imiboniso efanayo ikho kwamanye amazwe, ukusuka kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu kucalucalu-calu-calu-calulo oluphayo e-ukileyo e-Asiya. [FLD: 0]

Ucalucalulo Nokungalingani Kwabantu Ngokusemthethweni

Abafazi kunye neLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye bajongene nemiqobo ekhethekileyo. Kwimigaqo emininzi elawula umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ilifa, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya isabonakalisa iimbono zoosolusapho. Kwanalapho imithetho ingobubhishophu obuqhelekileyo, ukunyanzelisa isantya esiphantsi. Amatyala okuhlasela ngokwesini, umzekelo, anezikhundla ezidume kakubi ngenxa yesimo sengqondo samaxhoba, imigaqo ecacileyo exhasa abamangalelwayo, kunye nokungafuni kwamapolisa ukusukela izityholo. Abantu abasoloko bechasana nokuphathwa ngenkohlakalo kwiinkundla nakwintolongo, kwaye bangafumana ukuba amaxwebhu okuchazayo angazingqinelani, adala izimo ezingo zamabhinqa ezingokwasemthethweni [[FLT:] [FLD]]

Umgangatho osezantsi: Iceba elilahlekileyo

Iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho ngoku ziyaqonda ukuba ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi kwemithetho efanayo kungaqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani. Oku kuqwalaselwa kunyuselwe kwingcamango yokulingana okungalinganiyo: ingcamango yokuba umthetho kufuneka uphendule ngeengxaki zembali nangemiqobo yesakhiwo. Umzekelo, ukunika abatoliki abathethi abangeyosiNgesi enkundleni, ukuvumela ucwangciso oluthambileyo lwabazali, okanye ukukhulula iincutshe zonqulo kwimithetho ethile akuyonkoliseko ekhethekileyo.

Iinkundla ngamanye amaxesha ziye zamkela le ndlela. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase Canada, ngo 1989 Andres v. Law Society of British Columbia yesigqibo, yagqiba kwelokuba ukulingana phantsi kweTshata yamaLungelo nenkululeko yakwaCanadian kuthetha okungaphezulu konyango olufanayo; ifuna ukuba imithetho ingaqhubeli phambili okanye ibekel phantsi kwemeko enzima. Ngokufanayo, iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika itolike umlinganiselo wokufuna ukulingana okusemthethweni nokungalinganiyo, iqonda ukuba iinkulungwane zengcinezelo ezicwangcisiweyo azinakususwa ngokuchaza nje ukuba wonke umntu ulingana. Ezi zigqibileyo.

Utshintsho Olusebenzayo: Ukomeleza Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ukuphela komsantsa phakathi komgaqo noqheliselo kufuna utshintsho lwamququ, olusekelwe kubungqina. Nazi iindlela ezininzi ezibonise isithembiso ngaphaya kolawulo olwahlukileyo.

Ukwandisa ukufikelela kuncedo nomelo lomthetho

Iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni .(-ii-gcisa eligunyazisiweyo ngurhulumente kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuzihlawula.) Kodwa kumazwe amaninzi, uncedo olusemthethweni luphantsi kwaye luthintelwe kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukwandisa uncedo lwasemthethweni lwezindlu, iingenelo, kunye nemicimbi yentsapho kungathintela ukungabikho kokusesikweni phambi kokuba lukhule. Amanye amagunya avavanye ngenkonzo ezisemthethweni (ukungagqibeki"), kwi-intanethi (umelo lwezincediso, kunye nabaphathi benkundla bokunceda ukuxhasa i-ligit . Ibhodi ye-Octive I-Aid inika imodelice yempumelelo, i-modenside ye-modensive ye-omperence ye-omperence ye-ovement exhasa zozibini ezigqubulisayo kunye nomelo.

Ukungafani Kodidi Oluthile Nengqeqesho Yezigwebo

Ijudisi ebonisa ukwahluka-hluka kwabemi kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba baqonde kwaye basebenzise iingcebiso. Amazwe amaninzi aye asungula amanyathelo okudibanisa amadinga okulawula ngezantsi. Njengeenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokulwa nabaqeshwa abasuka kumaqela angaphantsi. Uqeqesho olupheleleyo lwabagwebi, abatshutshisi, kunye namagosa amapolisa anokunceda ekunciphiseni impembelelo yokungaguquguquki kwendlela yokwenza izigqibo. Uphando lokuqeqesha iinkqubo kuManyano oBukumkani nase-Australia lubonisa iziphumo ezithobayo kodwa eziluncedo ekuqondeni nasekuziphatheni, ingakumbi xa kudityaniswe neenguqu ezithe zasetyenziswa njengendlela yokugweba.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Ingcamango yokusesikweni igxininisa ukuba indlela abantu ababona ngayo okusesikweni ayixhomekekanga nje kuphela kwiziphumo kodwa nendlela abaphathwa ngayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ubuxhakaxhaka bungalikrele elinokususwa kabini. Kwesinye isandla, ii-algorithm zebheyile kunye novavanyo lokusebenza kwe-polishi oluthelekelelwayo lungabangela ucalucalulo. Kwelinye icala, ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo ekubambeni, izityholo, izivakalisi, kunye nezigqibo zokukhupha isigwebo zinceda abaphandi baqonde izinto ezingafaniyo. Iikhamera zomzimba, iinkqubo zenkundla zokushicilela, kunye nemeko ze-intanethi ephucula ugcino-lwazi. Amanye amaphondo ngoku afuna “ingxelo zeziphumo zeziphumo zetyala ezinxulumene nomthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho, iingxelo zemeko, ezifanayo neeziphumo zemekobume, ukuvavanyanisa izinto ezinokungalinganiyo phambi kokuba umthetho udlulisiwe.

