Ukwazisa

Amandla karhulumente likrele elinokususwa kabini. Inceda ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano, okusesikweni, kunye nesenzo esidibeneyo, kodwa ikwanethuba lokuxhatshazwa nokungaphumeleli kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yegunya likarhulumente ifuna uvavanyo lononophelo lwendlela igunya nembopheleleko ekhoyo phakathi kwebutho labantu. Xa amagosa esebenzisa igunya, kufuneka enze njalo ngekhampasi ecacileyo, ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokulawula ngokunempumelelo kunye nezibopho abanazo kubantu abakhonzayo. Eli nqaku lihlola ukusetyenziswa kwegunya kunye nembopheleleko, ukuzoba nengcebiso elifanelekileyo phakathi kwemigaqo-mthetho yehlabathi, kunye nendima ecacileyo yabemi. Ukuqonda oku akuyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yemfundo ephambili yemfundo efundisayo, esemthethweni, neyokumgangatho wempilo ende yezolawulo lwezolawulo-demokhrasi.

Indalo Yamandla Karhulumente

Amandla karhulumente aqondwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngobuchule bawo bokwenza, ukunyanzelisa, nokuchaza imithetho. Le misebenzi isasazwa phakathi kwamasebe amathathu, negunya, kunye nejaji (igunya ngalinye elinoxanduva olukhethekileyo lwendlela yokuziphatha. Xa amandla egxininisa kwisebe elinye, imigaqo yokuziphatha kufuneka ibekwe endaweni yayo ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwawo kakubi. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngokwako kuyinkqubo engokwesiko elungiselelwe ukuvavanya igunya nokukhuthaza ukuphendula. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwisebe ngalinye kuphakamisa imibuzo efuna ingqalelo esondeleleneyo.

Amandla Omthetho Nokwenza Imithetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linegunya lokuyila nokulungisa imithetho. Eli gunya lisisiseko kuba limisela imithetho elawula ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukubekwa komthetho kufuna ukuba abalawuli bamele izilangazelelo zoorhulumente babo, baphephe iimbambano zomdla, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba imithetho ingawenzi amaxhoba angenabungozi. Ucelomngeni olungundoqo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha lubakho xa abenzi bomthetho befaka umthetho imithetho enceda amaqela anomdla onciphileyo ngokulahlekelwa nguwonke wonke. Ukubonakala kweekomiti kwiindlebe kunye nengxoxo kawonke wonke kubalulekile ekusekeleni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngendlela yomthetho.

Amandla Nobulumko

Amandla olawulo aquka ukugcinwa kwemithetho kunye nokulawulwa kwemigaqo karhulumente. Oomongameli, abalawuli, kunye namaqumrhu olawulo badla ngokusebenzisa igunya elinobuchule elingunolwazi-"] ukukwazi ukwenza izigqibo kwiimeko apho umthetho ungekho mthethweni ngokupheleleyo. Oku kusenokuba yingozi ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha xa kusetyenziswa inzuzo yobuqu okanye ukungenelwa. Imbopheleleko engokokuziphatha yamagosa aphetheyo kukusebenza ngomdla wasesidlangalaleni, ukwenza umgwebo osengqiqweni, nokuhlala umele uphendule kowo omabini umthetho nabantu. Ukwanda kwemiyalelo yezolawulo kunye nolawulo lweziko kukhundla kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuye kwakhulisa imfuneko yokuba nolawulo olufanelekileyo.

Amandla Okugweba Nokungakhethi Buso

Ijaji ichaza imithetho kwaye isebenzisa okusesikweni. Isiseko sayo sokuziphatha sisekelwe ekungakhethi buso, ekuzimeleni, nasekuthembekeni kumthetho. Abagwebi kufuneka babeke ecaleni ikhethe lobuqu kunye neengcinezelo zobupolitika ukuze badlulisele imithetho esesikweni. Imingeni engokweziko enjengeyokugweba ngokuchasene nokuzibamba, impembelelo yegalelo kwimirhumo yokunyulwa kwamajaji, nokuqondwa kocalucalulo kumatyala aphezulu kufuneka balumke ngokuqhubekayo. Imigaqo yemilinganiselo yemigaqo yezomthetho kunye nezenzo zokuzingxengxengxengelwa inceda ekugcineni intembelo yasekuhlaleni ekugqibeleleni kwenkqubo esemthethweni.

