Isiseko Somthetho Wezaphuli-mthetho: Ukuphelisa Ulwaphulo - mthetho Nendlela Yokutshutshisa

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho usebenza njengesiseko solungelelwano lukawonke-wonke, umisela oko isimilo salelwe ngurhulumente kwaye unike iziphumo kwabo baphula imithetho enjalo. Kubafundi, abafundisi-mfundo, nakobani na onomdla kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, ukuqonda imigaqo engundoqo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ibalulekile. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo ngoko kubumba ulwaphulo-mthetho, indlela amatyala ahlelwa ngayo, izinto ezibalulekileyo ezimele ziqinisekiswe, kunye nenkqubo elandela inyathelo elibalelwa ngayo oorhulumente ukuba bamangalele abaphuli-mthetho.

Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, ojongene neembambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubandakanya urhulumente oqhuba inyathelo ngenxa yebutho labantu lokusohlwaya ihambo egqalwa njengeyingozi okanye eyoyikisa abantu. Izithintelo zikhulu: ukunyanzelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lungabangela ukuphulukana nenkululeko, intengo, kunye nehlazo elihlala lihleli. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yenzelwe kwimiqathango engqongqo nemithetho ephantsi elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba sesikweni.

Yintoni Ulwaphulo - mthetho?

Kulula, ulwaphulo-mthetho lusisenzo (okanye ukungawuthobeli) esiphula umthetho owiswe ligunya elilawulayo kwaye ugwetywa ngurhulumente. Umthetho kufuneka uyichaze ngokucacileyo ihambo engavumelekanga ukuze abantu babe nesaziso esifanelekileyo ngoko kwalelweyo. Inkqubo yomthetho yase-U.S., esekelwe kwizithethe eziqhelekileyo, iphawula iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zolwaphulo-mthetho: ii-carno nee-deminers. Amanye amagunya aquka udidi lwesithathu, ukwaphula umthetho okanye ukwaphula umthetho, okuyityala okuncinane okugwetywa kuphela yintlawulo olufanelekileyo.

Iinketho zegama leqela leenkwenkwezi (iyodwa) FAOobject name (optional)

Imikhosi yezolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu kakhulu. Iziphumo zezolwaphulo-mthetho zidla ngokuthatha izigwebo zokuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphezu konyaka, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ukuvalelwa entolongweni okanye kwanokubulawa. Imizekelo iquka ukubulawa, ukudlwengulwa, ukuphanga, ukurhwaphiliza, nokurhwaphiliza ngeziyobisi. Ukupheliswa kwemiqathango kudla ngokuphumela ekulahlekelweni kwamalungelo athile, njengokufumana ilungelo lokuvota, ukuba nezixhobo zokulwa okanye ukusebenza kwinkundla yetyala.

Iimpazamo

Izikreqo azikho zinzulu kangako, zisohlwaywa ngentengo, ukugwetywa, ukusetyenziswa kwentsebenziswano, okanye ukuvalelwa intolongo yoluntu unyaka omnye (ngokuqhelekileyo kwintolongo yasekuhlaleni kunokuba ibe yintolongo karhulumente). Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ubusela obuncinane (umz., ukurhwebela izinto phantsi kwexabiso elithile), ukuhlasela okulula ngaphandle kokwenzakala okunzulu, ukuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo, kunye nokuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo (i-DUI) yabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho bokuqala. Ngoxa abangekho mthethweni benobulungisa benogwebo olulula kunezo zetyala kunezonobungozi, ukuthembeka okuphantsi kwemisebenzi namathuba okuhlala abantu.

