Ilitye eliqinileyo ledemokhrasi yaseMerika lisekelwe kwisiqinisekiso sokuba bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo kwaye bafanelwe kukusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komthetho. UmGaqo-siseko wase-United States usebenza njengesiseko sombhalo wesi sicelo, kodwa intsingiselo yawo ayizange ihlale ihleli. Sisakhiwo esenziwe ngebutho labantu elizingisileyo, sifuna ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo, ukulungiswa, kunye nokungaqiniseki ukuqinisekisa izithembiso zalo zinwenwa kubo bonke abemi. Oku kuhlolisisa intsika ezisemgaqo-siseko zokulingana nokusesikweni, ukuqwalasela indaleko yazo ngemimiselo yembali, imimiselo yeNkundla ephakamileyo enempembelelo, imibutho echaza ulawulo lwentlalo, kunye nocelomngeni ezichaza ulawulo lwangoku olusemthethweni.

Isiseko sokwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala, owenziwa ngo-1787, wawuluxwebhu olulungelelanisiweyo olulungelelanisiweyo namandla orhulumente nolawulo. Ngelixesha lingasebenzisanga ngokucacileyo igama "ubungalingani," imigaqo yayo yayisekelwe kwiinjongo zokukhanyiselwa. Iinjongo zoMgaqo-siseko woQokelela "lokumisela Ubulungisa" kunye "lokuguqula iNkcubeko ngokubanzi" yayinika isiseko sokuziphatha kunye nesomthetho solwandiso lwamalungelo. Noko ke, umbhalo wokuqala wawukwathintela ukunyuka okunzulu, okungakumbi okuthiwa 3-Fifth Ukurhoxa nokuqhubekeka korhwebo lwamakhoboka. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwenkululeko nobukhoboka lwalusisono sokuqala somgaqo womthetho wesiseko, ukuphikisana okunokuthi ekugqibeleni kufune ulwando lwamakhaya ukuqulungela phantsi kwemfazwe.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Nenkululeko Yabo Ngabodwa

ISindululo sesine sikhusela umlomo, iSindululo seSine sikhusela amalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni nokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. UMthetho oMqulu Wokuqala uqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yengqungquthela, nesicelo. IsiHlanzi soMdathi sikhusela ukuphehlwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. IsiHlathiso sesihlanu nesi-SiThathu simisela amalungelo afanelekileyo ekuquqululweni kwemiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni nokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yobuqu. Ukhuseleko oluninzi lweSikhokelo se-8hhhmtting lukwalela ulwaphulo-mthetho nesohlwayo olungaqhelekanga. Ekuqaleni, laqala ukusetyenziswa kuphela kurhulumente wesizwe.

Uhlaziyo: Ukwakhiwa Kwesibini

UHlaziyo lwe-13, lwe-14, kunye nolwe-15, olwavunywayo emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, lumela ulwandiso olubalulekileyo lwemibhalo engqinelanayo nobulungisa kwimbali yaseMerika. UHlaliso lwe-13 lwaphelisa ubukhoboka nokungalawulwa. UMthetho-we-15 WesiPhinda-simende wakwalela ukukhankanywa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka. Uhlaziyo lwe-14 luziko lweziko lotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Ukuzinziswa kwalo kwaphembelela ukubhukuqa u-Durth Scott v.Sandford, uvakalisa ukuba bonke abantu abazalwe okanye abadaliweyo baseUnited States ngabemi. Ukusebenza kwalo lwenkqubo yomthetho wokusesikweni kusetyenziswa kulawulo olusesikweni. Ukukhusela kwalo oluneyo lwe-Calmiclasclective kwanika izixhobo ezicet.

Idinga lokuvuselelwa kwakhona lakhuphiswana ngokukrakra. Unyuko lwemithetho yeCrow, ukwahlulwa kocalulo, kunye nokungavumelani kwenkqubo kwe-Black America kwavunywa kakhulu yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwizigqibo ezifana iMatyala aBaniyo e- [1883], eyathi yabulala uMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-175, kunye [[FLT:]] Plesty v. [1866], eyaphakamisa ukususwa kohlanga phantsi kwe "Inani elilinganayo kodwa" imfundiso. Ngokufutshane inkulungwane, izindululo ze-compula, ukuguqula okunokwenzeka. [FLD] [FLD]

