Ukuqonda Isiseko Esiphindwe Kabini: Isiseko Somthetho Nesiseko

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengenye yezona zikhuseli zihlala zihleli kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, uthintela urhulumente ekumangaliseni okanye ekohlwayeni umntu kaninzi ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Ngoxa ingcambu zawo zisongelele kwizithethe zamandulo zamaGrike kunye nezamaRoma, yaqiniswa kwi-Anglo-Melika-American jurisprudence ngomthetho oqhelekileyo idebet bisvari[ [enye imfuneko yokuba , ekufuneka kukhuselwe isidima esi sisombululo sinye. EUnited States, isiHlam esiGalelo sesihlanu sinikela isiseko esicacileyo somthetho: [[FLT:]] "nomntu wonke] oya kuba ngumbandela wokufakelwa kabini kobomi okanye ilungu lomzimba lomntu.[FOLT] [3] [12]

Ingozi ephindwe kabini isalathisi somthetho sifunyaniswe ngokufakelwa kwetyala ngabachopheli-mthetho, okanye xa ingqina lokuqala lifunyaniswe kwityala lejaji. Xa imposiso ithe yaqubisana kwaye iqhubekeka ngokugwetywa okanye ngokuqiniseka, imo yephondo ayinakuzisa ityala lesibini letyala elifanayo, ngaphandle kwetyala elimxinwa, elicacisiweyo liyasebenza. Ezi ziqukelwe ngokuphosakeleyo zixelwa ngokuchasene nemfuneko (njengejaji exhotyiweyo), ukubhenela ummangalelwa okuphumela ekupheliseni ukugwetywa, kwaye ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lweziko lomthetho luye luvumela ukuba kungene ityala elahlukeneyo (umzekelo, imo yemo yezombuso). Ulawulo oluphakathi luye lwabangela ukurhoxiswa kwetyala, [FLT:] ukuvumela imfundiso yolawulo oluphezulu emva kwemeko lomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ingqiqo ebangela ingozi ephindwe kabini iphindwa-phinda. Ithintela urhulumente ekuzameni ukuvalela umntu, oza kunyanzela umntu ukuba athwale umthwalo omkhulu weemvakalelo kunye nemali. Ikwagcina ingqibelelo yesigqibo sabachopheli-mgwebi iqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bahlala besokugqibelela. Kwimeko eziphezulu, apho iimvakalelo zikawonke wonke zidla ngokufuna ukuqinisekiswa, iingcinga eziphindwe kabini zengozi zisetyenziswa njengovavanyo oluyimfuneko kumandla omtshutshisi, ukunyanzelela urhulumente ukuba ayenze kakuhle okokuqala.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Ingcamango yomngcipheko ophindwe kabini inomnombo wamandulo. Isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uDemosthenes wachaza umgaqo wokuba indoda ayifanele ivavanywe kabini ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunye. Umthetho wamaRoma ngokufanayo ukhuselekile ekutshutshisweni ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Noko ke, ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yale mihla kubangelwa ngumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho ngenkulungwane ye-17, izibongozo ze autifis [ arrefection [uthrivery]] [ukhululekile] [ukhululo]) kunye ibamba-mvume yathathwa njengemivalo epheleleyo yokubulala. Imithetho yokhuseleko ye-U.

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yangaphambili, ezifana neUnited States v. Ball (1996), ivunywe ukuba ummangalelwa okhululweyo akanakuphinde axolelwe, nokuba ukuxolelwa kusekelwe kwisigqibo esicacileyo esiphosakeleyo. Lo mgaqo uphinde waqinisekiswa kwakhona, ukwenza isiqobo esikufuphi ne-absolute kwi-rective emva kokukhulula, okanye umqobo omele unikezelwe kwiimeko eziphezulu kufuneka uhlonelwe xa usenza ityala labo lokuqala.