Imfundo njengesicombululo sexesha elide

Ukulingana okuhlala kuhleli phambi komthetho kuxhomekeke kubemi abawaqondayo amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo. Ukukwazi ukuwaqonda amatyala asemthethweni, ukwazi indawo yokufuna uncedo, kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko zokuqhuba imigaqo-nkqubo, kusezantsi ngokukhwankqisayo kubantu abaninzi. Ukukhutshwa kwemfundo yoluntu kunye nemfundo engokwasemthethweni kwizifundo zesikolo zobuntwana kunganenza isiseko sokufumana amandla. EMzantsi Afrika, “Okwazi amalungelo akho” inkqubo eqhutywa nguNGOs ifundisa abafundi besikolo esiphezulu ngokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko nangendlela yokuqhubana namapolisa. Indlela ebanzi yeFinland yokuqhuba ibandakanya iimodyuli ezinxulumene nomthetho kwizifundo zentlalo nembali, kunye nezenzo ezifana nezilingo zobugqhinga.

Imfundo esemthethweni yabantu abadala ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Iikliniki zomthetho zoluntu, “iinkqubo zomthetho osemthethweni” kumathala eencwadi kawonke-wonke, kwaye oovimba beeNtetho zeIntanethi abathetha iintlabathi banganceda ekungeneni umsantsa. I-intanethi ivule amathuba amatsha: amaqonga akhululekileyo afana noLawHeald.org inika ulwazi olucacileyo olusemthethweni, kwaye iingcali zisebenzisa ijelo-the lweenkcukacha zoluntu ukuchaza amalungelo kwiifomati ezifikelelekayo. Noko ke, ukwahlulwa kwamanani kuthetha ukuba oovimba be-intanethi kufuneka bapheleliswe yi-apluplup, ingakumbi kubantu abadala, abakhubazekile, nabemi abafumana ii-intanethi abambalwa abanokungangeni mvume yokufumana ulwazi kwi-intanethi okanye amanani.

Imida Yexesha Elitsha: Izisongelo Ezitsha Zokulingana

Iminyaka yamanani inika ucelomngeni. Ubugcisa bokwenza izigqibo kwimimandla efana nezindlu, ityala, kunye nokuqesha, njengokwazi ubuso kunye novavanyo lwepleyiti yelayisensi ezenzekelayo, zifakwe ngokungenakulinganiswa kwingeniso ephantsi kunye nemimandla encinane, zinyusa inkxalabo ngokulinganayo phambi komthetho kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Ukwenza kwemithetho-mthetho kwiindawo ezinjengezindlu, ityala, kunye nokuqesha i-odoli kungavelisa iziphumo zokukhupha ulwaphulo-mthetho ezinzima kuba iinkqubo zintsokothile. Ukukhula kokwenziwa kobulungisa //ukusetyenziswa komthetho wokwabucala kunye neenkampani zentolongo ezingenisa ingeniso kusenokuyisusa ityala likawonke-wonke-wonke kunye nonyango olulinganayo.

Ukungalingani kwehlabathi kukwabalulekile. Kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, amazwe anamandla adla ngokungabophi ukubekwa ityala ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu okwenziwa kwamanye amazwe, ngoxa amazwe amancinane ejamelene nesigwebo okanye ukungenelela. INkundla yezizwe ngezizwe Yesigebengu iye yagxekwa ngokubhekiselele kakhulu kwiinkokeli zaseAfrika ngoxa ithintela ukutshutshiswa kwamagosa kumagunya anamandla. Ukulingana kokwenene phambi komthetho kumele kube zweni lonke, kungabikho nje kuphela phakathi kwelizwe kodwa kusebenza kulungelelwano lwehlabathi lonke.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ongagqitywanga Wokulingana

Ukulingana phambi komthetho asiyonto iphunyezwe ngokusisigxina kodwa ngumzabalazo oqhubekayo. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka siwulungise size siwukhusele kwiintlobo ezintsha zokungalingani. Lo mgaqo awufuni ukuba kubhalwe imithetho kuphela ngobundilele kodwa ufuna ukuba kumiselwe amaziko asemthethweni ukuze oyise iinkulungwane zokuzikhetha, ikhethe, kunye nelungelo. Kufuna ukuba iingcango zokusesikweni zivuleke wonke umntu, ngaphandle kwexabiso okanye ikhethe, kwaye ezo ngcango zikhokelele kwindawo apho wonke umntu eviwa aze ahlonelwe khona.

Lo msebenzi awugqitywanga. Utshintsho olusemthethweni, imfundo, ubungangamsha, kunye nokuphaphama konke kufuneka ukuze kuvalwe umsantsa phakathi kwento elungileyo neyinyaniso. Kodwa ibutho elifanelekileyo ngokwalo (ibutho labantu elingazenzisiyo) elinomntu ongaphezulu komthetho kwaye wonke umntu elingana phambi kwalo, lihlala lingomnye wezona minqweno yoluntu enamandla. Liphupha elo elifanele ukuzabalazela kuba, ekugqibeleni, ukulingana phambi kokuba umthetho ungathethi ngobulungisa kuphela; lixhomekeke kuhlobo lwabantu esikhetha ukulwakha.