Ukubekwa komthetho nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho kusentliziyweni yayo nayiphina inkqubo efuna ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngexa unika urhulumente amandla okuphanda nokumangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Kwimeko ezibandakanya ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.="Oba ingumthetho owenziwe ngabadlali belizwe, amaqela angengawo axhobileyo, okanye abantu ngabanye ) imfuneko yokuba ibe lukhuseleko olubalulekileyo lweprojekthi. Ngaphandle kokunamathela ngokungqongqo kwimigangatho esemthethweni, izixhobo ezithe zasetyenziswa ekukhuseleni okusesikweni zinokuba zizizixhobo zokuxhatshazwa. Eli nqaku livavanya imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe elawula amalungelo abantu, imigaqo engundoqo ewalawulayo, imigaqo engundoqo ekhoyo, ngaphandle kwemigaqo ekhoyo, kunye nocelomngeni ezisebenzayo xa ezi migangatho zivavanywa.

Abameli Bezakwasemthethweni Bezizwe Ngezizwe

Isiseko semigaqo efuna imvume kumthetho wamalungelo abantu sisekelwe kwizivumelwano ezibotshelelweyo, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nezicatshulwa ezigunyazisiweyo zequmrhu lamalungelo abantu. Ezona mithombo iphambili iquka uMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe wamalungelo abantu (ICCPR), iNdibano yaseYurophu engowona malungelo abantu (ECHR), iConvention on Human Rights, kunye ne-Afrikan Chater on Human and People’s Rights. Zonke ezi zixhobo zichaza ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko, kunye nenkqubo enyanzelisa indlela egunyazisa ngayo imvume yokusetyenziswa nokubulawa.

Ilungelo lokuthetha wedwa nenkqubo elindelekileyo phantsi kwe-ICCPR

Inqaku le-ICCPR eliyi-17 lokwalela ukungenelela okungekho mthethweni okanye okungekho mthethweni ngokungenanjongo okanye ngokuphazamisa kwimicimbi yecala, yentsapho, yekhaya, okanye yeposi. IKomiti Jikelele yamaLungelo oluntu icacisa ukuba nakuphi na ukungenelela kweKomiti yamaLungelo e-UN (kuquka ukuphengulula, ukuphonononga, nokuphanga kwempahla), nokuxhathisa kwempahla (ukuze kuvunyelwena nomthetho), nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Ngaphezu koko, nakuphi na ukungenelela okufanelekileyo, nokuvumelana namalungiselelo, iinjongo, kunye neenjongo zoMvumelo-Rhulumente, okanye ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Inqaku lesi-9 le-ICCPR likhusela ilungelo lokufumana inkululeko nokhuseleko lomntu, lichaza ukuba akukho mntu oza kubanjwa okanye avalelwe ngaphaya komthetho. Oku kuqinisekisa imfuneko yokuba imfuneko yokuba kufunyanwe ukuba abanjwa okanye avalelwe kufuneka isekelwe kwizizathu neenkqubo ezimiselwe ngumthetho. IKomiti igxininise ukuba naxa kusithiwa ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, amaphondo akanakudlula ezi khuselelo zobuhlanga ngaphandle kokwaphula umnqophiso.

Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu yengingqi noMthetho wetyala labo

INkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo abantu ivelise iqumrhu elikhulu lejuli lineemfuno ezifanelekileyo phantsi kweGatya 8 (ilungelo lokuhlonela ubomi babucala nobentsapho) kunye neGatya 5 (ilungelo kwinkululeko nokhuseleko) le-ECHR. Kumatyala aphawulayo anje [[FLT]][1] Klasss v. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1078], iNkubone ukuba amanyathelo okuhlola imfihlelo amele abekwe emfihlekileyo afanele afanele abekwe kwizinto ezixhathisayo, kuquka isiqinisekiso esikhuselwe ligunya elizimeleyo. [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] v.[FFFT] [5] [FFT] [3] [19] [19] [19], [iK] ingumthetho yeNt.[20], i-og.[207]

INkundla yaseMelika yamaLungelo abantu ngokufanayo igxininise ukuba imvume kufuneka ikhutshwe ligunya elifanelekileyo lejaji kwaye kufuneka ichaze indawo emayiphengululwe, izinto ezimele zifunyanwe, nabantu abanokubanjwa. Echer v. Brazil[FLT][2009] [2009], iNkundla yagqiba ukuba ukuthintelwa konxibelelwano lwemnxeba ngaphandle komyalelo osemthethweni wenkundla waphula ilungelo lokufihla ityala le-Rhulumente eli-11 le-A American Convention. IKhomishini yaseAfrika engoluntu phantsi kweLuntu nakumalungelo abantu, ngexa ingenankcukacha eninzi kwityala layo, iqinisekisa kwisikhokelo senkululeko yooooooooondicedolo-o-olksigraccel imele isekelwe kwisivumelwano esizimeleyo sobugqeqeqele neso esizimeleyo.