IsiHlaziso Sesihlanu Nengcaciso Yezogwebo

Igalelo leNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkqutyana yeSindululo seNkqutyana eliKabini litolikwa kaninzi. Isigqibo esingundoqo sicacisa ukuba ingozi idibana netyala labachopheli-tyala xa i-avsethi ifungiswe, kwaye kwityala lebhentshi xa ingqina lokuqala lifunyaniswe. Inkundla isebenza kokubini kumatyala orhulumente nawombuso kunye norhulumente ngokusetyenziswa kwe-Grandmentmentation’s of 1450 Demendmentment Clausces, njengoko ibekwe kwi [[FLT:] Benton. Maryland[[[FLD:] v] v [FLD] uvavanyo ngalunye olufuna ukuvunywa komnye umqondiso wokunganye. Inkundla ichaza oko kungenziwangakucinwayo.[FLT:]

Le mfundiso iguqukele yathetha ngemeko entsonkothileyo. Umzekelo, Hudson v. United States [1997], iNkundla yathi isigwebo sabemi asithintelwanga yingozi ephindwe kabini nokuba zivela kwihambo efanayo netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba nje azisohlwayo kwindalo kangangokuba zinokugqalwa njengesaphuli-mthetho. Oku kwahlula imicimbi ephezulu apho abatshutshisi banokusukela ukuphulukana netyala okanye ezinye iimpendulo zoluntu zokongezelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda ezi zizinto ziyimfuneko kubatshutshisi kuphuhlisa ubuchule obucacileyo.

Iindawo Ezikhethekileyo: Iinkundla Eziphosakeleyo, Izibheno Nolongamo Lobuhlanga

Ngoxa ingozi ephindwe kabini ilikhusi elinamandla, ayinamandla. Iityala zivakaliswe ngokubonakalisa imfuneko . njenge-arhente engenakufikelela kwisigqibo `````''''''''. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo yi-avareji exhotyisiweyo, apho ummangalelwa anokuvavanywa kwakhona. Ngokufanayo, ummangalelwa ofaka isingcelo ngempumelelo kwaye afumane utshintsho angajongana netyala, kuba ingozi yokuqala ayigqitywanga kwinkoliseko yabo ekugqibeleni. Oyena ubalulekileyo kwiimeko eziphezulu zepropati, noko ke, yimfundiso yolongamo lwetyala oluphezulu.

Phantsi kolawulo olubini, iinkosi ezahlukeneyo (umz., urhulumente norhulumente) ngamnye angamangalela umntu ngamnye ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo ukuba oko kukuziphatha kuyayigqitha imithetho yomabini amagunya. Oku kunxaxhiweyo kuye kwasetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukoyisa urhulumente omsulwa. Ityala likaRodney ngumfanekiso oqhelekileyo: emva kokuba amagosa karhulumente ekhululwe kwinkundla yesizwe yaseKhalifoniya, abatshutshisi begunya likarhulumente bezise izityholo zetyala lamalungelo abantu kwinkundla yorhulumente kwaye bafumana imigaqo-mvume. Inkundla ephakamileyo iye yaxhasa lo msebenzi, kutshanje eninzi kwi- Ghost. United States[FLT:] (2010]). (20). Abatshutshisi-mikhosi abasemagunyeni kwiimeko eziphezulu, xa ulawulo oluphilileyo lungabonke benokunika ipropati ye-ampmp. Kodwa omnye umbangongongo yezopoliti.

Iqhinga loMmangaliso ngaphantsi kokubekwa phantsi kweNkcukacha ephindwe kabini

Inyaniso yokuba ukungaphumeleli nje okukodwa kungaphelisa ukutshutshiswa ngonaphakade kunyanzelisa amagqwetha esithili kunye nabatshutshisi borhulumente ukuba bangene kumatyala aphezulu eprofile ngokuzimisela okungaqhelekanga. Isigqibo ngasinye, ukusuka ekukhetheni ityala ukunikela ubungqina kulungiselelo, senziwa phantsi kokwazi ukuba ukuxolelwa kuyinto yokugqibela kwaye akunakubonwa. Oku kusimomogosa kusixolele ngeendlela ezininzi ezingafaniyo.