Ukuhlaziywa Okuqhubekayo Nokungalawuleki

IsiHlanziso se-16, se-17th, se-18th, nese-19 seSindululo sabonisa ukunyanzeliswa kweXesha leNkqubela yokuhlaziywa kwezentlalo nezobupolitika. IsiHlanzi se-17th sokuHlambulula samisa unyulo olungqalileyo lwamaSenator, ukunciphisa ukonakala kunye nokuziphendulela kolawulo lwedemokhrasi. UMphengululo we-19th, wagunyaziswa ngo-1964, wakwalela ukukha ukhutshwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kwisondo, ulo olukhulu lwembutho lamabhinqa ebesakhelwe kangangamashumi eminyaka. Kamva iintlawulo zaqhubeka zandisa ukurhoxa kwemali ye-mali ye-franti: uMphetho-24 (1964) wavala irhafu yokhetho, eyaye yasetyenziswa ukususa i-Blamfantscki ehlweni, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho we-omgalelo-yonke, kunye nokurhoxina kwe-26 ye-edevicestiki, i-1961, ukusabela kwiminyaka elungele ukurhola i-

Iingcaciso Zokugweba Eziphawulwe Ngomhlaba

Inkundla ePhakamileyo isebenza njengomxhasi opheleleyo wentsingiselo yezomGaqo-siseko, kunye nemithetho yayo yokulingana nokusesikweni yenza isiseko somthetho wamalungelo abantu baseMelika. Izibuko leNkundla libonakalisa eyona mibuzo ididayo yelizwe ngokulingana. Ngoxa ezinye izigqibo ziye zandisa inkululeko, ezinye zibethelele ucalucalulo, zicacisa amandla amakhulu eNkundla nokubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwentanda-ntanda-bulumko egweba.

Ukuchasa Imfundiso Eyahlukileyo Kodwa Elinganayo

INaACP Legal Defense Fund, ekhokelwa nguThurmall Marshall, yavelisa ubuchule obusemthethweni bokuvavanya ulwahlulo. Bajolisa ukuphumelela kwemfundo kuqala, amatyala afana [[FLT: 0] Missouri exesheni. I-[ [[FFF:] [FFFN]] [10] [iiindawo ephantsi kwesiseko somthetho] [[FFFFF:]] [FFFF:]] ne-[FOLT] . [imposiso] [[19] [195] [iiiimeko engaziwayo].P] [inkququalo ye-Iice: [19], ibhalwe ngokungqinela iNku- "50], ichaza ukuba i-" iprojective "equagie" ngenxa yemeko esezantsi ye-'ethe yoluntu.[10]

Ukuba Wedwa, Inkululeko Nezinto Zobuqu

INkundla ikwayamkele ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuzimela, elibekwe "kumgangatho ophezulu" kunye "nommiselo" weBhili yamaLungelo. Gerold v. Connecticut[ [65]], iNkundla yawisa umthetho onqabela ukusetyenziswa kokuthintela ukukhawula izibi ezitshatileyo. Le nto yayila isiseko se- [FLT] v. [i-wade] [[FLT]] [123] [iiiiiiiimeko], eyamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-mgaqo-siseko (i-mgaqo-siseko) kunyaka-nye i-Genethi ephantsi kwe-14'Imiqatha). [ingxaki ekhoyo ye-Applition:[5] ukunyuka kwe-E. [i-F]

Ukwandisa Isangqa Somgangatho

Ukusetyenziswa kweNkundla yoKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Celal kwanwela ukukhusela amaqela ngapha nangapha kwenjongo yokuqala yoMphetho-Mgaqo. [[FLT:]] Le migaqo yaqiniswa kwi-. [12], iNkundla yawisa umthetho owehlayo kubaphathi bezindlu, ophawulwe ngexesha lokuqala iNkundla yasebenzisa uhlolo olusekelwe kwisigaba se-14 se-Express. [4] [FFF].FFFF:][10] kuwe-196] [eye:9] [iiiindlela efanayo] elungele ukuthethelela ukucalulwa kwesondo.[3]

Ukuncoma Amalungelo kunye neNkundla yeRehnquist/iRoberts

INkundla iphinde yenza indima entsonkothileyo kumalungelo okuvota. Ngexa ikhusele umgaqo "womntu omnye, ivoti enye" (. ISeynolds, 1964), iye yenza buthathaka ngokuphawulekayo iMithetho yamaLungelo ka1965. [[FL:]] i-Shelby County v. [[FLT:]] (2013]), iNkutsho kwelo lihla imigaqo esetyenziswayo ukugqiba ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo esetyenziswayo nembali yocalulo ephambili yembali eyakhetho lweenguqulo lwayo kwimithetho yayo ebhaliswe kurhulumente karhulumente. Inkundla iphikisa ithetha ukuba indlela yokubuyisela inkqubo ephelelwe lixesha. [[FLT:][5] [iProunts] [iPhondo]

