Ukuqala: Imibono Emibini Ephithizelayo Yokusesikweni

Inkqubo yezobulungisa yaseMelika ixhomekeke kuxinezeleko olungundoqo: imfuneko yokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kunye nolufuna ukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Oku kuxinezeleko, okusoloko kubekwe njengongquzulwano phakathi inkqubo ephambili kunye nolawulo [] lomthetho], ubumba lonke icandelo lenkqubo yezobulungisa, ukubumba ukubeka kuma eenkundla zenkundla. Lo mbandela umphengululi wezomthetho uHerbert Packer uchaza ezi zimo zemiqondiso zimbi ezimbini ngoo 1960, kwaye zihlala zisembini ziphakathi ekuxazululweni kobulungisa namhlanje. Ukuqonda zombini iimbono ziyimfuneko kubahlohlisi, abafundi, inkqubo yomthetho, nabani nabani nabani nabani nalowo okhathalele inkqubo elungileyo. Eli nqaku linikela imodediso lwemingth-e, umlinganiselo esiphakathi se-enzaniso, kunye noluvo lokuhlola phakathi kolukukhangela phakathi kolukukhangela, kunye noluqhubekeka.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Isiseko Sobulungisa

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko sisiqinisekiso sokuba urhulumente akanakumhlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwemigaqo esesikweni. Iqinisekisa ukuba abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho baphathwa ngesidima kwaye amandla karhulumente avavanywa ngumthetho. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayiyonkqubo yobuchule nje; ligumbi ledemokhrasi negosa elikhuselayo ekuxhaseni ulawulo-melo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nesiseko SomGaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo ibuyela emva kwiMagna Carta yo1215, eyathi akukho mntu okhululekileyo ongohlwaywa ngaphandle "komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe." Lo mgaqo wavela kwiinkulungwane ezininzi kwaye wabekwa kwiSigqibo sesihlanu soMphengululo weU.S. ukusuka kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunyaka we-1791: "Akukho mntu... oza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Emva kwemfazwe ye-Gqize-145th Dementermentment yandisa olu khuselo kuzo zonke izenzo zikarhulumente. Inkundla ephakamileyo i-U.S ichazwe ukususela kwinkqubo efunekayo ukuba zombini [[FLT: 0]] kunye kunye [FLP]

Inkqubo Eqhelekileyo Eza Kulungiselelwa: Ilungelo Lokuviwa

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo inika imiyalelo yokuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba asuse amalungelo omntu othile.

  • I-Notice yetyala okanye imisebenzi ethatyathwayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Lithuba lokuva [[UMTL:1] ngexesha elinentsingiselo nangendlela enentsingiselo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso (umgwebo okanye igqibo labachopheli-tyala).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokunika ubungqina nokubiza amangqina.
  • Ilungelo lokunqumla i-equamine amangqina angalunganga.
  • Ilungelo kwicebo elisemthethweni (njengoko kuqinisekisiwe Gideon v. Ukuvuleka kwenqanawa [[FLT: 3]], 1963]).

Amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo ePhakamileyo alolonga amalungelo e-proced. Miranda v. Arizona (1966), iNkundla yathi amapolisa kufuneka azise amalungelo awo okukrokreleka ukuze ahlale athule kwaye abe negqwetha elikhoyo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwemvume. Kumthetho ophantsi] iGault [1967], iNkukomkhulu wenkqubo efunekayo elungiselelwe abantwana. Ezi zigqibo zibonakalisa inkolelo yokuba inkqubo elungileyo ifuna ukukhuselwa ngokugqithisileyo, kwanokuba ngamanye amaxesha imele ukugcinwa komthetho okucothayo.

Inkqubo Engagqibekanga Efunekayo: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Asisiseko

Inkqubo efunekayo esisiseko ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanokuba urhulumente usebenzisa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Le mfundiso iye yasetyenziselwa ukukhusela amalungelo afana nomtshato, ubuzali, ukuzilawula, kunye nobumfihlelo. Ngexesha impikiswano enkulu kunenkqubo efunekayo, isebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola ukuphamba kwemithetho. Umzekelo, Obergefell v. Hodges[ (2015], iNkumgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuqinisekisa umtshato osisigxina.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kwiNkqutyana: Inkqubo Eyingozi

