Ukuqonda Indlela Yokulungelelanisa Amalungu AseSabha

IBhunga lase-Raje Sabba, okanye iBhunga laseMerika, yindlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseIndiya. Imela amaphondo kunye nemimandla yamaqumrhu, inika iqonga kwimithetho-siseko eqingqiweyo, iingcali, kunye nabemi ababalulekileyo ukuba banikele kwimiqathango yowiso-mthetho neyokuphelisa ulawulo lwesizwe. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabhaha, enamalungu anyulwe ngokuthe ngqo ngabantu, iRajiya Sabhaha isebenza phantsi kwemimiselo eyahlukileyo yemithetho elawulayo kunye nemithetho elawulayo enokuba lilungu lesizwe. Le mithetho yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngabantu ngabanye kuphela abaqolileyo, abaqolileyo, abanobuchule abanezikhundla ezibumba inkqubo yesizwe. Eli nqaku linikela inkcazelo ecacileyo yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha ye-Rapyya Syaha, iimfuno-graccom, iimfuno zemithetho ezithene, iimeko ezithenjiweyo, i-ogqweqweqwe, i-ethego, i-ogqwe, i-ogqwele emva kwemigqwe, i

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samalungu

Iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo ukuze ube lilungu leRajeya Sabha zibekwe ngokuyintloko kumGaqo-siseko waseIndiya. Inqaku lama-84 libeka phantsi iimfaneleko ezisisiseko zokuba lilungu lePalamente, ngelixa iQumrhu le 102 liqhubana nokungagqibeki. La malungiselelo ongezelelwe kukufuziselwa koMthetho, 1951, kunye neminye imithetho enxulumeneyo. Abaquluneli bomGaqo-siseko bamisela ngabom izimfuneko zobudala obuphezulu kunye neemeko ezibanzi zomgangatho weRajiya Sabbaha xa kuthelekiswa neLok Sabhaha, ebonisa indima yegumbi njengesixhobo sokuhlaba kunye nobuchule bomzimba kwinkqubo yomthetho-mthetho.

Inqaku 84: Amalungiselelo Okungabi Nabungozi

Inqaku lama-84 lomGaqo-siseko lichaza iimfuno ezintathu eziyimfuneko kumntu ofanelekela ukuba lilungu leRaje Sabha:

  • Ikhazimeji: Umvotelwa kufuneka abe ngummi waseIndiya. Le meko iqinisekisa ukuba ngabo bafanele ukuthembeka kuhlanga kuphela abanokuba nenxaxheba ekwenzeni umthetho kumgangatho ophezulu.
  • [[NTL:0] Awukho: Ubuncinci beminyaka yobulungu yiminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Oku kungaphezulu kunemfuno yeminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu yeLok Sabhaha, ebonisa ulindelo lokuba amalungu ka Rajiya Sabha afanele abe noqolo oluphezulu, amava obomi, kunye nomgwebo.
  • ezinye iimfaneleko njengoko zimiselwe ngumthetho:[ UmGaqo-siseko uvumela iPalamente ukuba ichaze iimfaneleko ezongezelelekileyo ngomthetho. Okona kubalulekileyo kule meko kukufuziselwa koMthetho kaLuntu, 1951, okumisela ezinye iimeko ezinxulumene noluvotelwano kunye nomthamo osemthethweni.

Le migaqo-siseko yenza iliwa lokungalawuleki. Alingangeniyo kwaye asebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, nokuba banyulwa ngeendibano zemithetho-mthetho zikarhulumente okanye batyunjwe nguMongameli.