Ukuphambana nokwaphula umthetho

Izaphuli-mthetho, ezikwabizwa ngokuba kukungathobeli, zizinto ezincinane ezibandakanya ukunganyaniseki. Zidla ngokugwetywa kuphela ngentlawulo yaye aziphumeleli kwingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesithethe. Imizekelo iquka amatikiti okuhamba, ukungcolisa, kunye nokwaphula imithetho yokwakha. Izaphuli-mthetho zidla ngokuphathwa kwiinkundla zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunokuba zigwetywe ngokweenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iinkalo Zolwaphulo-mthetho: UActus Reus, Uluntu, Noo

Isenzo sokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho, ingtshutshiso kufuneka ingqine izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ezimbini ezisisiseko zingu ctus reus [ [isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho] kunye amadoda abuyisela [ (ingqondo enetyala)]. Noko ke, ezinye iziqalelo ezifana ne-'cault' kunye ne-'dictrence zisoloko zifuneka.

Isenzo: UMthetho

I-Actus reus ibhekisela kwilungu lokwenyama lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kusenokuba kukuvuma, njengokutsala inkcukumiso, okanye ukusilela ukwenza xa umthetho unyanzelisa ukuba asebenze (umz., umzali osilela ukunikela ingqeqesho yezonyango kumntwana). Isenzo kufuneka sibe sesiqhutywa ngokuzithandela; isenzo sokwenza izinto ngempazamo okanye sokuhamba ngempazamo ngokuqhelekileyo asikwanelisi ukwenza isenzo esitsha. Umzekelo, umntu onesithukuthezi obetha omnye akasifanele isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuba nento nje yokufumana i-contraband ingaba ngumsebenzi we-eus (i-"Unistrian"isenzo), kodwa umthetho ufuna ukuba umntu oyaziyo loo nto ayenze.

Amadoda Ayaphinda: Ingqondo Enetyala

IMens rea yimeko yengqondo apho umntu enza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo lufuna imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yenjongo. IKhowudi yeModeli yePenal, ekwamkelwe ngayo ngamazwe iphelele okanye ngokwenxenye, ichaza amanqanaba amane ahlukeneyo okubekwa ityala:

  • [[UMTLL:0] Ngokunjalo: Umntu unqwenela ngenyameko ukubandakanyeka kwihambo okanye ubangele iziphumo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ngokuqonda: Umntu uyaqonda ukuba ihambo yeyohlobo oluthile okanye ukuba kukho iimeko ezithile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ngokungakhange kubonwe: Umntu ngequbuliso akabuhoyi umngcipheko omkhulu nongenabulungisa.
  • Ngokulinganayo: Umntu ebenobuqonda ubungozi obuninzi nobungalungiyo kodwa akakwazi ukububona.

Ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezaziwa ngokuba amatyala oqikelelo, azifuni madoda aphinda angene. Umzekelo, imithetho yokudlwengula ayifuni ummangalelwa ukuba azi ubudala bexhoba; isenzo sodwa sanele ukuqinisekisa. Ityala elipheleleyo lilinganiselwe kwityala elilawulayo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Ukuhlahlela nokulungisa

Isiphumo solwaphulo-mthetho olukhoyo (njengokubulala), ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba isenzo sommangalelwa sibangele iziphumo ezivaliweyo. Kukho iinkalo ezimbini zonikezelo: ibangela-infect (ukuvavanywa "kodwa": kodwa isenzo sommangalelwa, ingozi ingenzekanga) kwaye unobangela wengozi (umonakalo wawungumphumo olindelekileyo wesenzo). Ngaphezu koko, umgaqo we umele ukuba isenzo sommangalelwa asikhange sisenzeke kwaye unyanzeleke abantu.

Ukwahlulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho ngohlobo

Ngapha koko kubekwa phantsi kwetyala/ukuhlawuliswa kwetyala, ulwaphulo-mthetho ludla ngokucalulwa ngokwendalo yengozi eyenzayo. Oku kubekwa kolwahlulo kunceda abatshutshisi, amagqwetha, kunye nabagwebi baqonda umongo wetyala kunye nesigwebo esifanelekileyo.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho Kumntu

