Ukuqonda Isakhelo Somthetho Esiguqukayo Kwizivumelwano Zangaphambi Kweminyaka Engama - 50

Isigqibo esisemthethweni sezibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwasemtshatweni sifumene utshintsho olunzulu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo, ingakumbi ngephawu . Obergefell v. Hodges nge- 2015, esiqinisekisa ilungelo lokutshata kwilizwe lonke laseUnited States. Olu tshintsho luvule umnyango wezibini ezitshatileyo ezingoonobungozi ukuze zifumane imilinganiselo epheleleyo yamalungelo omtshato, kuquka amandla okungena kwisivumelwano esisemthethweni sobuprenuptyo. Noko ke, indlela yokungena kwisivumelwano esisemthethweni nenyanzelekileyo ibandakanya ulwelo oluntluntlukwano lwemithetho ye-9, ukupheliswa kwemeko engokobudala, ukuchasana okungaqhelekanga okuye kwahlukayo kwabo bajongene noxandulo oluchaseneyo. Ukuvumelana nokuvumelana nokuvakalayo, izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo azinakuko kodwa ziyindlela nje yemali, icandelo elifanelekileyo, ulwando oluthe luxhaswe luxandulo, kwano lokuqinisekisa iimfuno zemeko zobutyala, kwane neemeko ezingobulungisa, xa kuthe kuthe kuvunywa

Imbali Neziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Ezingokwasemthethweni

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2015, izibini ezingokwabelana ngokwesini eUnited States zajamelana nemithetho edityanisiweyo eyenza ukuba umtshato ungaqiniseki. I-United States engayamkeli izivumelwano ezingokwabelana ngokwesini eziye zanyanzeliswa ngokusemthethweni apho imitshato enjalo yayisemthethweni khona. I-Defense of Marrial Act (DOMA)[FOM] [[FOLD] [1] [1], echaza umtshato okhoyo njengomntu omnye nomfazi omnye oweenjongo yomthetho, idityanise omnye enzima. [5] Utshintsho lwe-DOMA's projectivessssssss inguacedt inguecedsss, ngokunjalo ingulowo uGeneecew'iecel'i, i-ok) kunye neminye imibutho engongongokwasemthethweni esemthethweni wokwahlukeneyo isetyenziswa kwimitshato engongongo yezo ezingomnye.

Iimfuno Zomthetho Zomthetho Zokusungula Izivumelwano Ezisemthethweni

Ukuze kunyanzeliswe, isivumelwano somthetho esiphambili kufuneka sanelise imigaqo emininzi esisiseko, kungakhathaliseki indlela esiqhutywa ngayo isini. Ezi mfuneko zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zikho ubulungisa, imvume yokuzithandela, kunye nokucacisa. Izibini ezingokwasemgaqweni kufuneka zinikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwilungu ngalinye kuba ukuphambuka kusenokumema imingeni, ingakumbi kwimimandla apho isimo sengqondo sokugweba malunga nemitshato efanayo sisenokuba singenzeli phambili.

Ukuvumana Nokuzithandela

Bobabini abo bangenele isivumelwano ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa, ukunyanzeliswa, okanye impembelelo engafanelekanga. Oku kuthetha ukuba isivumelwano asinakusayinwa phantsi kwesisongelo sokuphelisa umtshato okanye ezinye iintlobo zengcinezelo. Iinkundla ziya kuhlola iimeko ezikufutshane nokutyikitywa kwesayina, njengaxa kusenziwa intetho kunye nokubulawa. Isivumelwano esinikelwa iiyure ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba umsitho ugqalwe njengongabo. Izibini ezingokwangaphandle, iingcinezelo ezivela kwentsapho okanye kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni maxa wambi zinokuba negalelo elibalulekileyo ekubhaleni ukuba isigqibo sisenziwa ngokuzimela nangokuhlonelana ngokupheleleyo.