UMthetho kaRhulumente we-1951 we-1951, we-1951, we-CPF

Ngaphaya kwenqaku 84, Icandelo 3 lomelo loMthetho wabantu, 1951, libeka phantsi iimfaneleko zomthetho ukwenzela ukuba umntu akhethwe ukuzalisa isihlalo kwiRajiya Sabra. Lo Mthendeleko ufuna ukuba umlandeli:

  • Kufuneka ibhaliswe njengomvoti kwikhompyutha yepalamente, nangona le nto ithe gqolo ibhekisa kunyulo lukaRaje Sabba olungangqalanga.
  • Makungathotyelwa nakweyiphi na imiqathango edweliswe kuMthetho okanye kumGaqo-siseko.
  • Kufuneka bahlangabezane neemeko eziza kubenza bakwazi ukunyulwa njengelungu leNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko karhulumente – ebonisa ukuba umntu ufanele abe nobuchule bokumela unyulo olungqalileyo.

Ukongezelela, ummeli weRaje Sabha kufuneka abe lilungu leBhunga loMgaqo-siseko weBhunga (amazwana anendlu yowiso-mthetho ekwakheni umthetho) okanye afanelekele ukuba lilungu leNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko apho zinyulwa khona. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba i-gasta iqhelile umgangatho wolawulo okanye iinkqubo zemithetho.

Ukubaluleka Okufanele Kubonakaliswe Njengelungu Lendibano Yomthetho Karhulumente

UMgaqo-siseko (Article 173) umisela iimfaneleko zokufumana amalungu equmrhu lowiso-mthetho, elisebenza ngandlela-thile ku-Rajeya Sabhaha abatshakazi. Ezi ziquka ukuba ngummi waseIndiya ubuncinane iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ubudala (nakuba iRajiya Sabha ineminyaka ephezulu), kwaye zinezimfaneleko ezifunekayo phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uRajiya Sabha uSibha obe ukhe wasebenza kwiindibano zephondo okanye unolwazi olunzulu lwezobupolitika, nangona oku kungeyomfuneko engqongqo xa befikelela kwiminyaka encinane kunye nemeko yobumi yendibano.

I-ofisi Yengeniso Neengxaki Zomdla

Imeko enzima kaRajeya Sabba ubulungu – ngenene kuwo onke amalungu ePalamente – kukuba umtshateli makangaphathi ofisi yengeniso phantsi koRhulumente waseIndiya okanye urhulumente wesizwe, ngaphandle kokuba evunyelwe ngumthetho. ikhompathiswa yenzuzo [ ibhekiselele kulo naliphi na isikhundla esinika uncedo lwemali okanye ukunikezela inzuzo kurhulumente kwaye ingenza ungquzuzukiswano phakathi kwemisebenzi yempahla yempahla yendlu yendlu yempatho kunye neemfuno zayo kumphathi-mthetho ophetheyo. I-Phondo i-'intelee'' ibhekisele ekulondolozeni ukuzimela kwePalamente kunye nokuthintela izigqesho kwimpembelelo engafanelekanga kubenzi bomthetho abasebenzisa i-ofisi borhulumente.

UMgaqo-siseko (Article 102) ukhulula umntu ngokupheleleyo ekubeni lilungu lePalamente ukuba bakwisikhundla sengeniso. Noko ke, iPalamente inamandla okukhulula izikhundla ezithile kolu tshintsho ngomthetho. Umzekelo, uParliament (Ukwenziwa kweNtloko yokwenzakalisa) (uMthetho wokuLawula), u-1959 uchaza uluhlu lwee-ofisi ezingaqwalaselwanga ii-ofisi zenzuzo, njengolomzinikazi (ovunyelwe ngokomgaqo-siseko) kunye nezinye iindawo. Umba wesihlala umbandela ungumbandela wokucaciswa kwemithetho ne-paramente, kwaye abafuni kumele baqinisekise ukuba bangawisiswe yimeko engalunganga.

Izizathu Eziziinkcukacha Zokunganeliseki Kwamalungu ERaje Sabha

Imithetho yomGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho yonyulo ikwachaza izizathu eziliqela zokuba umntu angakufanelekeli ukunyulwa njengelungu leRajiya Sabha. Oku kungamaqhinga kunceda ukugcina ingqibelelo, ukuthembeka, nokuphumelela kwendlu ephezulu.

