Ulwalamano oluphakathi koMongameli kunye neBhunga leMicimbi luyinxalenye esisiseko karhulumente wase-United States. Ukuqonda amagunya abo kubalulekile kuye nawuphi na onomdla kwimbali nezobupolitika zaseMerika. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. waseka inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, isasaza igunya phakathi kolawulo oluphezulu, uwiso-mthetho, namasebe okulawula. UMongameli .(_"eyintloko yesebe elilawulayo/neBhunga). . .Njengawona amanqaku abonakalayo kwimithetho yezopolitili eMerika.

Isakhelo somGaqo-siseko sokwenziwa kwamandla obuMongameli

Inqaku II loMgaqo-siseko libeka igalelo igunya elilawulayo kuMongameli waseUnited States. Nangona la mabinzana enziwe ngokufutshane kunenqaku lowiso-mthetho, indima kaMongameli inyusiwe kakhulu ngokuqhelisa, ngemizekelo, nangenkcazelo. Abafaki-nkqubo babefuna uMongameli ukuba abe ligunya elomeleleyo, elimanyaneyo elikwaziyo ukwenza ngokukhawuleza/ngokungaphazanyiswanga yimida. Namhlanje, amandla omongameli awela kwiindidi eziliqela ezinxulumeneyo.

Amandla wanika igunya

UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo, ejongene nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Oku kuquka ukuvelela isebe elikhulu lamasebe kunye namasebe, ukusuka kwiSebe Lokhuselo ukuya kwi-Evironmental Proclation Agency. UMongameli ukwanegunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yolawulo olulawulayo .. Nangona kungeyo imithetho elawulayo iphethe umthetho ngaphandle kokuba iphendulwe yiBhunga okanye ihlaselwe ziinkundla. Imizekelo engakholelekiyo iquka i-Emanpaporation Prolationation progamentation kunye nokudalwa kwezakhiwo zesizwe zesikhumbuzo phantsi koMthetho we-Anties.

Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli unegunya elibalulekileyo lokumisa. Ngecebiso nemvume yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, uMongameli umisela amalungu ekhabhinethi, oonozakuzaku, abagwebi bephondo, nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo. Le nkqubo yokumisela imo yeliso kangangamashumi eminyaka. UMongameli uyakwazi ukususa amagosa aphezulu esebe ngoko kuthanda, enika ulawulo oluthe ngqo kwiinkqubo zolawulo.

Amandla oMthetho

Nangona uMongameli engeyolungu leBhunga, badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Esona sixhobo sinamandla yiveto: uMongameli angawachasa amatyala adluliswa ngawo omabini amagumbi. IBhunga lingayisusa kuphela iveto ngobuninzi obuzii-3 ezimbini kuphela kwigumbi ngalinye. /a ephezulu ibambo enqabileyo ephumelela. Isisongelo seveto iyodwa ifumbele umthetho. UMongameli unokubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zeKhonkqele (nakuba eli gunya liye laphelelwa lingasebenzi) kwaye rhoqo imigaqo yowiso-mthetho ithetha ngomgaqo-mthetho okwimeko-Mgaqo-siseko weSizwe. Abameli banamhlanje badla ngokuchaza uqingqo-mali nomthetho ocwangciiiiiiiii.

Amandla Omkhosi Nawamanye Amazwe

UMgaqo-siseko umisela uMongameli njengoMphathi-mikhosi okwiNtloko exhobileyo. Oku kunika uMongameli ulawulo olusebenzayo kumkhosi kunye namandla okuyalela amajoni ukuba alwe. Noko ke, yiBhunga kuphela elinokwazisa imfazwe, ukuxinezeleka okuye kwakhokelela kumashumi eminyaka. Ukususela kwiMfazwe yehlabathi II, ooMongameli baye babophelela imikhosi yase-U.S. e-Iraq, e-Iraq, kunye ne-Afghanistan ngaphandle komthetho wokuyimisela imfazwe. [[FLT: 0] Isigqibo semfazwe seMikhosi yemfazwe siso i-1973 [[#FLT:1] izama ukuphinda i-Asbeequagion, ifuna ukuba uMongameli wamazwe azise ii-Creast Congressting kwiiyure ezingama-80 zemikhosi ewenzayo kwaye arhoxesheni emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba igunyaziwe.

Kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, uMongameli unamandla okuqhubana ngezivumelwano (ngee-3 ezimbini ze-Stelen ezivunyiweyo) nokungena kwizivumelwano zesebe elilawulayo (ezingafuni iNdlu yeeNyanga). UMongameli ukwamkela iingingqi zangaphandle kwaye aqaphele abanye oorhulumente (amandla anokubumba ulwalamano lwe-U.S. ngaphandle kokuphinda aqashelwe nguMongameli kwiinkqubo zangaphandle, ekhankanya imfuneko yomanyano nemfihlelo.

Amandla Okugweba

UMongameli umisela abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukubumba ityala ngokwezizukulwana. Oku kumiswa kufuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, okuye kwasiba nengxabano ekhulayo. UMongameli ukwanegunya lokunika imvume yokuxolela nokuxolela amatyala karhulumente . ngaphandle kwamatyala okungathobelwa. AmaPardon agqibelelekanga yaye akanakupheliswa yiBhunga okanye iinkundla. Ukuxolela okuphezulu kwe-atrofile, okunjengo-Gerald Ford Forxon, kubonisa ububanzi beli gunya.

Indima Namandla Engqungquthela

Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko linika onke amagunya owiso-mthetho. Lisebe lokuqala nelinamandla adwelisweyo, elicetywe ukuba libe kufuphi nabantu. Ingqungquthela ineegumbi ezimbini: Indlu yabameli, enamalungu anyulwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini esekelwe kubemi, kunye neNdlu yeNtlalo yamaBhunga, enamalungu amabini ezwe ngalinye elinyuliweyo qho emva kweminyaka emithandathu. Esi sakhiwo se-bidamaral siqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu bayame kwaye bayalingana.

Igunya loMthetho

Umsebenzi oyintloko weBhunga kukwenza imithetho. IiBhili kufuneka zidlulise omagumbi omabini ngendlela efanayo zize zinikwe uMongameli ukuze atyikitye okanye anikezelwe. Le nkqubo ibandakanya iikomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye nokulungisa. Ingqungquthela ikwanamandla okulawula imimandla kunye norhwebo lwangaphandle, irhafu, imali yokuboleka, imali yemali, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, nokunikezela ngokhuseleko olufanayo. I-"Nesary and stive" Classiasce I, Icandelo lesi-8, u-Classiace 18) inika iBhunga lomthetho omele ukuqhuba amagunya ayo aphindaphindiweyo, ulungiselelo oluye lwaxhasa ulwando olukhulu lwegunya lorhulumente.

IBhunga likwanamandla okubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukulungiselela nokugcina umkhosi wamanzi, nokumisela imithetho yomkhosi. Ngoxa uMongameli elawula imisebenzi yomkhosi, ulawulo lweBhunga lokuxhasa ngemali kwaye engazimisela imida. Amandla esingxowa semali angolunye lweengxibo zeBhunga eliphetheyo.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye neengcebiso

IKhomishini ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kuqingqo-mali kunye nenkqubo yokuququzelela. Akukho mali inokukhutshwa kuTshempani ngaphandle kokubekwa ngokomthetho. Oku kunika iNgqungquthela impembelelo enkulu kulawulo oluphezulu. UMongameli ucebisa uqingqo-mali, kodwa uCongress ubhala ityala eliyokwenene lokuchitha imali. Ukungaphumeleli ukudlulisa iingxelo kungakhokelela kurhulumente ozinzileyo.