Imali epheleleyo

Ukwambulwa okupheleleyo nokunyanisekileyo kwazo zonke izinto, amatyala, ingeniso, kunye nezilangazelelo zemali kuyimfuneko engenakweyiseka. Iqabane ngalinye kufuneka linikeze ucaphulo olufanelekileyo noluchanileyo lwemeko yalo yemali. Ukusilela ukuchaza izinto ezibalulekileyo . "Ngaphandle koko ngengozi okanye ngengozi" kunika izibini ezingokwahlukileyo ityala lemali, njengamaxesha angaphambi kokuba umlinganiselo womtshato uqokelelwe ngokwahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokhuseleko olusemthethweni lomtshato. Ukutyhilwa ngokucokisekileyo kunceda ekuthinteleni iimpikiswano ezithethwini ngemali okanye amatyala alityangwayo.

Ibhalwe kunye nophulo

Isivumelwano sangaphambi komtshato kufuneka sibhalwe phantsi kwaye sityikitywe ngamaqela omabini. Izivumelwano zebhanile azinyanzeliswanga. Uxwebhu kufuneka luphunyezwe ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho efunekayo ngurhulumente, esenokuquka ukubhaliswa okanye ukunikela ubungqina. Amatyala amaninzi afuna ukuba isivumelwano sityikitywe kakuhle phambi komtshato ukuze kuphephe imbonakalo yesinyanzelo. Izibini ezingokwasexesheni kufuneka zihlole iimfuno zomgwebo okhethekileyo worhulumente, njengoko amanye amaphondo enezinye imithetho yangaphambili yemitshato edibanisa ixesha elisemva konyaka owe-Oberge.

Umelo lomthetho oluzimeleyo

Nangona kusoloko kungekho semthethweni, icebiso elizimeleyo elingokwasemthethweni kumntu ngamnye liyanconyelwa ngokungqongqo. Xa elinye iqabane lingenalo igqwetha, iinkundla zingahlolisisa enoba elo qabane liyawaqonda ngokupheleleyo amabinzana esivumelwano, ingakumbi ukuba ulwimi luntsonkothile okanye luxhasa omnye umntu. Ukuba nezibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo, ukuba namagqwetha ahlukeneyo aqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo zomntu ngamnye zikhuselekile kwiindawo ezisenokungaqheleki, ezifana nendlela ii-akhawunti zomhlala phantsi okanye izilangazelelo zeshishini ezifunyanwa ngaphambi komtshato ezimele zahlulwe ngayo. Kwezinye iindawo, ukungabi namelo lwamagqwetha okuzimele kunguno kusenokukhokelela kwisivumelwano esibekwe ecaleni.

Ucelomngeni lokunyanzelisa oluchanekileyo kwizibini ezingokwasemgangathweni

Kwanaxa i-prenst ihlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno ezisesikweni, isenokujamelana nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo lokunyanzelisa abantu. Le mingeni idla ngokubangelwa kukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni kwakutshanje kwemitshato engokwabelana ngesondo, ucaciso lwezobuzwe olwahlukeneyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ngokutsha.

Ukhuthuzo

Inkundla ingala ukunyanzelisa isivumelwano somtshato ukuba ifumanise ukuba inkxaso ekhoyo ingalawuleki, iphazamisa isazela, iluncedo olunye, okanye iphumele kwisiphumo esingalunganga ngexesha lokunyanzelisa. Izibini ezingokwasemgangathweni, into edibanisa imicimbi ekhoyo, isenokuqondwa. Umzekelo, isivumelwano sokuba inkxaso engaqhelekanga ingagqalwa njengengenayo ngokupheleleyo ukuba isenokungavumelani nesazela ukuba elinye iqabane linikezele umsebenzi othile ukuze lixhase ishishini lomnye okanye likhulise abantwana. Ngenxa yokuba izibini ezifanayo ezingokwembali zijongene nemiqobo yokutshata, abanye bangenza umsebenzi wobomi ngaphandle kokwenza umnatha wokhuseleko. Isivumelwano esiye esiye sabangela ukuba igatyalo singakwazi ukuchatshateka.