Umahluko womgaqo-siseko Phantsi kweGatya 102

Inqaku le-102 loMgaqo-siseko lidwelisa oku kungenziwa kulandelayo:

  • Ukubeka iofisi yengeniso phantsi kombindi okanye urhulumente wezwe, njengoko kuxoxwe ngapha.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukufumana ingqondo engekho ngqiqweni nokuvakaliswa yinkundla efanelekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ngabantu abanengqondo kuphela abanokukwazi ukuba ne-ofisi kawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuba ngumntu ongakhutshwanga kwintengiselwano. Umntu ophuthileyo kwaye ongakhululwanga kuloo ndawo engenako ukubamba iofisi yepalamente, njengoko ibuza ukuthandabuza ukuphumelela kwabo kwemali kunye namandla abo okulawula ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke.
  • Ukuba ngummi waseIndiya okanye ukuba wafumana ngokuzithandela ubumi bombuso welinye ilizwe. Oku kuqinisa imfuneko yokuthembeka ngokupheleleyo eIndiya.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukungaqiniseki okanye phantsi kwawo nawuphi na umthetho owenziwe yiPalamente. Le yiyo yonke intetho ebambayo equka ubuchule bokwenza izinto.

Ukwahlulwa kwemithetho phantsi komelo loMthetho wabantu, ngo-1951

Ukufuziselwa koMthetho kaRhulumente, 1951 (RPA) kongeza ukugqwethwa okungakumbi, okunxulumene nezenzo ezonakeleyo, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aquka:

  • Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho oluthile: Umntu ogwetywe ngetyala ogwetyelwe ukuvalelwa entolongweni iminyaka emibini okanye ngaphezulu akafanelekanga kumhla wokukholwa kwiminyaka emithandathu emva kokukhululwa. Noko ke, ukuba ukunyanzeleka kukubekwa kwetyala kwicandelo lesi-8 le-RPA (njengoqheliselo olukhohlakeleyo, olukhuthaza ubutshaba phakathi kwamaqela, ukunyoba, okanye lwezifefe ezinxulumene nonovolo), ixesha lokucima ityala linokuba lide kwaye libe lide ngakumbi.
  • Izenzo zobuGcisa: Ukuba iKhomishini yoNnyuso ifumanise ukuba umvotelwa ubandakanyeke kwizenzo ezonakeleyo (umz., ukunyoba, impembelelo engafanelekanga, ukuhlazisa, okanye ukubamba idokodo), zinokungaqinisekiswa kwixesha elide ukuya kwiminyaka emithandathu.
  • Ukufumana ityala lemali yonyulo: amarhampasi angakwaziyo ukunikezela iindleko zonyulo ngexesha elimiselweyo nolungiselelo angakwamkelwa kwixesha elilinganiselweyo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukwenziwa komsebenzi wesivumelwano sikaRhulumente: Umntu onesivumelwano norhulumente sokunikezela impahla okanye iinkonzo, okanye ukuphunyezwa kwawo nawuphi na umsebenzi, akafaneleki ekubeni lilungu lePalamente de isivumelwano sikhululwe ngokupheleleyo.
  • Uqinisekiso lomdla kwizivumelwano zikarhulumente okanye kumalayisensi: ulungiselelo olufanayo lukhona kubaphathi okanye amaqabane eenkampani okanye amaqumrhu anezivumelwano ezinjalo, ngaphandle kokuba lungahlawulwa ngumthetho.

Le mithetho igweba ukuhlahlela inyanzeliswa yiKhomishini yoNnyulo yaseIndiya kwaye ifanele ibhenele kwiinkundla. Yenzelwe ukuthintela iingxabano zomdla, ukuqinisekisa ihambo yokuziphatha, nokugcina uluntu lukholo kwinkqubo yonyulo.