Ezi zikreqo zonakalisa ngqo okanye zisongela umonakalo kumntu othile ongokwasemzimbeni okanye ongokwasengqondweni. Imizekelo iquka ukubulala (ukubulala nokubulala), ukuhlasela kunye nebhetri, ukudlwengula kunye nokuhlasela ngokwesini, ukuphanga (ngokunyanzelwa okanye ngokunyanzelwa okanye ngokugrogriswa), kunye nokuqweqwediswa. Ulwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye nomntu ludla ngokuthathwa njengezona zingqwabalala kwaye zithwala ezona zigwebo zingqwabalala.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho Oluchasene Nempahla

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwempahla lubandakanya ukuphazamisana nelungelo lomnye umntu lokusebenzisa okanye lokunandipha impahla yakhe. Alubandakanyeki kunyanzelo okanye isisongelo kumntu (ngaphandle kokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwakhula luze luphange). Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yi-larcny/part, ukuqhekeza (ukungenisa isakhiwo ngenjongo yokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphakathi), i-arson, uphando, kunye nokurnaksiswa kwempahla.

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezimhlophe nezemali

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwelanga olumhlophe lungaphazanyiswanga ngokwezimali, oludla ngokusetyenziswa ngenkohliso okanye ngokuzifihla. Lusoloko lusenziwa ngabantu abakwizikhundla zokuthembeka. Imizekelo iquka ukukhohliswa kwetyala, ukurhwebelana, ukuthunjwa kwemali, ukubhatala, nokubiwa kwerhafu. Le miba inokuba mininzi kakhulu, ibandakanya ubungqina obudityanisiweyo kunye nophando olunzulu lwamaziko afana neFBI ne-SEC. Ityala liquka intengiso enkulu, ukuhliswa, kunye nezigwebo ezinde zentolongo, njengoko zibonwa kwiimeko eziphezulu ezifana ne-Endorson. Ukuze ube nokweenkcukacha ezininzi, bona [[FLT:].

Ulungelelwano Lwaseluntwini Nolwaphulo - mthetho

Ezi zenzo ziphazamisa uxolo okanye zikhubekisa uluntu, ziquka ukungalungelelani, ukurhwaphiliza, ukunxila, ubuhenyu nezenzo zolwaphulo - mthetho ezingezozamayeza.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho Olungenazintlobano: Imigudu, ukuqhatha, Nokuphefumla

Asizizo zonke izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezigqitywe. Umthetho wokohlwaya ihambo eqhubekeka ngokwaneleyo kulwaphulo-mthetho ukubonisa injongo eqinileyo yokuyenza. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olungenaziqu zenziwa `````````'''' ukcaphula'''''' (ukuthatha inyathelo elithe ngqo lokuqhuba ulwaphulo-mthetho), [[FLT:]] ] [iiiiimposiso] [iiindlela] yokubhaceda [[iiiiiiiiiiiiiindlela] [iiiiiiiiiindlela] eqinileyo yokuqhuba ulwaphulo-mthetho [[FLT:]] [iiiiiiindlela] okanye icela omnye umntu ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho]. Ezi zenzo zomthetho zivumela ukungene ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuba monakalo lusenzeka.

Inkqubo Yokuchophela: Ukusuka Kuphando Ukuya Kwisigwebo

Ityala liyinkqubo esemthethweni eqinisekisa amalungelo ommangalelwa akhuselwa xa urhulumente efuna okusesikweni. La manqanaba alandelayo abonisa indlela efanayo ukusuka kwityala elityholwayo ukuya kwisimo sokugqibela.

Uphando Nokubanjwa

Le nkqubo iqala xa abanyanzeli bomthetho befumanisa ukuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho olutyholwayo oluye lwenziwa ngengxelo yamaxhoba, ingxelo yamangqina, okanye ngezakhono zokugada. Amagosa aqokelela ubungqina, amangqina, yaye maxa wambi afumana isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula ngokusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Ukuba ubungqina bubonisa ukuba umntu othile owenziwe lo lwaphulo-mthetho, amapolisa asenokumbamba. Ukubanjwa kunokwenzeka ngemvume yokubanjwa ekhutshwe yijaji, okanye ngaphandle kwemvume yokuba igosa eli qela limele ukuba kubangele ukuba kwenziwe into eyingozi. Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ikrokrelewe (ishiwe, ishunyaziwe, idityaniwe) kwaye ibekwe ibekwe inkundla yokuqala.