Iimfuneko Zokunikela Imiyalelo

Ngaphaya kwezi zicwangciso zezizwe ngezizwe nezengingqi, kuvela imigaqo emine engundoqo ngokuqhubekayo: isiseko esisemthethweni, ulawulo lomthetho, imfuneko, kunye nokungalingani. Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile ekuhloleni isiqinisekiso/nezenzo ezithatyathwe phantsi kwaso, zihambisana nemigangatho yamalungelo abantu.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni: UMthetho Ocacileyo, Ofikelelekayo nonokubonwa kwangaphambili

Imfuneko yokuqala kukuba amandla okukhupha isiqinisekiso kufuneka asekelwe kumthetho wasekhaya. Imiyalelo yabalawuli abaphezulu, imimiselo, okanye abathunywa abaphezulu abaphezulu abawaneliseli lo mgangatho. Umthetho kufuneka ufikeleleke ekuhleni kwaye ubekwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kubonwe iimeko apho imvume isenokukhutshwa khona. Lo mthetho wawusemgangathweni kwiNkundla yaseYurophu yokuqiqa [i-FLT] [FLT] [ii-Malton]. [[FLT]] [[198984]] [iiiiiiiiiindlela], apho iNkufumana ukuba uqheliselo lwemnxeko yemfono lungenayo ngenxa yokuba imimiselo yolawulo ingasebenzi ngokusemthethweni kwaye ingakhuselwangalungeni.

Igunya Lejaji: Igunya Elizimeleyo Nelingakhethi Buso

Izindululo kufuneka zihlolwe zize zivunywe ligunya elizimeleyo lejaji, kodwa ijaji okanye imantswana (phambi kokuba ifeziwe). Iqumrhu lokuzihlaziya kufuneka lahlulwe kwisebe eliphetheyo kwaye kufuneka lisebenzise ubulumko bokwenyaniso ekuhloleni ukuba imigaqo esemthethweni iyahlanganwa na. Inxenye e[[FLT:]] iqhelekile, kodwa ijaji kufuneka ifikelele kwinkcazelo eyaneleyo yokwenza isigqibo. I-UN Rap ekhethekileyo imele ifumane ulwazi olwaneleyo ukuze yenze isigqibo. I-Propoporterterter enco yonyuselo nokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu ngexesha isithi ukuchasana nobugrogrisi kugxininiswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba igunyaziswa ngamagosa olawulayo okanye amagosa aseburhulumenteni, ayisanelisi imfuneko solawulo phantsi komthetho lwezizwe ngezizwe. Kwimeko ezikhethekileyo, i-posicc isenokuvunyelwa, kodwa ukuba isebenza ngokusemthethweni, kwaye isebenza phantsi kwesigqibo esingumthetho.

Intsingiselo: Ukuchaza Ubuphakaxhaka Bomlweli

Imvume ebanzi okanye engacacanga emema abantu ukuba basetyenziswe kakubi. Imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe ifuna ukuba isiqinisekiso ngasinye sikhankanye ngexesha elithile apho kumele kuphengululwa khona, izinto ezimele zifunyanwe, abantu abamele babanjwa, kunye nexesha lokugunyaziswa kwegunya. Uphando lwe-elektroniki, oku kuthetha ukuchaza ixhoba okanye isixhobo esithile okanye isiqhagamshelanisi sonxibelelwano esiza kujongwa, kwakhona ngexesha apho umthetho waseJamani ubekwe khona ngokusemthethweni. Inkundla yaseYurophu kwinkcazelo ebanzi ye-[FLT][FL:1] [[3] kunye no Saravia v. [[200] [200] [6] ifunyaniswe ukuba umthetho waseJamani ekuhlolweni okucwangcisiweyo okusesikweni kuhambelana, ngenxa yecandelo ngalinye elifunekayo kwiinkcazelo ezinxinzelelwano zonxibelelwano, ngaphandle kokungazelelwa kobungqinela, ukungabikho kolawulo oluthe ngqo, noluvo olusemthethweni.