Intshukumo yoluntu njengeenjineli zotshintsho lomGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko awunyanzelisi ngokwawo. Inkqubela ekulinganani nasekugwebeni iqhutywa yimibutho ekhuthaza iingcakazo kwaye ilungelelaniswa ngokunyanzela inyathelo lowiso-mthetho nelomthetho. Le ntshukumo isebenza phakathi kwezithuba ezithe ngqo zomGaqo-siseko kunye nezibaluleko ezikhoyo zenyani zocalulo. Iguqulela iimfuno zoluntu kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko, inyanzela iinkundla nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba ziphendule.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo laBami (1950s-1960)

I-Civil Rights Movement yayiluququzelo oluchasene nocalucalulo lohlanga. Iinkokeli ezifana noMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, noJohn Lewis zasebenzisa izenzo ezicacileyo ezingekho ngqongqo, ii-inkululeko, kunye nohambo---(ukubhenca inkohlakalo kaJim Conrow. Umbutho wabangela ukhuthazo lwezopolitiko lwamaLungelo aMalungelo ka-1964, eyalela ucalucalulo kwindawo yokuhlala nokusebenza, kunye neSivumelo samaLungelo sobuhlanga sango sonyaka ka-1965, esalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoti. Le mithetho iyimizekelo enamandla yendlela uxinzelelo lwentlalo oluguqulela kwindlela eqheliselwa ngayo emgceni. [[FLT] Ithala leencwadi loMthetho we-Candelo lwamalungelo ka-Oviligalktment ka-196491, [FL.1]

Iqela Lenkululeko Lamabhinqa

Umbutho wamabhinqa okhuselwa kwiSigqibo se19 seMpanzi-Mpanzi. Umbutho wanamhlanje wamabhinqa wowe-1960 nowe-1970 wanyanzelisa ukuHlaliswa kwamalungelo e-Elinganiyo (ERA), nto leyo, nangona ingagunyaziswanga ngokusemthethweni ngamazwana phambi kwexesha, ngokuphawulekayo iphembelela ukucaciswa kweSahlulelo sokhuseleko lwe-Claus. Le nkqubo ikwawukhusela umthetho wesibonelelo njengoSihlomelo seSiHlo seSigqibo semfundo sangowama1970, esithi sinqande ucalulo olusekelwe kwimfundo, kunye noMthetho weSidlo seSibeleko wonyaka ka-1978. # I-Meo-To iqhube umbutho womthetho obalulekileyo njengomthetho okhuthaza ukuhlaselwa ngokwesondo nokuhlaselwa kwamalungu esemthethweni.

Intlangano Yamalungelo Ahlukileyo

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo okhuselwe kumaMelika ngo-1990, umthetho obanzi wamalungelo abantu owalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisiphene semisebenzi, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, kwizithuthi, nakunxibelelwano ngezonxibelelwano. Lo mbutho wafaka ifuno lawo ngokwemigaqo-siseko, uvakalisa ukuba ukususwa nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu abaneziphene kwakuchasene noKhuselo oluKhuselweyo luka-Celt Clauslease. I-ADA ngumsebenzi obalaseleyo wokuphuhlisa ukulungelelanisa abantu, ukubonisa indlela amaqela aphantsi komGaqo-siseko anokusebenzisa ngayo isiseko sokhuseleko lwasemthethweni.

Intshukumo Zale Mihla

IBlack Lives Matter, eyasekwa ngo-2013 ngenxa yogonyamelo lwamapolisa kubantu abaNsundu, iye yazisa ingqalelo ehlaziyiweyo kuhlanga olukhoyo kwinkqubo yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho. Le nkqubo iye yanyanzela ukuba amapolisa ahlaziywe, ancitshiswe, apheliswe, kwaye iye yaphembelela incoko yesizwe ngokusesikweni kobuhlanga. ILGBTQ+ iyaqhubeka ilwela ukukhusela abantu abadlulayo, ukufikelela kwimpilo, nokungaphindi mithetho yezomthetho wezomthetho we-Ostrestiki. Le mibutho ibhala isahluko esilandelayo somGarhente-nter-ntellime, ivava inkundla ukuvavanya imigaqo yokulingana nokulunga nokulunga kobulungisa kwiimeko ezintsha.

IMida yeNkcubeko neMali engapheliswanga

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ebalulekileyo, inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yokulingana nokusesikweni ijongene noxinzelelwano oluqatha lwexesha lethu. Iingxaki ezinjengokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, imiqathango yokuvota, ucalucalulo kwinkqubo yobulungisa neengxaki zobugcisa obutsha zityhila imiqobo eqhubekayo phakathi kweengcamango zomGaqo-siseko namava aphilayo.