Isicwangciso nophando lwangaphambili

Kuqwalaselwa ugqibo lokugwetywa, uphando olucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe ityala. Abatshutshisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba bonke ubungqina obukhoyo buqokelelwe, buhlalutyiwe, kwaye bugcinwe ngaphambi kokuba ityala liqalise. Kwimeko eziphezulu, oku kudla ngokuthetha ukunikezela ngoovimba abaninzi: i-oventec, abahlalutyi bemali, kunye namaqumrhu amaninzi okuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uyasebenza. Ubungqina buvavanywa phantsi kovavanyo olunzulu lukawonke wonke, kwaye nabuphi na ubuthathaka bungasetyenziswa kakubi ngokhuselo olunobundlongondlongondlongo. Ingqikelelo yeJaji yeManual igxininisa ukubaluleka kwe-" i-'arts shorts xa ubungqina bubodwa ngokwaneleyo ukungqinwa kobunokungaqinisekiswa okunga okungaqinisekiweyo okunokuthi kusetyenziswe kwisenzo sokhuseleko olunamandla kunye nokunye.

Abagwebi bakwasebenzisa uphando lwabachopheli-mthetho abaphezulu njengesixhobo sobuchule. Ijaji enkulu ingakhupha ubungqina obuncinci kwaye inyanzelise ukuba ubungqina bufumaneke phambi kokuba kubekwe ityala. Noko ke, ukufihla iinkundla eziphezulu zejaji kusenokuba likrele elibekwe kabini kwimicimbi ephezulu, njengoko icebiso lokukhusela linokuthi kamva liphikisa ukuba ukutshutshiswa kuxhomekeke kubungqina obungaqondakaliyo. Ulawulo lobuchule besigaba se-Accense ibalulekile ukuphepha impazamo enokuthi iphumele kwimivalo egwetyiweyo ekwakungaphinde igwetyelwe.

Ukufumana i-Plea Barganing njengesixhobo sobungozi bokuzinzisa

I-Plea processings zifumaneka ngokulinganayo kwinkqubo yobulungisa baseMelika, isombulula amatyala angaphezu kwama-90 ekhulwini awo onke. Kwizityholo eziphezulu, uxinzelelo lokuqinisekisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamatyala ngokufuthi abangela abatshutshisi ukuba bafake izingcelo kunokuzifaka engozini yokuvavanywa kunokufaka isingxengxengxezo esinokubangela ukuxolelwa. Isibongozo esinetyala, kwanakwityala elincinane, siqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa akanakuchaza ukuba usengozini ephindwe kabini ngenxa yehambo efanayo, njengokuba isicelo ngokwaso sisenza isiqinisekiso. Noko ke, ukucelela kumatyala aphezulu-profile kugcwele ngemiba yoluvo kawonke-----"intloko ingakhangeleka njenge-lenniempeency, ngoxa ukumangalelwa okungaphumelela kunokubonwa njengomtshutshisi-evalverver.

Ngokufanelekileyo, abatshutshisi bavavanya ukuqina kobungqina babo obuchasene nokuvunywa kwetyala. Kwimeko apho ubungqina bungenasihlahla okanye ummangalelwa enandipha uvelwano lukawonke-wonke, isicelo sisenokuba yeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo yokuphendula. Ngokuchasene noko, xa ubungqina buboyisileyo kodwa ulwaphulo-mthetho luyinkohlakalo, abatshutshisi bangasikhaba isibongozo sokubonakalisa ubunzima obupheleleyo bomthetho. Ingozi ephindwe kabini yenza ukuba ezi zibalo zibe nzulu ngakumbi: akukho thuba lesibini.

Indima Yokukhetha Umzimba

Kumatyala aphezulu e-profile, ukhetho lwabachopheli-tyala luba yindawo yedabi. Abachopheli-tyala kufuneka baphawule baze basuse abagwebi abasenokuba bagwetyelwe ukuvela ngenxa yokusasazwa kwetyala, uqhagamshelwano lobuqu, okanye ukuchaswa kwengqiqo yetyala likarhulumente. Umgaqo ophindwe kabini wobungozi uthetha ukuba igosa elinye elinamatyala elixhotyiweyo linokukhokelela kwityala eliphosakeleyo, nangona umgwebi oxhotyiweyo evumela ukuqulukwa, ikwanika ixesha lokuzikhusela kwiqela kwakhona kwaye kukwazi ukuvumbulula ubungqina obutsha okanye ukuzuza inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Ngoko abatshutshisi-Prose:0] abafaki ityala eliyingozi kakhulu [[FLT:]], esebenzisa izithethi kunye nemibuzo ebanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba lilungile neyo