I-ASCII kunye neMbewu: Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo nezilangazelelo zikaRhulumente

Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sifumaneke kwiimeko", okuthetha ukuba iindlela ezincinci zokuthethelela zimele zibe. Umzekelo, ukunqanda ukukrokrazwa kwengxwaba engeyoyongqwabalala okanye intsebenziswano yokuzithandela engabandakanyeki kwinjongo esemthethweni ephunyeziweyo. Olu vavanyo lulungelelanisiweyo luthe chatha xa uphando lubandakanya ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Oku kuthintela okunzima kakhulu, ukuphazamisana nokugqithisa, ukuchanabeka kobulungisa kumele kube . Umgaqo wokunqanda ukrokrazwa kwengxwano olungengongongongongongongolwayo olungabandakanyekiyo kugonyamelo olungabandakanyekiyo kusenokungakhawulel'ukunga-phinda kuphele, kanti imvume yokukhangela inkampumza ekuchaseni ulwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kubandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho olunelo lwesithathu noluvo olunelo lwetyala lwaseAfrika phantsi kwemithetho-Afrika, i-Gromstiki yeGant.

Izinto Ezikhethekileyo Namandla Exesha Lentlekele

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu uyaqonda ukuba iimeko ezikhethekileyo zisenokufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza, kuquka ngexesha lemfazwe, iintlekele zemvelo, okanye iingozi ezingxamisekileyo ebomini. Noko ke, ngaphandle kokugunyazisa imfuneko zicaciswa ngokulula yaye kufuneka zikhatshwe zikhuselwe ngamandla.

Ukuzingca Ngamaxesha Engozi Kawonke - wonke

Phantsi kweGatya lesi-4 le-ICPR kunye nemiqathango elinganayo kwiindibano zesithili, amaphondo angasuswa kwiimbopheleleko ezithile ngamaxesha emfazwe okanye uxanduva lukawonke wonke olusongela ubomi bohlanga. Kodwa ke, ukuhlahlelwa kokunqunyulwa kufuneka kuvakaliswe ngokusemthethweni, ngokungqongqo, kufunwa ziinkqubano zemeko, kwaye kuhambelane nezinye izibophelelo phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Okubalulekileyo, ilungelo kubomi (ngaphandle kwezenzo ezisemthethweni zemfazwe), ukuvalelwa kokuthuthunjiswa nokusetyenziswa kwenkohlakalo, nokwalela ukuncishwa kwenkululeko okungenankathazo ngokweenjongo akunyanzelekanga. Kwangokuba kungxamisekile, ukugcinwa koxakeka okanye ukuphekwa, kufuneka kuvumelane neemfuno ezingundoqo zesiseko esisemthethweni nemfuneko, kwaye naziphi naziphi naziphi naziphi naziphi na ezo zimele zixelwe. Iimfanelo zoluntu zilumkisiswe ukuba iimeko ezisemcinezelelwe, yaye zilungiswe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zilungiswe ngokokuthethwa ngokokuthethwa ngoko kumele ukuba kuhle nangoko kunokwenzeka.

Iimeko Ezingxamisekileyo Nezincomekayo

Umthetho omninzi uvumela ukuba kukhutshwe imvume yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezizinzileyo, kwaye kukhutshwe nasemva kokubulawa kwetyala elingephi, xa kukho isisongelo sokufa esimandundu, okanye utshaba lobungqina obukhoyo. Umzekelo, amapolisa angangena esakhiweni ngaphandle kogunyazo kwaye akholelwe ukuba ubomi bomntu busengozini ngokukhawuleza. [FLT] ulawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe lungamkelekanga, [[FLT] ulawulo]. [1] uBukumkani [FLT] [2] [12] [FLT] [12] [iiiiindlela] [iiiiiiindlela zokusebenza ezimele zinyanze ityala, [1999], iNkuNkulwamyusalo lweLungxubelo oluthe- ngokomthetho lokuzinziswa komthetho, lungakhange luvume, ukuba kungene ityala lokungamele luchaswe ngokunyanisekileyo, ukuba amapolisa azimeleyo, azimeleyo, azimeleyo, azimeleyo, azimeleyo, azimeleyo, akuzange awona

Ukhuseleko Lokuxhatshazwa

Apho zivumelekileyo, amajelo kufuneka aphumeze imigaqo efuna ugunyaziso olubhaliweyo kumphathi-mikhosi omkhulu ongabandakanyekanga ngqo kumsebenzi, ebeka imida engqongqo yexesha kwisenzo esingenagunya, kwaye eqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina obufunyenweyo bubuye buphinde bukhutshwe ukuba iinkalo zongxamiseko bezingekho. IKhomishoni yangaphakathi yamaMelika eMandla aMalungelo oluntu incomele ukuba naluphi na uhlolo lwasemva komsebenzi ongekho semthethweni okanye ukubanjwa luqhutywe kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-24, kwaye umntu ochaphazelekayo azaziswe ngamalungelo abo ngaphandle kokulibazisa. Ngaphandle kwezi zikhuseli ezinjalo, imigaqo engohlukeneyo igweba umthetho, kunye neemfanelo ezisemthethweni zokusebenza zingasebenzi nto.