Iingcebiso ZezobuGcisa Negunya Lorhulumente

Ukuvavanya imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yegunya likarhulumente, umntu kufuneka asebenzise iingcamango ezimiselweyo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ezi ngcamango zentanda-bulumko zinika iilensi zokuvavanya ukufaneleka kwemigaqo yokuziphatha yezenzo zikarhulumente. Iingcamango ezintathu eziphambili ``i-utalitarianism, i-devontistology, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha elungileyo-------ebonisa iimbono ezahlukileyo kodwa ezi-ephelelisiweyo. Nganye inentsingiselo yendlela igunya elimele lisetyenziswe ngayo nendlela elimele liqondwe ngayo.

Imfundiso Yecawa: Eyona Ngxaki Ilungileyo

I-Utilitarianism ithi isenzo esingcono seso sinyusa ulonwabo okanye uncedo lonke. Kumongo wegunya likarhulumente, le ngcamango ixhasa iinkqubo ezivelisa eyona nzuzo inkulu kwinani elikhulu labantu. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi, ubugqwesa-cala bungathethelela izenzo ezingekho sesikweni `njengokuncama amalungelo amancinane entlalo-ntle yoluntu oluninzi (*ukuba isiphumo senetha siluncedo. Ngoko ke oorhulumente kufuneka basebenzise ingqiqo eluncedo, beqinisekisa ukuba abawatyesheli amalungelo asisiseko ekuphunyezweni kwe-aggregate elungileyo. Umzekelo, imigaqo yempilo kawonke idla ngokuxhomekeka kulwano oluluvo oluqhelekileyo kwingqiqo yoluntu, kodwa kufuneka ilungelelaniswe noncedo lomntu ngamnye. [FLDY:]

Inzululwazi Ngeenkqubo Zokuziphatha: Imisebenzi Nemithetho

Inzululwazi yezonyango igxininisa ukubaluleka kokulandela imithetho nemisebenzi yokuziphatha, kungakhathaliseki imiphumo. Kumagosa karhulumente, oku kuthetha ukuphakamisa imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, ukuhlonela inkqubo efanelekileyo, nokungavumi ukwaphula amalungelo kwanaxa ukwenjenjalo kusenokuvelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo. Inzululwazi yokusebenza kwendalo inikela ukhuseleko olunamandla lwenkululeko yasekuhlaleni namalungelo abantu. Indlela yolawulo lwezonyango ingakuthintela ukuthuthunjiswa kwanokuba kungasindisa ubomi, ngenxa yokuba isenzo ngokwaso siphosakele. Le ngcamango ixhasa ingcamango yokuba igunya likarhulumente linyanzelwa yimisebenzi yokuziphatha okungalawulekiyo.

Imilinganiselo Yesidima: Iimpawu Ekululeni

Isimilo sijolise kumgangatho wokuziphatha okuhle wabenzi bezigqibo kunokuba ijonge kwimithetho okanye kwiziphumo. Inkokeli enesidima ibonisa iimpawu ezinjengokunyaniseka, inkalipho, ingqibelelo, kunye nemfesane. Kurhulumente, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ibuza enoba amagosa aneempawu zokuziphatha ezifunekayo ukuze asebenzise igunya ngokufanelekileyo. Le mbono ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuqeqesha ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, imilinganiselo yenkonzo kawonke-wonke, kunye nesithethe sokuthembeka phakathi kwamaziko. Xa iinkokeli zingenazo isidima, kwanezona zivavanyazo ziququ zebutho zisenokusilela ekuthinteleni ukuphambuka kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Igunya Nembopheleleko

Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya nembopheleleko lungundoqo kulawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Igunya libhekisela kwilungelo elisemthethweni lokuyalela nokunyanzelisa izigqibo. Kwelinye icala, imbopheleleko engokokuziphatha, yimbopheleleko yokuthatha inyathelo ngokweenzuzo zabo bachaphazelekayo lelo gunya. Xa ezi ngcamango zimbini zilungelelene, oorhulumente bafumana ukuthembana okusemthethweni nokunguwonke-wonke. Xa igunya lisetyenziswa ngaphandle kwengqiqo efanayo, umnyango uvulekela kwigunya elilawulayo nokonakala.