Uguqu-guquko oluguquguqukayo

Imithetho yezomthetho yahluke kakhulu ngokuphathelele oko izivumelwano zangaphambi konyaka zinokugubungela, indlela ezimele zihlanganiswe ngayo, nendlela ezimele zibekwe ngayo ecaleni. Ngokomzekelo, amanye amaphondo avumela ukumiswa kwamalungelo okulawula ukugcinwa kwabantwana nokuxhaswa, ngoxa amanye ewalela amalungiselelo anjalo kuba ephazamisana nomsebenzi wenkundla wokwenza okona kulungileyo komntwana. Izibini ezitshatileyo ezihlala kwimeko engaxhaswanga kangako yiLGBTQ+ amalungelo anokujamelana neengxaki ezongezelelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba isibini sihamba sisuka kwilizwe eliqonda ukuba isigaba saso sikwimithetho engekho semthethweni elungileyo, isivumelwano sisenokulawulwa ngokuphindiswa. Kububulumko ukuquka ukhetho lomthetho osemthethweni ongaphambili ukuze sichaze nokulawula imithetho yaso.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemithetho Efanelekileyo

Izibini ezininzi ezingoonogada zazinabahlobo abasondeleneyo ngaphambi kokuba umtshato uvunywe. Abanye basenokuba bangene kwizivumelwano zangaphambi komtshato phambi kokuba uObergefel xa bengenakutshata ngokusemthethweni kwimo yabo yasekhaya. Ukunyanzeleka kwezivumelwano ezinjalo zangaphambi kombhiyozo kungaba nzima. Iinkundla zidla ngokuxhasa ukutyikitywa kwangaphambi komtshato ngokujongene nomtshato osemthethweni, kodwa ukuba kamva isibini esitshatileyo kamva emva kokuba umthetho utshintshile, i-prenp ingafuna ukuqinisekiswa okanye ukuhlaziywa. Icebiso elisemthethweni elivela kwigqwetha elinamava eLBTQ kuyimfuneko ukuqulungela laloo matyala.

Ukhathalelo Olukhethekileyo kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezinesini

Ngapha koko, izibini ezinomnombo omnye kufuneka zicombulule inkxalabo ekhethekileyo ezingachaphazeli izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo. Ezi ziquka amalungelo obuzali, ucwangciso lwezindlu ngaphaya kolawulo, kunye neziphumo zerhafu yolwahlulo lwezixhobo.

Amalungelo Abazali namalungiselelo okugcina umntwana

Izivumelwano zangaphambi kokumiswa komntwana azinakumisela ukuba abantwana bagcinwe njani okanye baxhaswe ngenxa yokuba iinkundla zilawula igunya lokwenza izigqibo ezilunge ngakumbi kumntwana. Noko ke, ukugalela kwangaphambili kungawalungisa amalungiselelo emali abantwana, njengeendleko zasekholeji okanye i-inshorensi yobomi. Kubazali abafanayo, ingakumbi abo bamkela abantwana okanye basebenzisa ubugcisa bokuzala obuncedisayo (ART), i-prennup iyakwazi ukuchaza amathemba okwenza izigqibo kunye nenkxaso yemali ukuba ulwalamano luphelile. Noko ke, nawaphi na amalungiselelo azama ukulinganisela amalungelo omzali okanye inkxaso yomntwana akafane anyanzeki anyanzeleke. Kubalulekile ukwahluka phakathi kwezinto ezinokuqukulwa ngokusemthethweni kwimicimbi yangaphambi kokuqhama kwenkundla.