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMelika ingummiselo ochaseneyo , (ukutshutshiswa kunye nokuzikhusela) inikela amatyala abo phambi komgwebi okanye abachopheli-tyala. Inkqubo elindelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa unethuba elinentsingiselo lokuvavanya ubungqina bukarhulumente. Oku kuquka ukucingela ukuba ungenatyala, umthwalo wobungqina obungaphaya kokungathandabuzi okufanelekileyo, kunye nelungelo lokuchasene nokuzikhusela. Ngaphandle kwezi zikhuseli, inkqubo ibeka abantu abamsulwa engozini. Iprojekthi efana neInnocence ibhale amakhulu engqinela ngokuphosakeleyo, amaninzi ebangelwa kukungathobeli ngendlela elungileyo, ukuvunywa kwengxelwanogxelo, ukungasebenzi kwemithetho esebenzayo, okanye ukucinezelwa kobungqina obunganyanisiweyo.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: iprojekti yeInnoce – Inkqubela elindelekileyo kunye NeeMpawu eziNgalunganga

Ukuqonda Ulawulo Lolwaphulo - mthetho: Ukubeka Ukhuseleko Loluntu Phambi Kwangaphambili

Imodeli yolawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho ijonga inkqubo yokusesikweni njengendlela yokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho nokukhusela uluntu. Igxininisa ukusebenza kakuhle, isantya, kunye nokugqibela. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kokusabela ngamandla kulwaphulo-mthetho, ibutho labantu lingena kwisiphithiphithi. Bakholelwa ukuba inkqubo kufuneka ijolise ekuboneni nasekucimeni abaphuli-mthetho ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kwemiqobo encinane.

Imigaqo Yomthetho Yomzekelo Wolawulo Lolwaphulo-mthetho

  • [[UMTL: 0] Isixokelelwano kufuneka siqhubeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye sibe nobuchule obulinganiselweyo. I-"assyn lignifig ibamba le ngcamango/izithintelo zisuka ekubambeni ziye ekuqinisekeni kwisohlwayo ngokulibaziseka okuncinane.
  • Ukufunyaniswa komvandedwa: [ ekuqheliseni, imodeli yolawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho isebenza ngokuqikelela ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala. Injongo kukufumana ityala eliyinyaniso ngokuphanda kwamapolisa nokuncina, kunokuba ijolise kubuchule obusemthethweni.
  • Isohlwayo esiqatha, kuquka ubuncinci besigwebo kunye nemithetho yentsimbi emithathu, zisetyenziselwa ukunqanda abaphuli-mthetho abanokwenzeka nokugcina abantu abayingozi ngaphandle kwezitrato.
  • Imodeli ithemba ukuba amapolisa nabatshutshisi basebenza ngokholo olulungileyo nokuba iindlela zabo zophando zithembekile. Ichasa imithetho ekhupha ubungqina obunokuthenjwa, njengomthetho wokususa ulawulo ukwenzela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.

Imizekelo Yolawulo Lolwaphulo - mthetho

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho luye lwaqhubela phambili kwimigaqo-nkqubo engundoqo. "Imfazwe yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi" eyandululwayo kwii-1970, "iifestile ezaphukileyo" zobupolisa kwiminyaka yee-1990, kunye nolwandiso oluphawulekayo lwenkqubo yamabanjwa konke kubonisa ezona zinto ziphambili ekulawuleni ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi ndlela ziye zanconywa ngokunciphisa umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa zikwatsala ukugxekwa ngokuqatha kwempembelelo yamaqela amancinane abantu kunye nokwenza ingxingo.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: Breau of Justice Statistics – Intolongo yenani labantu [[FLT: 1]

Imodeli yokulawula ulwaphulo-mthetho

Abahlalutyi bathi ukugxininisa ngokugqithisileyo ekulawuleni ulwaphulo-mthetho kukhokelela ekungekho sikweni okunzulu. Ukuthembela kwisicelo sobuGawulayo (ngaphezulu kwama-95% kwiinkundla ze-U.S.) kuthetha ukuba abamangalelwa abaninzi bawachasa amalungelo abo afanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo. Ukwahlukahlukana kweentlanga kucacile: Abantu abaNsundu eMerika bavalelwa ngesantya esiphindwe kahlanu somlinganiselo wabamhlophe baseMelika. Imodeli yolwaphulo-mthetho nalo lingavelisa iinkolelo zobuxoki xa amapolisa nabatshutshisi bephumelela ngeyona ndlela. Ityala leCentral Park Five ngumzekelo ocacileyo: Abakwishumi elivisayo abahlanu bagwetyelwa ngokuphosakeleyo ngenxa yokuvunywa kwezono kulwaphulo-mthetho. Kamva bagwetywa nge-mthetho.