Iinkqubo zenkundla ezisemgangathweni ze-voir eziyingozi zinika isakhiwo, kodwa abagwebi ngabanye banengqiqo ebanzi. Abatshutshisi kufuneka bakulungele ukuvavanya abachopheli betyala nokusebenzisa ukhupho lwetyala lobuchule. Kwiimeko apho usasazo lwangaphambili lungakhutshwa, kwane inguqulelo yendawo ingafuneka ukuba abatshutshisi bavavanye ngokuchasene neendleko zokushukuma kwetyala kunye nokulahlekelwa kwendlela yokucinga yoluntu.

Iingcinezelo Ezikhethekileyo Zetyala Eliphezulu Lenkangeleko

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aphezulu-ngoo-8 abandakanya abantu abadumileyo, amanani ezobupolitika, okanye ingakumbi ulwaphulo-mthetho olumanyumnyezi, okanye ucelomngeni oludlula lee kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni. Le migaqo yengozi iphindwe kabini inxulumene nezi ngcinezelo ukuze kuveliswe indawo ekhethekileyo yabatshutshisi.

Uphando Oluvela Kumaziko eendaba Nolindelo Loluntu

Impembelelo yemijikelo yama-24 yeeyure kunye ne-media yezentlalo-ntle ithetha ukuba onke amanyathelo e-stance aphezulu adityanisiwe ngexesha lokwenene. Abatshutshisi kufuneka balawule kungekuphela nje ubungqina kodwa kwanengxelo. Ukungagwetywa kwemeko enjalo kungabangela uvuselelo kuluntu kwaye kufuneke utshintsho, njengokuba kuboniwe emva kokuxolelwa kukaGeorge Zimmerman ekuduleni i-trevon Martin. [FLT: 0] Ulindelo olukhokelwayo lwetyala [[FLT: 1] lungakhokelela abatshutshisi ukuba bafumane imvume okanye bahlube, ukwandisa ubungozi bokungalungisi okungenakususwa. Ibhari ephinda kabini iphakamisa iziphumo zempazamo ezinjalo.

Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba ikwachaphazela iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala. Ukupapashwa kakhulu kwetyala kunokwenza kube nzima ukufumana abachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo, yaye abatshutshisi basenokujongana nethemba lejaji eququzelelweyo. Kwezinye iindawo, iinkundla ziye zazama ukumisela ukufikelela koondaba ngexesha lokuvavanywa komchamo, kodwa iSindululo sokuQala siqinisekisa ukuba ukufikelela komsebenzi. Abatshutshisi kufuneka basebenzisane namagosa olwazi lukawonke-wonke ukunxibelelana namabali ngaphandle kokuthetha ngenkqubo. [[FLT: 0] Intlangano yeMelika-Melikan Bar Bar izikhokelo kumajelo eendaba kunye neenkundla zenkundla

Izicelo Zeepolitiki Nezomsebenzi - nkonzo Zabatshutshisi

Amagqwetha esithili adla ngokunyulwa ngamagosa, kwaye abatshutshisi besizwe basenokuba neenjongo zobupolitika. Ukulahlekelwa kwe-profile ephezulu kungayisongelo lomsebenzi, ngeli xesha ukunyanzelisa oku kusenqanaweni kusekwisikhundla esiphezulu. Lo mthi wobuqu ungaphembelela izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo, maxa wambi ukhokelela abatshutshisi ukuba balandele amatyala abuthathaka, kuba nje unyanzelo lukawonke-wonke luphezulu. Igalelo eliphindiweyo liqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zongcango ezinjalo azinakuguquki/ummangalelwa uhamba ngokukhululekile ngonaphakade.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abatshutshisi bangakhetha ukulandula ityala kwiimeko apho ubungqina bunganele, phezu kwako nje ukunyanzelwa nguwonke-wonke. Ukubiza loo mnxeba kufuna inkalipho kwezobupolitika. Isigqibo sokungamangalelwa sinokuba njengetyala elingawiyo kodwa sikhusela ingqibelelo ye-ofisi kwaye siphephe ibhari esisigxina yokugwetywa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imizekelo ephezulu efana neyokungawiswa kwesigqibo sokungawisci amapolisa ekusetyenzisweni okuthile kwetyala lomsebenzi osemthethweni iye yavusa impikiswano ngendima efanelekileyo yegosa-gosa.