Ilifa Nesibonelelo Sefa

Izibini ezidibeneyo ezineemfuno ezintsonkothileyo zokuhlelwa kwefa ngenxa yokuba zisenokuba nabantwana abasuka kulwalamano lwangaphambili, izakhiwo zentsapho ezingezozasithethe, okanye impahla efunyenwe ngaphambi komtshato. Isivumelwano sesivumelwano sangaphambi komtshato singachaza ukuba liliphi ilungelo lokulifa leqabane ngalinye eliphantsi komthetho karhulumente elimele litshintshwe njani. Umzekelo, linokulichaphazela ilungelo lokufumana isabelo okanye ifa lefa. Noko ke, la malungiselelo kufuneka avumelane nemithetho yezabelo nempahla yoluntu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba isibini esifanayo selifa lefa limele lichaze indlela ezo mpahla eziya kuphathwa ngayo. Ngaphandle kokwenza ucwangciso lomthetho, iqabane elinokwenjenjalo linokulahlekelwa amalungelo emali ngempazamo, kodwa lilahle amalungelo alo ngenye ngokomthetho osemthethweni.

Izicelo Zerhafu

Uqhawulo-mtshato lunemiphumo yerhafu, kwaye isivumelwano somtshato singayichaphazela ngokungangqalanga imiphumo leyo ngokutyunjwa kweqabane elihlawulayo impahla nenkxaso yalo. Izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zifanele ziqonde ukuba nangona umthetho werhafu karhulumente ngoku uphatha imitshato efanayo phantsi kwe-IRS, imithetho yerhafu karhulumente isenokuhluka. Umzekelo, inkxaso yerhafu isenokuba ifanele ihlawulelwe irhafu iqabane elihlawulayo kunye nengeniso yerhafu ehlawulwayo kulowo ufumana iqabane phantsi komthetho karhulumente, kodwa ukuhlawula irhafu kusenokungahluka. Umthetho oquka igalelo lwenkxaso yerhafu kufuneka uphephe lerhafu engahlawulwa yimibhiwo. Ukuvavanyanisa igxafu okanye igqwethastrio-nterftivey

Ukufudukela Emazweni Ngamazwe Kwimithetho Eyahlukahlukeneyo

Izibini ezidibeneyo ezikwimeko efanayo ziya zihamba ngokukhula, kwaye ukutshintshela kurhulumente onomtshato owahlukileyo okanye imithetho yangaphambi kokuvunyelwana kungachaphazela ukunyanzeleka kwesivumelwano. Umzekelo, isibini esihlala kwimo yempahla yoluntu (njengeKhalifoniya) esiya kuphambukela kwimo eqhelekileyo yomthetho (njenge New York) sisenokufumana ukuba i-prentup yaso kufuneka iqwalaselwe kwakhona. Iinkundla ezintsha zinokusebenzisa inkqubo yaso yasekuhlaleni xa zihlola isivumelwano. i-ichoa-mthetho-ocesss translate [ kumthetho ochaza umthetho olawula imeko ethile (ngoko imeko apho ifuna ukuhlala) ezi ngxaki. Nokuba kunjalo, iinkundla azisoloko zinokubotshwa ukuba zikho ukuthotyelwa komthetho onamandla.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okulungisa Uphango Oluyimpambano

Ukudibanisa okuza kuhlala ixesha elide, izibini ezitshatileyo ezinokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini kufuneka zilandele inkqubo emiselweyo. La manyathelo alandelayo anokukunceda ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthetha ngetyala kwixesha elizayo kwaye aqinisekise ukuba isivumelwano sibonakalisa iinjongo zokwenyaniso zamaqabane omabini.

Ukuqokelela iinkcukacha zemali ezipheleleyo

Qalisa ngokuqokelela uluhlu olunenkcukacha zoluhlu lwazo zonke iimpahla, amatyala, kunye nemithombo yengeniso. Oku kuquka ii-akhawunti zebhanki, imali yomhlala-phantsi, umhlaba, utyalo-mali, izilangazelelo zoshishino, impahla yobuqu, kunye nelifa elilindelweyo. omabini lamaqela kufuneka anike le nkcazelo kwangoko kwinkqubo. Ukusebenzisa ikhasi lenkcazelo yemali, esoloko inikwa ngamagqwetha entsapho, kungaqinisekisa ukugqibeka. Kwizibini ezifanayo ezisexesheni, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikelwe kwimpahla ezisenokuba zifunyenwe ngexesha isibini sikwisivumelwano sasekhaya okanye kwimbutho yamakhaya, njengoko ezi zinokulawulwa yimithetho eyahlukileyo exhomekeke kwimo.