Umgaqo Wokuziphendulela

Ukuphendula kuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente anokuphendula ngezenzo zawo. Isebenza ngobuchule obufana nonyulo, uhlolo lomthetho, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho, kunye nokuphendula ngokwawo. Ngaphandle kokuphendula komthetho, igunya liba namandla angathintelwanga. Ulawulo lweziko lifuna ukuba amagosa angalandeli umthetho kuphela kodwa akwamele athethelele izigqibo zawo kubantu bonke. Ukuziphendulela kubandakanya ukuvuma kwamagosa ukwamkela iziphumo zokwenza okubi, kuquka ukuyeka okanye ukungangeneli xa kuyimfuneko.

Ukucaca Njengokhuseleko

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kwengqondo kubandakanya unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo, ulwazi olufikelelekayo, kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezicacileyo. Kuvumela abemi ukuba bahlolisise izenzo zikarhulumente baze bagcine amagosa ephendule. Imithetho enjengenkululeko yomsebenzi wolwazi nemfuno ezivulekileyo zentlanganiso zizixhobo eziluncedo zokukhuthaza ukubonakala kwelinye icala. Noko ke, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kufuneka kulungelelaniswe neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zokufihla imfihlo, njengokhuseleko lohlanga kunye nelungelo lobuqu. Ucelomngeni lwemithetho lukuko ukufumanisa xa imfihlo ifanelekile kwaye xa iba likhusela ukuziphatha okubi.

Ukwakha Nokuxhasa Intembelo Kawonke - wonke

Ukholose ngoluntu luyimpahla engathethekiyo ebangela ukuba oorhulumente basebenze ngokunempumelelo. Xa abemi bekholosa ngorhulumente wabo, bayavumelana nemithetho, bayayihlawula irhafu, kwaye baba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu. Ukuthemba kuyaphela xa amagosa esenza izinto ngokungekho mthethweni, ebeka phambili inzuzo yobuqu, okanye engaphumeleli ukunikela izithembiso. Ukuthembana ngokusisigxina kudinga ukuziphatha okuzinzileyo ngexesha elithile, ukucela uxolo olunyanisekileyo ngenxa yokungaphumeleli, kunye notshintsho lokwakha ukuthintela ukuziphatha okubi kwixesha elizayo. Uxatlelo olufanelekileyo lukarhulumente alungokwenza into elungileyo kuphela kodwa lukwabonwa njengokwenza into elungileyo.

Uphando lwemeko kulawulo lweziko

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene icacisa iingxaki ezikhoyo kumandla karhulumente. La matyala alandelayo abonisa indlela igunya nembopheleleko enokungena ngayo kwiingxabano kunye nezifundo ezinokufunyanwa kuloo mava.

Isikwenkwe Samanzi

Ihlazo leWatergate lobuGadi boo1970 lingumzekelo obalaseleyo wokungaphumeleli kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kurhulumente. Ulawulo lukaMongameli Richard Nixon olubandakanyeke ekuphulweni kwikomkhulu leKomiti yezobuzwe yeDemocratic kwaye emva koko wazama ukuligquma ngezenzo ezingafanelekanga zolawulo oluphezulu. Eli lihlazo labonisa indlela igunya elingathintelwa ngayo likhokelele ekungekho mthethweni nasekuziphatheni ngokusemthethweni. Ukurhoxiswa kweNixon kunye nokutshutshiswa kwamagosa amaninzi kwamagosa kwagxininisa ukubaluleka kokuphendula. Amanzi kwakhona akhokelela kutshintsho olubalulekileyo kwimiqathangolelo yezempempempe, imithetho yemithetho yokuziphatha, kunye nolawulo lwengqungqungquthela. Umthombo wangaphandle: [FLT: 0] Izibonelo zogcino-Mali zemali zelizwe zelizwe zelizwe. [FLT.FLD:1]