Ulawulo Lobungqina Netyala Lokugcina Ityala

Kwimeko ze-profile ephezulu, ubungqina busoloko bunezinto ezininzi kwaye buphantsi kovavanyo olunzulu lokuzikhusela. Abatshutshisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba yonke inxalenye yobungqina iqokelelwe ngokufanelekileyo, ishicilelwe, kwaye igcinwe ukuba imelane neengxaki. Inyathelo eliphosakeleyo kwitsheyina lelungelo lokugcina ingakhokelela kubungqina obungakhutshwanga, nto leyo kwimeko yomgca wephepha enokuthi ibangele ukuxolelwa okuzimelayo. Intambo ephindwe kabini ithetha ukuba ukugwetywa okunjalo kugqibele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kunamandla emeko ebekunokubekiwe. Ngenxa yoko, abatshutshisi bafaka kakhulu kwimithetho ephathekayo yolawulo lobungqina, ngokufuthi ebandakanya iilabhu ezininzi ezizimeleyo kunye noxwebhu oluneenkcukacha.

Ubungqina bamanani bunika ucelomngeni olongezelelekileyo. Ngokwanda kweefowuni, i-media yentlalo, kunye nevidiyo yokuhlola, umthamo wogcino-lwazi kufuneka usebenze ngezolwazi ze-fonsis ukukhupha nokuqinisekisa ubungqina bamanani, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyakwazi ukusetyenziswa phantsi kwemithetho enje [[FLT: 0] Imithetho ePhawulayo yoBonisi [ Umthetho wama-803] (iiiingxelo zeshishini) kunye noMthetho wama-902 (ukweyisa ngokwawo). Nakuphi ukungaphumeleli kulo mmandla kusenokubulala, kwaye intelekelelo ephindiweyo akukho ndawo isombululo.

Uhlolisiso Lombandela Kwingozi Ephindwe Kabini

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibonisa indlela lo mgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini oye wayila ngayo iziphumo zamatyala aphezulu kunye namaqhinga okumangalelwa aphenjelelweyo.

ISigwebo sikaRodney uKumkani kunye noHlalulo loMbutho

Ngonyaka we-1992, amagosa amane amapolisa aseLos Angeles akhululwa kwinkundla yesibini yelizwana laseKhalifoniya yokuhlasela nokusebenzisa amandla agqithisileyo ngokuchasene noRodney King. Isigqibo sabangela izibheno ezisasazekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba ihambo yamagosa akwaphula imithetho yamalungelo abantu, ulawulo olubini lwavumela abatshutshisi bakarhulumente ukuba bazise izityholo phantsi kwe-18 U.S.C. . . . . . . . Ityala lesibini lamagosa labanjwa lagwetywa ligwetyelwe ityala lazalelwa entolongweni yaye lagwetyelwa entolongweni. Eli tyala libonisa ixabiso elifanelekileyo lolawulo oluphindiweyo: kwanasemva kokuba urhulumente ekhohliwe. Noko ke, libalase izityholo ezibalulekileyo ekumeleni kolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe ngamatyala angaphezulu kunezityholo zikarhulumente. Abagwebo kufuneka bavavanye ukuba bavavane i-omeli-omeli-omeli borhulumente baxhomekeke kwilungiselelo elingume.