Ucelomngeni Lokuqhelisela: Xa Imilinganiselo Yaphulwa

Ngaphandle kokubakho kwemigangatho engokwasemthethweni eneenkcukacha, imfuneko yogunyaziso isoloko incitshiswa kumatyala abandakanya ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Abasebenzi `ngokufuthi) abalawuli bokhuseleko, amaqela omkhosi, okanye abantu abanamandla-anokuba negunya lokudlula okanye lonakalise inkqubo yogunyaziso. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubaluleke kakhulu ekomelezeni ukuphendula.

Ingxaki yezinqumla-ntloko ezizizo, kunye nezinqumlisi

Kumazwe amaninzi, abaphengululi abajongene nezityholo zokuthuthumbisa, ukubhambathiswa, okanye ukubulawa okugqithisileyo komthetho kwaziwa ukufumana imvume esekelwe kubungqina obuyilweyo, okanye ukuqhuba ukuphendla nokuvalela ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukungabikho kolawulo oluzimeleyo kwimfazwe-engameleyo okanye ulawulo olungqongqo kuthetha ukuba kwanemvume esemthethweni yokugweba ingaba sisixhobo serabha. Inkundla zezizwe ezikhethekileyo ezizimeleyo, isishwankathelo okanye ukubulala okungaqinisekiyo kungqinelani ukuba kukho imibango emininzi apho amajoni okhuseleko asebenzisa imiyalelo yokuvalela abalawuli okanye iingubo amele aqinisekise ukuba athintele abagxeki abagqhinga abalwa nabanqolobi. Kwimeko enjalo engomthetho esemthethweni kwiincwadi, imilinganiselo esemthethweni echatshaye kwizinto ezikhoyo emhlabeni. Iinkundla zezizwe kunye namalungelo abantu ziye zagxininisa ukuba kukho nje inkqubo yemithetho egunyaziswayo; [Foctivetion:[1] kunye nolawulo lobunyani.[Fotetion-oth.]

Ubunzima bomthamo wamanani kunye nomda wokunqamleza

Ukwanda konxibelelwano lwamanani kuvelise iingxaki ezintsha. Iinkqubo zokuhlola eziqokelela izigidi zabantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomntu ngamnye, kunye nokunqandwa kwexesha lokwenene, kwaye amazwe axhomekeke kumthetho wasekhaya ongenakufikelela kwimigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe. Ingcaciso yeSnowden [ ibhediwe izityhilo ezibhedlele zenkqubo zobuchokotho loluntu eziqokelela iimfuno zabantu abangenayo imiyalelo. Amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu, kuquka iBhunga loLuntu eliseBhunga loLuntu kunye neNkunga yaseYurophu, zicacingisiwe ukuba ukukhuthulwa kwemiwa okuzimeleyo nokugcinwa kwezixhobo. Ngaphezu koko, xa ugcino-data lugcinwe komnye ulawulo, imiyalelo eqengqele (okanye izicelo ezingokwasemthethweni) kufuneka zihlonele zomthetho ocela umthetho kunye nomthetho apho kungenayo imvume yokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yogcino-lwazi apho kufumaneka khona ngaphandle kwemiqathango yomthetho.

Ubungqina Obufunyanwa Kukwaphulwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Imbambano enzima ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obafunyanwa ngokuchasene nemfuneko efunekayo, okanye ukuthuthunjiswa. Ngaphantsi kwemfundiso ye- iziqhamo zomthi onobungozi , imimandla emininzi ishiya ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni, ukunyanzelwa, okanye ukungcuthekiswa. Iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho zamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, njengeNkundla ye-International Criminational Crivement (IC), iye yakholelwa ukuba ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuchaswa kwamalungelo abantu abhaqwalaselweyo ehlabathini lonke abuyi kuba bungakho ukuchatshazelwa ukuba ukuchasana kobunyani babo okanye ukuvunywa kwemvume yokuchasana kwabo kusenokuchasana nokunganyaniswa kwemithetho ephantsi kwetyala engekho mthethweni.