Ubulungisa Bezoqoqosho NomGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko unikela ukhuseleko olunamandla lwamalungelo empahla, kodwa awuqinisekisi ukulingana kwezoqoqosho. kumgangatho weSithili seSithili se-Antonio Independent u-. Rodriguez [1773], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba akukho lungelo lisisiseko lokuxhasa inkxaso-mali elinganayo kwimfundo kawonke wonke, ngokunempumelelo ikuvumela umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwesithili semfundo yezemali namahlwempu. Inkundla ikwasikelele amandla karhulumente okusebenzisa irhafuthezo eziqhubekayo kunye nemigaqo yezoqoqosho ukuze ixhobisa ubutyebi. Ingxoxo ephambili ngolwalamano oluphakathi komGaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo, nokuba uxwebhu lunokufundwa ngokunempumelelo lufuna umgangatho osisiseko wokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho kubemi bonke abemi.

Utshintsho Lobulungisa

I-United States inesantya esiphezulu sokuvalelwa nakweliphi na ilizwe eliphucukileyo. I-4th, 5th, 6th, kunye ne-8 Completements zimisela isiseko samalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ukhuseleko ekuphandweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, nokukhuselwa kwisohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. Ukuqhelisa, ukuvalelwa kwesizwe, ingxingo yohlanga, kunye nenkohlakalo yamapolisa ijongele phantsi kwesikhuseli sokhuseleko. Inkundla ephakamileyo yenkundla yezomthetho ijongene netyala [FT: 0] Gideon v. Iwanight [[[FT:[FT:]] [12]] [5] [4])] iqinisekisa abalungileyo ukuba bacelwe bonke abakhuseli, kodwa ikhusela iinkqubo ezingapheliyo phantsi kwetyala.[5]

Ukubhengezwa kwamalungelo nokufikelela kwedemokhrasi

Ilungelo lokuvota lilelona lilelona mbombo ledemokhrasi yokuthabatha inxaxheba. Kodwa, ukufikelela kwibhokisi yebhola ekhatywayo kusengumba okhuphiswano. Imithetho ye-Voter, ukususwa komqulu wabavoti, imiqathango yokuvota kwakudala kunye neposi, kunye ne-vractive grandrymander yonke iphakamisa yonke imibuzo ebalulekileyo yemithetho-siseko. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sikwi [FLT: 0] Brnovich v. DNC[[FL:1] [2021] kwenze kwaba nzima ukuvavanya imiqathango yokuvota phantsi koMthetho we-Voversition. Idabiast ingumba yokulwa ngamalungelo angundoqo kulwisana nomthetho wedemokhrasitive, egqiba ukuba kuviwe inkqubo yezopolitiki.

Ubuxhakaxhaka, Imfihlo Nobulungisa Bemithetho Yomthetho

Ukwanda kobuntlola obungeyoyamvelo, ulwamkelelo lwe-software yobuso, kunye nokwenziwa kwemithetho-siseko kudala imingeni emitsha yokulingana komgaqo-siseko kunye nokusesikweni. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-manani ekuchopheleni amapolisa, ekugwetyweni, nokuqesha kungadala iindlela ezintsha zocalucalulo ezikhoyo eziza kulwa nomthetho osemthethweni. Ukukhusela kweSindululo seSine sokuHlamla nokuxhwaleka okungaqiqelekiyo kuyavavanywa ngamandla karhulumente okuqokelela ubuninzi obuninzi bogcino-lwazi lwamanani. Umgaqo-mthetho-mgaqo-siseko ufanele ucelwe kukuchaphazelwa ngokuchaphazeleka kwexesha elisasazekileyo.

Umsebenzi Ongagqitywanga Wokusesikweni

Isicwangciso somGaqo-siseko sokulingana nokulunga nokusesikweni asisiso isikhumbuzo esimileyo kodwa yingxoxo ephilayo. Isizukulwana ngasinye sidla ilifa umbhalo, imizekelo, kunye neengxaki ezingalungiswanga. Ukusukela kwimanyano egqibeleleyo kufuna ukukulungela ukuchaza imigaqo engundoqo yomGaqo-siseko kumbandela weengxaki ezintsha. Ukusukela ekudityanisweni koMphetho-mva-mva-phambili we-14 ukuya kumazwano aqhubekayo aqhubekayo amalungelo okuvota, isidima sezoqoqosho, kunye notshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho, ibali lobulungisa baseMelika lilolwandiswano oluqhubekayo nokhuphikiswano. Ukuqinisekisa iintsikelelo zenkululeko yabo bonke abantu kuhlala kungumsebenzi ongapheliyo, ukunyanzelwa kwabahlali bemi, abaxhasi, kunye namaziko anikezelwe kwisivumelwano esikhoyo somthetho, inkcuthobo, inkculo, inkcube yolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala, ityala, ityala elilinganayo.