Imbonakalo yokuqala kunye nebhatyile

Kwixeshana elifutshane emva kokubanjwa (ngokuqhelekileyo iiyure ezingama-24-48), ummangalelwa kufuneka avele phambi komgwebi. Ijaji ixelela ummangalelwa ngezityholo, ichaza amalungelo abo (kuquka ilungelo lokunika icebiso), ize imisele iimeko zokukhululwa kwangaphambi kwetyala, eyaziwa njengebheyile. Ijaji ijonga izinto ezifana nobungxengxenge-bukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho, ubungozi bokubhabha kwemmangalelwa, nengozi kuluntu. Abanye abamangalelwa bayakhululwa kwimiqathango yabo (ngaphandle kokuhlawula ibheyili), ngoxa abanye kufuneka bafake ibheyili okanye bahlale kwintolongo. IsiHlamvo sokuLawulo sithintela ibhethri.

Ukuvumela Izigqibo

Emva kokubanjwa, umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina bokufumanisa ukuba kumele kubekwe ifayile yetyala. Abatshutshisi banobuchule obuphangaleleyo: bangala ukumangalela ukuba ubungqina bubuthathaka, banikele uxwebhu lwezingqiniso, okanye balandele ezona zityholo zinzima ezixhaswe zizibakala. Kwimeko zikarhulumente, ijaji enkulu ikhupha ityala; kwiinkqubo ezininzi zephondo, ityala lesalathisi libekwa apho umgwebi agqiba ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho isizathu sokuqhubeka. Uxwebhu oluchaphazayo (uxwebhu okanye umgwebo) luchaza imigaqo echaphazelekayo yezaphuli-mthetho.

Ulungelelwaniso nePlea

Kumthetho, ummangalelwa uyafunda ngokusemthethweni izityholo aze acelwe ukuba angene esicelweni: enetyala, kungekhona ityala, okanye kungekho khuphiswano (nolo tapere). Isibongozo sokungabi natyala siza kuqhubekeka lithetha ukuba ityala liza kujongwa lityala. Ityala okanye akukho mphikiswano ungakhokelela ngqo ekugwetyweni, ngaphandle kokuba inkundla ivume isivumelwano esicetyiweyo phakathi komtshutshisi nesiluleko sokhuseleko. Ngaphezu kwama-90% e-90 etyala olwaphulo-mthetho asohlwaywa ngezicelo ezicetyiweyo, nto leyo enokuthi igcine ixesha kunye nezibonelelo kodwa iphakamise inkxalabo ezisesikweni.

Intshukumo yangaphambili nokufunyanwa

Phambi kokuvavanywa, omabini amacala abandakanyeka ekufumaneni ``imichako yokufaka ubungqina, uluhlu, kunye nezinye izinto. Ukuzikhusela kungafaka izithuba zangaphambili zovavanyo ukuze kucinywe ubungqina (umz., ukuba kufunyenwe ngokuchasene noMphetho-Mdangaliso wesine), akwala ukutyholwa kokungabi nasizathu, okanye ukutshintsha indawo. Imithetho elawulayo yokuhamba. Imithetho elawulayo enokuthi ijike ngokuphawulekayo ubungakanani bovavanyo. Ukuhamba okubalulekileyo kungumlinganiselo [[FLT: 0]] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT: [FLT]] [FFFFFF:1] [FFFFF]] [FFFFFF]