Uxanduva lwetyala

Ukuphakamisa imilinganiselo evumela ukumiselwa kufuna okungaphezulu nje kukwenza imithetho ngononophelo; kufuna inkqubo yokuziphendulela enika unyango lokwaphulwa kwemithetho nokudimaza ukuxhatshazwa kwixesha elizayo.

Imbopheleleko Yomntu Ngamnye Neyaseburhulumenteni

Xa imvume ikhutshwa ngokungafanelekanga okanye iphunyezwa, umntu ochaphazelekayo unelungelo lokuvavanya ukubekwa kwetyala phambi kwenkundla nokufuna imbuyekezo yomonakalo. Phantsi kweCandelo 2(3) le-ICCPR, amaqela kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba nawuphi na umntu omalungelo akhe aphulwayo anesicombululo esisebenzayo. Oku kuquka kungekuphela nje ukupheliswa kophendlo olungekho mthethweni okanye ukubanjwa kodwa kwakhona ukufikelela kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene namagosa anegunya ukuba izenzo zawo zizenze ngempazamo okanye azithatha lula. Iinkundla zamalungelo abantu ziye zanika imbuyelo enkulu yemali ngenxa yokupheliswa nokungathotywa. Ngaphezu koko, ityala ngokwalo lingabekwa lityala ngenxa yokungafumani ulawulo olufanelekileyo kwityala lokugwetyelwa kwetyala, njengoko kusenziwa kwityala [FLD: 0][5] [2]

Ukujongwa nokukhutshwa kwengxelo

Ubuchule bamalungelo abantu behlabathi jikelele, obunjenge-Universal Pearly Resource Review, iSivumelwano seZiko leMibutho yeeNkcubeko, kunye neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo, zisoloko zihlolisisa ukuthobela kwamazwe ngemithetho efuna inkxaso. Umzekelo, uhlolisiso lokuqukumbela lwamaLungelo oluNtu ludla ngokufuna utshintsho lomthetho oluvumela uphangalele, olungenagunya okanye olungagunyaziswayo kwimicimbi yokwabelana namalungelo abantu. Imibutho yamalungelo orhulumente engekhoyo, enjenge-HulumelwaNgamalungelo oluntu kunye neKhomishini yeZizwe ezizimeleyo yeZizwe ngezizwe, ipapasha iingxelo ezineenkcukacha zokusilela ukungaphumeleli kwinkqubo yomthetho, ezinokuxhobisa uxinzelelo kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa kwemali. I-Ocyedwa i-Rapporterkerker ikhupha izikhokelo ezibucala kwiimeko zokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-mthetho yesizwe ezilawula i-mali.

Isiphelo

Imilinganiselo esemthethweni yokuvumela iimfuno kwiimeko zokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ayiyonjongo ecacileyo okanye imigaqo-nkqubo. Zizixhobo ezisebenzisekayo ezilungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa umsebenzi karhulumente wokujonga nokusingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu lomntu ngelungelo lakhe lokungaphazanyiswa ngokungekho mthethweni. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ufuna ukuba imigaqo igunya elicacileyo, ikhutshwe ligosa elizimeleyo, ichazwe ngumphathi-mthetho ozimeleyo, engqalileyo, kwaye zombini ezi zinto ziyimfuneko kwaye zilungelelanisa iinjongo ezifanelekileyo. Iimeko ezikhoyo zengozi zikho ngengozi, kodwa zilinganiselwe kwaye zimele zilandelwe ngokungqongqo kwaye zilandelelwe zikhuselwe zikhuselwe zizinto ezimele zikhuselwe ngokweendleko, ezimele zikhuselwe ekuhlolweni, ezi zinto zicelwe ngezo, ukusetyenziswa kwamanani, ukucululwa, ukukhutshwa kwemikwa, kodwa ukupheliswa kwemithetho eluncedo, kunye nokubekwa komthetho kwamanye amazwe ngamazwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe imigaqo ngokweemeko, kwaye kukhuselwe amalungelo abantu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe kuMalungelo aMasipala kunye nezobupolitika, iKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu ye-UN iNkcubeko yamaLungelo yoLuntu yeNkcubeko ye- Jikelele iNgqabaza enguNo. 16 ekulungeni kwelungelo lobucala, kunye neNkuNkundla yamaLungelo oluntu kwi-[FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [[FLT]] inikela iimfaneleko zengingqi ye-RYUnionts yoothetho.[FLT].