IO.J. Simpson Ukugwetywa Nokuxelwa Kwabantu

Ukuvavanywa kombulali ngo-O.J.Simpson kwaphela ngokugwetywa ngo-1995, nangona kwakunobungqina obunamandla. Icandelo elibini lengozi elivalelweyo lokuphinda ityala lokubulala. Noko ke, iintsapho zamaxhoba zafaka ityala lokubulala loluntu ngokuphosakeleyo, elalahlwa nguSimpson, nto leyo eyaphumela ekubeni kugwebo lwetyala loluntu oluzizigidi ezingama-3.. Ityala langokwasemthethweni alizange libe linyanzelwe, ngoko ke alizange lisebenze. Eli tyala libonisa umahluko phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho nonyango lwamakhaya. Abatshutshisi, kwakhona lithetha ukuba kwanasemva kokuba ityala libotshelelwe, bayakwazi ukunceda amaxhoba ekuphicosheleni ityala lokuzingela ukulwa kwetyala kwamakhaya. [FLD:0]

Ukugwetywa kweNkangeleko ePhakamileyo yaNgoku

Kutshanje, ukugwetywa kuka Kyle Rittenhouse ngonyaka wama-2021 ekubulaweni kwabantu kwabangela ukuba abantu bavakalise ityala elinzulu. Inkundla yephondo iWisconsin i-Interfeit, yafikelelwa emva kwetyala elisekelwe kwimiqathango yokuzithethelela, ithintela nayiphi na enye ityala lorhulumente ekwandiseni ukubulala okufanayo. Noko ke, ukuphengululwa kwamalungelo abantu kwahlala kunokwenzeka phantsi kolawulo olubini. I-DOJ yayeka ukuzisa izityholo zikarhulumente, ikhankankanya ubungqina obunganeleyo. Le meko ibalaselisa ukuntlukwano kwezobupolitika kunye nomthetho abatshutshisi abajaji betyala abajaji: nokuba ngaba ngokomthetho kunokwenzeka, kusenokuba bububudengebo okanye ukungathathi mvume. Isigqibo sokulandela ukumangalelwa kwesibini sinokwenziwa njengesigqibo sokuzama ityala lokuqala.

Ingqikelelo Yothelekiso Kwimitha Ephindwe kabini

Ngelixesha ulwakhiwo oluphindiweyo lwengozi lwase United States luqinile ekukhuseleni abagwebi, amanye amagunya omthetho oqhelekileyo aye amkela iindlela ezithambileyo, ingakumbi kwizenzo ezinzulu.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo Notshintsho Olwabakho Ngowama - 2005

ENgilani nase Wales, iPalamente yamisela uMthetho weJaji weSigwebo somthetho 2003, owawuquka amalungiselelo okuvumela ukubekwa kwetyala elinzulu elifana nokubulala, ukudlwengula, kunye ne-arson/ukuba ubungqina obutsha nobucacileyo buvele emva kokungavunyelwa. Olu tshintsho lwalandela ukubulawa okuphezulu kukaStephen Lawrence, apho abamangalelwa bokuqala bakhululwa khona phezu kobungqina obunamandla. Oku kusetyenziswa kweNkuqululo lweNkulwano-Ampepho ukuquluzela ukusetyenziswa kweNkumbelelo yokubulala, ukudlwengula kunye nokulawula ukuphinda kubonakale emva kokuvavanywa kokuqala nokungakhuselwa kwetyala. Oku kubonise ukuba akukho migaqo efanayo, kodwa kukhuselwe i-US.

EKhanada: Itshati Neencwadi Ezikhethekileyo

Itshati yase Canada yeKhadian yamaLungelo neNkululeko iquka ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini olufana nengozi phantsi kwecandelo 11(h), oluthi umntu akanakuphinda alingwe ngenxa yetyala athe ekugqibeleni wakhululwa. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCanada iqaphele into emxinwa encinane yokubhenela kwimibuzo yomthetho kuphela, enokuthi ukuba iyaphumelela, ikhokelele kwityala elitsha. Ngokungafaniyo neU.S., iKhanada ayinalo mgaqo ophindiweyo ovumela ukuba ulwelwe ngemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente yehambo efanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ikho imivalo enye evalelwe ngokulandeleyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umgangatho karhulumente. Umtshutshisi we-Khanaday kufuneka ngoko ayenze ngononophelo oluphambili kwimeko zabo lokuqala.