Indlela Asabela Ngayo Kwinkanyamba UKatrina

Ukusabela kwesizwe nelorhulumente kwiSitshingitshane uKatrina ngo-2005 kwabhenca ukusilela okunzulu komsebenzi. Ukulungiselela okucothayo, ukwenza izigqibo, kunye nokusebenzisana okungentle kwaphumela ekubandezelekeni okungeyomfuneko kumawaka abantu, ngokukodwa ekufumaneni imali ephantsi kunye namaqela amancinane. Imilinganiso esesikweni yayiquka imibuzo yokungamelani kobulungisa obu-okrula kwaye ufumana uncedo kunye nomsebenzi wamagosa owenze ukwenzeka ngokusebenza ngokuphandle kwiingozi ezaziwayo. Intlekele katrinathe yakhokelela ekuguquleni ulawulo lwexesha likaxakeka, kodwa ikwasebenza njengentsomi ngeziphumo ze-bhusayithi ye-triacratia ebangela ukuba ityala kwaye ukungabikho kokuphendula kwemeko. [[FLT.FL:] GA [F:] Ingxelo yenkquluntsProso kaKatrinayi

IPONTID-19

Isifo se-COVID-19 esigqugqisayo sanika oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke iingxaki ezingenakuthelekiswa nanto. Ukulungelelanisa amanyathelo empilo kawonke-wonke ngokuchasene nenkululeko yabantu, ukuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho, kunye neempembelelo zempilo yengqondo kwafuna ugwebo oluchanekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamagqubungelo, ukutshixa, kunye nemichiza yokugonya kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngemiqathango yegunya likarhulumente. Abanye oorhulumente bathatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza nangendlela ecacileyo, ngoxa abanye belibazizisa okanye befihlele ulwazi lwabo. Uxanduva lwemithetho engundoqo lokukhusela abantu abachaphazekileyo ``iiiiiiiiiiiiiiimeko ezikhoyo'') ibonelela imeko yehlabathi lonke.

Indima Yabemi Kulawulo Lweenkokeli

Abemi abangoovimba abangenamdla kumandla karhulumente; banegalelo elisebenzayo kwimekobume yemithetho elawulayo. Ukuganana kwabo kunelungelo nembopheleleko. Xa abemi benolawulo oluya kuba netyala, banceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba igunya lisetyenziswa ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngokuchasene noko, ukungakhathali nokungakhathaleli kuvumela izenzo ezingekho mthethweni ukuba zikhule.

Ukuncoma njengomthetho

Ukungxolisa yeyona ndlela isisiseko yokuphembelela urhulumente. Ngokukhetha abameli abavumelana nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, abemi bangaqhuba ulwalathiso lwenkqubo kunye nolawulo. Noko ke, ukuvota kusebenza kuphela xa kufundiswa kwaye kuqwalaselwe. Abami banembopheleleko esesikweni yokufundisa ngeendawo zabathathi-nxaxheba, iirekhodi, kunye nokuthembeka. Umvoti ophantsi okanye uvotelo olungenalwazi lukwenza buthathaka ukuphendula kwemithetho ngokwesiko kwamagosa anyuliweyo.

Ubuchule nomthetho

Ngaphandle kokuvota, abemi banokubandakanyeka kwizenzo ezingafanelekanga ukukhuthaza iinkqubo zezemfundo entle. Oku kuquka ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, ukubhalela abasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho efuna ukuphendula oorhulumente. Ukuqhatha kunika ingqwalasela kwimibandela enokuhlala ifihlakele . Ngokufana nokungalungisi kwemekobume, okanye ukunganyaniseki. Ulawulo lweziko lobupolitiko luyaqiniswa xa abemi bephakamisa amazwi abo ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya.