Ingxaki Phakathi Kwenkqubo Eza Kulandelwa Nolawulo Lolwaphulo - mthetho: Ingxaki Ephakathi

Le mizekelo mibini ayiyongcamango nje yemfundo, kodwa iphikisana yonke imihla kwiinkundla zenkundla, kumasebe amapolisa, nakwiindlu zowiso-mthetho.

Ukufuna Nokuzikisa: Idabi Lomgaqo - siseko Wesine

UHlaliso lwesine lukhusela ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Imodeli yolawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho ifuna ukunika amapolisa isibanzi sokuphendla ukukrokra kwezixhobo okanye ubungqina. Imodeli yenkqubo efanelekileyo inyanzelisa isiqinisekiso kunye nesizathu esilindelekileyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ihamba phakathi kwala maxabiso. Umzekelo, Terry v. Ohio [1968]), iNkundla ivumela amagosa ukuba "misa kwaye akhuphe" abantu abanokukrokre" abasekelwe ekukrokrelezelweni okusengqiqweni /a). Inkundla zakutshanje ifuna ukutshintsha okusezantsi kunobangela ukuba kubekho isizathu esilindelekileyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkundla zezomthetho ziqhuba ulawulo lwezingcingo zocingo, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-data lwesizwe, ukuqokelelwa kokhuseleko lwesizwe ngokuchasene namalungelo obuqu.

IMiranda Nongenelelo

uMenda v. Arizona ihlala isinye sezigqibo eziphikiswayo. Abaxhasi bolwaphulo-mthetho bathi i-'popu's' ingumahla kwaye bavumela ukuba abakrokreleki abanetyala baphumele ukukhululeka. Abaxhasi benkqubo bawuphikisayo umnyanzelo kwaye bakhusele uMphetho wesihlanu olungileyo nxamnye nokuzichasa. Uphando lubonisa ukuba izilumkiso azithobi kakhulu i-Mirndas aziwanciphi amanani okuvuma; uninzi luwachaphaza amalungelo abo. Kodwa lo mthetho uhlala uluphawu olunamandla lomgaqo wokuba umele uluhlonele isidima somntu ngamnye xa esukela izaphuli-mthetho.

Plea Barganing: Isiqinisekiso sokuphumelela.

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aconjululwa ngokufaka izingcelele, hayi ngokuvavanya. Imodeli yolawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho idibanisa le ndlela elungileyo yokulawula ukuthwaliswa kweetyala. Imodeli efunekayo yokucela iingcinezelo zabamangalelwa abangenatyala ukucela ukungxengxeza ityala lokuphepha izigwebo ezingqongqo ("isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho"). Kumagunya amaninzi, abatshutshisi basebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngokumangalela abamangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluthwele ubuncinane obuyimfuneko, ngokunempumelelo. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yokuba inkqubo inganikela na okusesikweni xa kukho amatyala ambalwa. Inkundla ephakamileyo iqaphele ukuba ukucenga okucetyo yi "hayi ekwayayayaya ityala; [[FLD:] [FLD] [FUR]

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe Nenkululeko Yabemi

Emva kwe-9/11, uxinezeleko phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko lwakhula. Umthetho we-USA PATRIOT wandisa amandla okuhlola, kwaye urhulumente wasekuhlaleni wabambile erhanelwa ukuba ngabagrogrisi eGuantamo Bay ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Abameli benkqubo elindelekileyo bavavanya le nkqubo enkundleni, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo ezifana HAmdi v. I-Rumsteld[FLT] [2004], eyayikholelwa ukuba abemi base-U.S. bamele babe nethuba elibalulekileyo lokukhuphisana ngesiseko sokuvalelwa kwabo. Uthintela ubugrogrisi kunye nokugcina amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kuhlala kungummandla okhuphikiswayo.

Ukufumana Ulungelelwano Olufanelekileyo: Ukusuka Kwingcamango Yokuqhelisela

Umbuzo asikokuba ngaba inkqubo efanelekileyo okanye ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho lufanele lulawule, kukwakheka kwenkqubo enxulumene nazo zombini. Idemokhrasi esempilweni ifuna ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Nazi iindawo ezingundoqo apho ulungelelwaniso lungafunwa khona.