Yenza Izixhobo Zokudlala

Nokuba i-prenpu ibonakala icacile, iqabane ngalinye kufuneka lihlale lizimele njengegqwetha. Oku akungomncomo nje kuphela, kungumkhuseli obalulekileyo. Igqwetha lingayichaza iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni zelungiselelo ngalinye, lichonge imigibe, lize lithethelene ngamagama angenawo afanelekileyo. Ukuba elinye iqabane alinalo igqwetha, elinye igqwetha leqabane alinakumela omabini amaqela ngenxa yenkxalabo enomdla. Indleko yokuqesha amagqwetha amabini ingaphantsi kakhulu kwendleko yokuhlawula i-prennup engekho semthethweni kamva.

Ukuhlangabezana Neenguqu Zexesha Elizayo

Ubomi abunakubonwa. Ulungiso olulungiselelwe kakuhle lungaquka amalungiselelo oko kwenzekayo ukuba isibini sinabantwana, ukuba ingeniso yeqabane elinye iyanda okanye iyancipha, okanye ukuba iyafudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Iingxelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka amalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga (ukuqalisa kwangaphambi kwexesha emva kweminyaka ethile) okanye uhlengahlengiso oludibeneyo olunxulumene nomgama womtshato. Izibini ezifanayo ezingokwasexeni kufuneka ziqwalasele ukuba ingeniso yangaphambili kufuneka ihlaziye ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba zinyukele kwimithetho eyahlukeneyo.

Hlaziya

Isivumelwano sangaphambi kombutho asiloxwebhu olumileyo. Iziganeko zobomi obukhulu .(ukuzalwa komntwana, ukutshintsha komsebenzi, ilifa, okanye ukufuduswa) ziyakwazi ukunikezela amagama angaphambili angafanelekanga okanye anganyanzelekanga. Izibini kufuneka zimisele ucwangciso lokuhlola ukunyuka kwazo rhoqo kwiminyaka embalwa zicinge ukwenza isivumelwano sasemva kokuba kuyimfuneko. Izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwasexesheni, zitshintsha kwimithetho yesizwe okanye yorhulumente (ezifana nemigaqo emitsha yeLGBTQ+ iintsapho) zisenokuxhobisa imfuneko yokuzihlaziya. Ukugcina isivumelwano sinciphisa amathuba okumangalisayo ngexesha loqhawulo mtshato.

Isiphelo

Izivumelwano ezingokobufanayo zangaphambi kokwahlukana zinika izibini ezingokwasemtshatweni indlela enamandla yokuchaza iimfuno zazo zemali nezeemfuno zabazali, ukukhusela iimpahla, kunye nokunciphisa ingxabano kwisiganeko sokwahlukana. Ngoxa isiseko somthetho siye sazinza ngakumbi ukususela ekulinganani komtshato, iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zesizwe kunye neenkcubeko zembali. Ingqinela ukuba ukubekwa phambili kufanelekile kwaye kuyanyanzeleka kufuneka unikele ingqalelo enono kwimfuno ezingundoqo zokuvumelana kwabo, ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo, isimo esibhaliweyo, icebiso elibhaliweyo, kunye necebo elizimeleyo lomthetho. Ngaphezu koko, izibini ezitshatile ezitshatile zimele zingene kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo ezinxulumene namalungelo omzali, amafa, irhafu, kunye neengxabano. Indlela engcono yokufikelela kusebenza ngomthetho onamavayo womtshato oqhelekileyo, ezinokungena kwisivumelwano ezi meko zolwalamano ezimanyeneyo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, qwalasela ubuncwane obukhoyo kwi Icandelo loMthetho wentsapho yaseMelika kunye nezikhokelo zombuso- ngokomgaqo ku Nolo[. Soloko ubuza negqwetha elifanelekayo phambi kokwenza izigqibo ezithe gqiza malunga nesivumelwano sesivumelwano sequmrhu.