Izaphuli - mthetho Ehlabathini Lonke

Umgaqo ophindiweyo womngcipheko ukwayamkeleka kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Imithetho yeRome yeNkundla yezizwe ngezizwe ye-CRENT (ICC) inikela kwiGatya lama-20 ukuba akukho mntu uza kuvavanywa ngehambo e-IC esele isisiseko sokugwetywa okanye ukulahlwa yi-IC. Noko ke, ilungiselelo elifanayo livumela i-ICC ukuzama umntu ukuba azame ukuba inkundla yesizwe iphumele ekukhuseleni umntu kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ingaqhutywangayedwa. Lo mgaqo "Umthetho" uvumela ukugwetywa kwezizwe ngezizwe ukuba zikhululeke kwiimeko zokugwetywa kwe-Sham.

Ukujongana nomgaqo-nkqubo

Le ngxelo iphindwe kabini iphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngolungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi komlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kokuphela nokuchana. Kwesinye isandla, igalelo likhusela abantu ekutshutshisweni ngezihlandlo ezininzi kwaye liphakamisa isidima sokugwetywa. Kwelinye icala, xa kuvela ubungqina obutsha beDNA okanye ukuvunywa kwezono kuphikisa ukuba igalelo liphazamisa okusesikweni. Ingxoxo ingqongqo ngakumbi kumatyala aphezulu afuna ukuphenduliswa nguwonke-wonke.

Abatshutshisi kufuneka bawahambe ngocoselelo la manzi afanelekileyo. Imithetho yemodeli yeNkcubeko yoochwepheshe ifuna abatshutshisi ukuba bafune okusesikweni, hayi iinkolelo nje. Oku kuthetha ukuba naxa iintambo eziphindiweyo zokungcungcuthekisa, abatshutshisi kufuneka baqwalasele ezinye iindlela zokuvala nokuziphindelela amaxhoba. Kufuneka baphephe ukuzenzela nje isingxungxobo, besazi ukuba ukuba ukuba ityala liza kuvavanywa kwaye liyasilela, ummangalelwa ukhululekile ngonaphakade.

Abanye abaphengululi abasemthethweni baxhasa utshintsho olulinganiselweyo, njengokuvumela ukuvavanywa kwetyala elinzulu xa kuvela ubungqina obutsha obucacileyo, obufanayo nobobuK. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukhuseleko lwengozi oluphindwe kabini lwase-U.S. lubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ulawulo-mokhrasi olukhululekileyo nokuthintelwa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kukarhulumente. Njengombandela osebenzayo, naluphi na utshintsho kwimiqathango ephindwe kabini yequmrhu, olufuna ukulungiswa komgaqo-siseko, okunzima kakhulu. Noko ke, amaxwebhu ayakwazi ukulungisa imimiselo yawo okanye imimiselo yawo, umzekelo, kwaye abambalwa baye benza njalo, ukuvumela ukuquluthwa kwakhona xa ukugwetywa kufunyenwe ngobuqhetseba. Abagwebi kufuneka baqaphele ezi mpawulo zombuso.

Isiphelo

Le mfundiso iphindwe kabini iyingozi isengundoqo wenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, iphembelela ngokunzulu umtshutshisi kwityala ngalinye, kodwa ngokukodwa kwelo liyalela ulwamkelo lwesizwe. Inyanzela abatshutshisi ukuba balungiselele ngokucokisekileyo, balinganise iingozi, kwaye baxhathise izilingo zoxinzelelo lukawonke wonke. Ngoxa ulawulo olubini lunikela isivalo esimxinwa kwimiba ephezulu, asiyondawo yokufumana ityala lokuqala. Ukuphela kwemvotezi kubonakalisa ubunzulu besigqibo ngasinye esenziwe ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho, ekuwiseni ngesigwebo. Abagwebi abaqonda umlinganiselo opheleleyo wobungozi obuphindiweyo banokukwazi ukuqhuba amanzi ayingozi aphezulu, beqinisekisa ukuba isigwebo sisebenza kwityala lokuqala kwaye bazama kuphela.

Ukuphinda ufunde, iCornell Information yengozi ephindwe kabini ye- inika uhlalutyo olubanzi lwasemthethweni, ngelixa DOJ Justice Manu [ inika ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo kubatshutshisi bezwelonke. BBC] ukukhutshwa kwe UK utshintsho oluphindwe kabini [ kunika uluvo lwezizwe ngezizwe.