Imfundo nolwazi

Oothisha banendima ebalulekileyo ekufundiseni abafundi ngamalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokubaluleka kwenkqubo efunekayo. Ukuqonda iMithetho yesihlanu, yeSihlanu, neyeshumi elinesine yoLawulo lwezeMithetho kunika abemi amandla okuqinisekisa amalungelo abo nokugcina inkqubo ibeke ityala. Iinkqubo ezinika "alwazi amalungelo akho" kwizikolo kunye nabantu abahlala kuzo. Njengoko inqaku lokuqala liphawulile, ukufundisa abafundi ngezi ngcamango kukhuthaza inkqubo esesikweni. Abafundisi-o bangasebenzisa iimvavanyo ezikhoyo. [[FLT: 0] , [FLT:], [12], [ngendlela iGideon[FLT], okanye inkqubo ephakathi yeNtlambo engu-5], ibonisa indlela ekhusela ngayo bonke abantu abamangalelwayo.

Ubandakanyeko Loluntu Notshintsho

Iimodeli zamapolisa oluntu zizimisele ukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngeli xesha zisakha ukuthembana phakathi komthetho nabemi. Xa amapolisa ebonwa njengamaqabane kunokuba abe basebenzi, intsebenziswano kawonke-wonke, kwaye inkcazo yolwaphulo-mthetho enika ingxelo iphucula. Ingcamango yezomthetho ithetha ukuba abantu balindeleke ngakumbi ukuba bathobele umthetho kwaye basebenzisane namagunya ukuba bavakalelwa ukuba baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo. Amasebe amapolisa anokumisela iinkqubo ezigxininisa ukuba mhlophe, ukuphendula, ukuphendula. Iikhamera zomzimba, iibhodi zabaveleli-mikhosi, kunye nokuqeqesha ukucwala imbono epheleleyo yimizekelo yokuzama ukulungelelanisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ulawulo nomgaqo-nkqubo wejaji

Iinkundla kufuneka zihlale ziphaphele ekukhuseleni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, naxa ulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho luxhaphakile. Umthetho wokuzikhulula, nangona kuphikiswa, uthintela ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa ngokufaka ubungqina obungekho mthethweni ekuzameni. Abanye abameli bokungavumelani nomthetho, kodwa ukuwususa ngokupheleleyo kuya kulususa ukhuseleko lweSine Solawulo. Ukuthoba utshintsho, njengokunciphisa umlinganiselo onyanzelekileyo womthetho onyanzelekileyo nokususa imithetho emithathu yetyala elingaphazamisi gazi, kunganceda nako ukulinganisela isikali. UMthetho wokuqala ka-201818, owehlisa izigwebo ezisemgangathweni zomthetho ogunyazinzileyo nokwandisa iinkqubo zokulungisa, umela umgudu wokuhamba ukusuka kulwaphulo-mthetho.

Okusesikweni Okuzinzileyo: Indlela Yesithathu

Oku kumisela utshintsho kunikezelo lwenkqubo yokulungisa. Kudibanisa amaxhoba, izaphuli-mthetho, kunye namalungu oluntu ukuxubusha ngengozi ebangelwe yiyo nokuvumelana ngendlela yokuyilungisa. Le ndlela igxininisa ukuphendula nokuphilisa kunokufumana isohlwayo sodwa. Ihambisana nenkqubo efanelekileyo ngokuhlonela amalungelo awo onke amaqela kunye nokulawula ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokunciphisa ukupheliswa komthetho. Imithetho emininzi ngoku isebenzisa ubulungisa obulungisa kwiimeko zabantwana kunye namacala abantu abadala abaphantsi.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: [[FT: 0] Imithetho Yokuphumla yezizwe ngezizwe – Imboniselo [[FLT: 1]

Isiphelo: Ukufuna Okusesikweni Okuqhubekayo

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo nolawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho alumi ngapha nangapha ngezantsi. Idinga elikhulu le-U.S. limele lihlale lithe tye. Into efunekayo yinkqubo ekhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko olumanyeneyo. Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, lo mxholo unika isimbo esityebileyo sokuhlola ngaso amaxabiso axhasa ulawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi lwaseMelika. Idinga elikhulu lomGaqo-siseko lilokuba awunyanzeli ukuba kukhethwe ngokungeyo inyaniso phakathi kwenkululeko nolungelelwano. Endaweni yoko, unika isiseko sokunxibelelana loo mbambano ngemithetho, iinkundla, kunye neenkokeli zedemokhrasi. Njengabemi kunye nezomphuthu, kufuneka sibandakanye nezi ngeendlela ezibunono nezobubele, sisoloko sizama ukwakha inkqubo yokusesikweni ephila ngokweenjongo zayo eziphezulu.