Amalungiselelo Akhethekileyo Amalungu Aneminombo

Ukongeza kumalungu anyuliweyo, iRaje Sabha iquka amalungu alishumi elinesibini atyunjwe nguMongameli waseIndiya phantsi kweGatya lama-80 lomGaqo-siseko. La malungu atyunjwe ngokwemigaqo akhethwa phakathi kwabantu abazikhethele ngokwahlukileyo kuncwadi, kwinzululwazi, kwizobugcisa, nakwinkonzo yentlalo. Iimfaneleko zamalungu angenazithoba zahlukile ngandlel

  • Akuyomfuneko ukuba bahlangabezane neemfuno zokuhlala okanye zokukhetha ezisebenza kwabo banyuliweyo.
  • Noko ke, kufuneka banelise iimfaneleko ezisisiseko zomGaqo-siseko zokuba ngummi nobudala (iminyaka engaphantsi ka-30).
  • Akufunekanga bangafaneleki phantsi komphako weQumrhu 102 okanye iRPA.

Inkqubo yokutyunjwa yenzelwe ukuzisa iingcali kunye nobuntu obubalaseleyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, iingxoxo ezinika ubutyebi nolwazi olukhethekileyo kunye neembono ezingezizo ezecawa. UMongameli wenza inkcazo kwicebiso leBhunga labaPhathiswa, kwaye ukhetho lusoloko lukhokelwa ngokunconywa yikomiti okanye uluvo lukarhulumente lwemirhumo ebalaseleyo.

Uthelekiso neMda yoQokelela iLok Sabha

Ukuqonda i Rajeya Sabba kulula xa kuthelekiswa ne Lok Sabba. Umahluko ongundoqo ushwankathelwe ngezantsi:

  • I-Age: Lok Sabha ikwiminyaka engama-25 ubudala; Rajiya Sabha yiminyaka engama-30.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Citizeship: Zombini zifuna ubumi bamaIndiya.
  • Indlela yokhetho: Amalungu e-Lok Sabha anyulwa ngqo ngabantu bee-constituence; uRaje Sabha unyulwa ngokungangqalanga ngeendibano zemithetho yowiso-mthetho (okanye iindlu zolawulo zomanyano lwengingqi zisebenzisa ivoti enye edluliswayo) okanye zityunjwe nguMongameli.
  • Ixesha: Lok Sabha tenure yiminyaka emihlanu ngaphandle kokuba ithe shwaka ngaphambili; uRaje Sabha uyindlu esisigxina enamalungu athatha umhlala-phantsi omnye wesithathu qho kwiminyaka emibini (igama elineminyaka emithandathu elisetyenziswa kwilungu ngalinye).
  • Ukhuphiswano oluza kukhuphiswana: KuLok Sabha, umvotelwa kufuneka abe ngumnyuli nakuyiphi na ipalamente engqinelanayo; uRajiya Sabha, oza kubhaliswa njengomnyuli kwingingqi okanye kummandla apho zinyulwa khona, kwaye ngokubhekele phaya zifikelela iimfaneleko zamalungu equluni lemithetho.

Imfuno yobudala obuphezulu yeRaje Sabha igxininisa ukulindela ukuba amalungu ayo azise ubulumko, uzinzo, kunye noluvo olude kumthetho.

Inkqubo yonyulo notyumbo kwi Raje Sabha

Imilinganiselo yemowuni elungileyo ikwanxulumene nenkqubo yokuvota. Kwizihlalo ezinyuliweyo, abatshayeli kufuneka bafake iifayile zokuvota ezivumelana neemeko ezibekwe kwiRPA kwaye kufuneka zicetyiswe kwaye zibekwe ngomva ngamalungu engqungquthela yemithetho yesizwe. Unyulo luqhutywa ngenkqubo enye yokuvota edlulisiweyo, apho amalungu endibano avota ngebhoti efihlakeleyo. Isicatshulwa kufuneka sikhusele umlinganiselo othile weevoti ukuba zinyulwe. Ngethuba lokuvavanya uphando lwemiqathango, umphathi-mikhosi obuyayo uqinisekisa ukuba inyanise zonke iinjongo zemali ezikhoyo kwaye akafanele apheliswe. Nakuphi ukuchasa oku kunganyuswa kweli nqanaba.