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukuba ityala liyaqhubeka, lisenokuchotshelwa phambi kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala (ukuba ummangalelwa ukhetha ityala labachopheli-tyala) okanye ijaji iyodwa (ukuchotshelwa kwetyala). Ityala lilandela ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iingxelo ezivulayo: omabini amacala achaza oko aceba ukukungqina.
  • Ukucuthwa kwemeko-ntloko: Urhulumente unika ubungqina, ubiza amangqina ukuba avavanywe ngqo, kwaye uphumle.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umzekelo weDefense: Ukhuseleko lungabiza amangqina, luzise ubungqina, okanye luphumle ngaphandle kokunikela nayiphi na imeko (ummangalelwa akafunekinga ukungqina).
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezichazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye lifuna isigqibo.
  • Imiyalelo enzima: Ijaji ichaza umthetho omele ukwenziwa ngabachopheli-tyala.
  • Isigqibo nesigqibo: Abachopheli betyala ngabom emfihlekweni kwaye babuyisela isigqibo sokuba netyala okanye abanatyala. Isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kulo lonke ityala, ityala lithwele ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa, elinobungqina obusengqiqweni, elinomgangatho ophakamileyo kumthetho waseMerika. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala banobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni ngetyala, bamele bakhululwe.

Ukugweba Nokubhenela

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyanwe enetyala, isigwebo sisenzeka kwityala elahlukeneyo. Ijaji iqwalasela ingxelo yophando lwangoku, iingxelo zeziphumo zexhoba, kunye neempikiswano zombini. Iinketho zokugweba zisuka kwintengo kunye nokugwetywa, yaye ngamanye amaxesha isigwebo sokufa (ngokutsho oko kukuvumela). Amandla amaninzi asebenzisa imigaqo yokugweba ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki. Emva kokugweba, ummangalelwa angabhenela ityala okanye isigwebo kwinkundla ephakamileyo, ukuphikisa iimpazamo zomthetho okanye ezomthetho okanye ezophulwa ngumGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yokubhexeza ingxezo idla ngokusisingxengxezo ayinakuthatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka.

Ukuzithethelela Okuqhelekileyo Kumthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Ummangalelwa angaphakamisa ukhuseleko lokuba, ukuba luqinisekisiwe, lunganciphisa okanye luphelise iimfanelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ezinye zeziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0]---efenese: Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla afanelekileyo ukuzikhusela kwingozi ekufuphi.
  • Ububi: ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa wayenokuphazamiseka okunzulu kwengqondo okwabathintela ukuba baqonde uhlobo lwezenzo zabo okanye bahlule okulungileyo kokubi.
  • I- Intengiso karhulumente: abameli borhulumente baphembelela ummangalelwa ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho ebebengenakulwenza ngenye indlela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbindi woMmangalelwa wenza phantsi kosongelo lokufa kwangoko okanye ukonakaliswa okunzulu emzimbeni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ithatha inyaniso: Ummangalelwa ukholelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwizibakala ezithile, ukuba yinyaniso, ebeya kwenza ihambo yabo ivunyelwe.

Ukuze ufumane ushwankathelo olunegunya lokhuselo lolwaphulo-mthetho, jonga kwi-ofisi yolawulo ye-U.S.[FLT: 1].

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho uchaphazela zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukususela kwezona zenzo zogonyamelo zinzulu zemihla ngemihla, ukuya kutsho kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibundlobongela. Ngokuqonda iinkcazelo, iziqalelo, iinkalo, kunye namacandelo athetha ngemithetho echazwe ngasentla, abafundi kunye nabagwebi bafumana isiseko sendlela inkqubo esesikweni echaza neyokumangalelwa ngayo. Ukuba ufunda uvavanyo, ukufundisa iklasi, okanye ukufuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi, okanye ukuzama ukuba ngummi ofundileyo, ukusebenza komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunceda ukuphelisa inkqubo yokusesikweni kwaye kugxininisa ukulungele ukulingana phakathi kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye. Imigaqo yesenzo somthetho i-a, i-casus, i-caus, i-caus, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo i-actrigas) iqinisekisa ukuba abo bafanelwe yingqeqesho. Njengoko umthetho uyaqhubeka ukuguqula uklogaz-Skingxdia kwimimandla njenge-ecringcul, kunye nenkqubo yezonyango sezonyango sezomistting.