Intetho Yasesidlangalaleni Nenkululeko

Intetho yesidlangalala elungileyo ibalulekile ekulawuleni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ivumela iimbono ezahlukeneyo ukuba ziviwe, zikhuthaza ukuqondana, kunye nocelomngeni lokucinga ngeqela. Abami ababandakanyeka kwingxubusho enentlonelo / "ngomntu okanye kwi-intanethi" babonisa inkcubeko yokuziphendulela. Noko ke, inkohliso kunye nokuthatyathwa kwemimandla enetyhefu bayijongele phantsi le nkqubo. Abahlali banembopheleleko esesikweni yokufuna ulwazi olunokuthenjwa nokubandakanyeka kwingxubusho yokholo olulungileyo ngemilinganiselo emele ikhokele inyathelo likarhulumente.

Iingxaki Zokulungelelanisa Igunya Nembopheleleko

Phezu kwazo nje iinjongo ezintle, oorhulumente bajamelana nemiqobo engapheliyo yokugcina ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya nembopheleleko.

Ukwaphulwa Kwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

Ukunganyaniseki kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kawonke-wonke ukuze kuzuziwe. Kufuneka iindlela ezininzi: ukunyoba, ukunyoba, ukurhwebelana, intlawulo, kunye nempembelelo engafanelekanga kwiinkqubo. Ukunganyaniseki kuphelisa ukuthembana, kugqwetha izigqibo, kwaye kuphula umthetho ofanelekileyo wamagosa wokunceda uluntu. Ukulwa ukunganyaniseki kufuna imithetho eqinile echasene nokunganyaniseki, imibutho ezimeleyo, ukukhuselwa kwempepho, kunye nenkcubeko yokuthembeka. Amazwe anenkohlakalo asoloko echaphazeleka ngenxa yokunga kakuhle koncedo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokungalingani kwabantu.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Ucalucalulo olunzulu lungaphazamisa urhulumente luze luphelise imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Xa ukunyaniseka kwiqela elithile okanye kwiingcamango kuphazamisa ukubophelela kwinyaniso nakubulungisa, ukwenza izigqibo kuyaphazamiseka. Ukwenziwa kwecawa kudla ngokukhokelela kwimiqathango ephezulu, ukuphetshwa kwendlela enzima yokukhetha imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nokuwohloka kwesivumelwano kwimigangatho esisiseko. Ulawulo lwe-Ethical lufuna iinkokeli ezikulungeleyo ukunqamleza imida yeqela xa kuyimfuneko kwaye zibeka phambili inzuzo eqhelekileyo kune-propati.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Neengcinezelo Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kwenza kube nzima ukulawula imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokungenisa abadlali bangaphandle kunye neengcinezelo. Izivumelwano zorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, imibutho yezizwe, kunye neemarike zemali zomhlaba wonke zingalinganisela amandla oorhulumente besizwe okuzimela ngokwabo. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente usenokunyanzelwa ukuba athobe imilinganiselo yemekobume ukuze atsale utyalo-mali lwamazwe angaphandle, nto leyo edala ukungavisisani phakathi kokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho nemekobume. Ukulinganisa ulawulo lwesizwe neemfanelo zomhlaba wonke kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kunye nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Isiphelo

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yegunya likarhulumente asiyonkxalabo yentanda-bulumko engabonakaliyo . Zineziphumo ezisebenzisekayo kubomi bommi ngamnye. Ukulinganisa igunya kunye nembopheleleko yokuba oorhulumente basebenze ngokuziphendulela, ngokubonakala, kunye nokuzibophelela ngokunyaniseka kwizinto ezintle zikawonke-wonke. Iingcamango zenzululwazi zinika ukhokelo, xa kusenziwa izifundo, kwaye ukubophelelana kwabemi kuqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlala ekhona. Njengoko ibutho labemi litshintsha kwaye lijongana neengxaki ezintsha zokwenza utshintsho lwemozulu, kuyakhula. Ulawulo kunye nabemi ngokufanayo kufuneka basebenze kunye ukuxhasa iziseko ezifanelekileyo zokuziphatha kwaye baqinisekise ukuba amandla asebenze okusesikweni, hayi ngokwalo.