Kumalungu atyunjweyo, uMongameli unika isaziso emva kokuthetha norhulumente. Amalungu atyunjweyo ayafunga aze athabathe isikhundla esifana namalungu anyuliweyo, kwaye aphantsi kwamalungiselelo afanayo okuhlaziywa, kuquka ukuvalwa komsebenzi wengeniso. Noko ke, akuyomfuneko ukuba arhoxe kwilungu lawo elingoochwepheshe ngaphandle kokuba abumba iiofisi zengeniso okanye iingxabano zomdla.

Indima yokungavisisani nokuhlaziywa

Imicimbi yokungacaciswa kuthenjiswa nguMongameli waseIndiya, osebenza ngecebiso leKhomishini yoNnyulo yaseIndiya phantsi kweGatya 103 lomGaqo-siseko. Xa kuphakama umbuzo wokuba ilungu elihleliyo liye lancitshiswa kusini na, uMongameli ubhekisa lo mbandela kwiKhomishini yoNxulumaniso ukuze afumane uluvo, kwaye isigqibo sikaMongameli sigqibele. Ngokufanayo, ukukhutshwa kwabanyulwa ngexesha lonyulo kugqitywe lisigqibo ligosa-gosa-gosa okanye iKhomishini yoNkqululo, ejongelwe yiNkundla ePhezulu neNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Esi siseko siqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zokungalungisi aziyondlela yobuqu kwaye zisekelwe kwimigaqo emiselweyo esemthethweni. Izigwebo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezingenakukhanyelwa zichanekileyo zichane umgangatho “wendawo yengeniso” nezinye izizathu, zinika ubuchule bokuxhasa ingqibelelo yeRajiya Sabha.

Ukubaluleka kwemida elungele ukubekwa koluhlu lwamagama yedemokhrasi

Imiqathango engqongqo yemfaneleko yamalungu eRajeya Sabba ayiyomiqathango yobuchule bobugcisa; isebenza injongo ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi. Ngokumisela imilinganiselo ephezulu yobudala, ubumi, kunye nokuma okusemthethweni, umGaqo-siseko ujolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imisebenzi yendlu ephezulu njengegumbi labadala, iingcali, kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi abanokunikela ingcinga yesibini ecacileyo kumthetho. Amalungiselelo okususa imigaqo akhusela kwiinkxwaleko, ukunganyaniseki, kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwaphulo-mthetho, ngaloo ndlela agcina intembelo kawonke-wonke kwimibutho yepalamente.

Ngaphezu koko, ukufakwa kwamalungu atyunjwayo kwimiba efana nobugcisa, inzululwazi, kunye nenkonzo yentlalo kunyusa intetho yepalamente ngobuchule obungeyozobupolitika.

Isiphelo

Ukuba lilungu leRajeya Sabha kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane neemeko ezicetywe ngenyameko ezibonisa indima ephawulekayo yegumbi kwingqungquthela yaseIndiya. Ukusuka kwiintsika zomGaqo-siseko zeminyaka, ubumi, kunye nobuchule obusemthethweni ukuya kumalungiselelo eeofisi zengeniso, izenzo zorhwaphilizo, kunye neenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, imilinganiselo yemali iyila inkqubo ebanzi yokukhetha abameli abafanelekileyo nabathembekileyo. Ukuqonda le migaqo ibalulekile kuye nabani na ozimisele ukukhonza kwindlu ephezulu, kunye nabemi abanqwenela ukuphendula abameli babo. Inkqubo, nangona ingefezekanga, iye yavela kangangamashumi eminyaka kwaye iyaqhubeka iphuculwa ngolwazi oluchazayo nolu hlobo lolawulo lwezomthetho, kunye nosukelo lonke usukelo lokomeleza umgangatho we-demokhrasi yaseIndiya.

Kwinkcukacha ezithe kratya, jonga kumbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko we-Indiya, iKhomishini yoKhetho yeIndiya izikhokelo, kunye PRS LegisParative Research[ yohlalutyo lweemfaneleko zepalamente.