Ukulawula Nophando

IBhunga linegunya eliphangaleleyo lokuvelela isebe eliphetheyo. Oku kuquka ukubamba amatyala, ukuchophela amaxwebhu namangqina, kunye nokuphanda. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa njengenjongo yokusetyenziswa nokubhenca inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhaphaza. Ukuququzelela kulelona sixhobo sinamandla: iNdlu inokumgawula uMongameli (okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente) ngenxa "yesizathu, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nokungalungisi kakuhle," kunye neNdlumo yeBhunga liba lisenza ityala lokugqiba ukususwa. Kuphela koomongameli ababini abagwetyiswe yiNdlukwano yeNdlukwano; owesithathu urhoxilongo olubonakala lungachanileyo. Eli gunya lokungathethisiyo lisoloko lisetyenziswa.

Icebiso Nemvume

ICathenal inamagunya akhethekileyo okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-rafy. Le ndima "imvume kunye" ithetha ukuba iNdlu yeQela kufuneka ivume oonobhala-mthetho, abagwebi borhulumente, oothunywashe, namanye amagosa aphezulu amisayo. Le nkqubo iye yaba yeyokuthatha ixesha eliphezulu, ngokulibaziseka nokulahlwa okuqhelekileyo. Iintlanganiso zifuna uninzi lweziko leCante, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abalawuli bephondo bajikele kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezifuna uninzi kuphela kwimidathathu yodwa.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano: Uxinzelelo Phakathi Kwamasebe

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yenzelwe ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. UMongameli kunye neNgqungquthela kufuneka zisebenze kunye ngoxa iphinde iphendulane. Le nto idibanisa idala intsebenziswano kunye nokungquzulwano, kwaye ibalulekile kulawulo lwaseMerika.

I Veto kwaye Ingabikho

Iveto enguMongameli kukuhlola ngqo kwiNgqungquthela. Xa uMongameli ekhupha umthetho, ibuyela kwiBhunga, elinokujika liphinde lihambe ngesibini sesithathu sovoti kwigumbi ngalinye. Ukungasebenzisi kunqabile qha qha , phantse 4% yeevetos zikhathele kwimbali yase U.S. noko ke, isisongelo nje seveto singanyanzela iBhunga ukuba lilungise umthetho. Ngokuphikisanayo, iveto ingaba yi-chip edibaniselanayo kwingxoxo. Umgca-veto, ovumela uMongameli ukuba abethe izinto ezithile ezisetyenziswayo, wachazwa ukuba angawuchazi ucacime kwi [[FLT:][FL:[1][FLP][2]

Inkcitho

Amandla eKhongophela eBhunga mhlawumbi luvavanyo olupheleleyo. Indlu iphenjelelwa luninzi; iNdlu yamabanjwa kwaye ishenxiswa ngama-3. NgamaMongameli amathathu kuphela atyunjwayo: uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (i-ace). Akukho nanye eyagwetywayo. Inkqubo ibekwe kwimithetho ephezulu yezobupolitika, kwaye umqobo wokususwa uphezulu ngabom. Isisongelo sokungatyikitya okunga, nokokuba, sinyanzelela ukuziphatha komongameli.

Isiqinisekiso Necebiso

Ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtsimbi zokumiselwa komongameli kuqinisekisa ukuba umphathi akakwazi ukuzizalisa ngamaxesha athile. Oku kuhlola kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwijaji, apho amadinga obomi bonke athetha ukuba ilifa loMongameli lomthetho linokuhlala iminyaka engamashumi. IBhunga lingakwavala izivumelwano, lithintele amandla kaMongameli okwenza izibophelelo zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokuchasene noko, oomongameli baye basebenzisa ukumiselwa kweso sithuba kunye nezinye iindlela zokuvala umqobo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni neziguqulo.

Ukuguquka Kwamandla Exesha Elithile

UMongameli okanye iKhonklathisi ayisebenzi kanye njengangowewaka linamakhulu asibhozo anesithoba anesiXhosa. Iziganeko zembali, izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye neenguqu zentlalo azikhange zitshintshe ulungelelwano. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kungundoqo ekuqondeni ulawulo lwale mihla.

Ishishini Elitsha Nokwanda Kolawulo Lwale Mihla

Ukudodobala Okukhulu koHlakumo lwama-1930 kwabangela ulwandiso olukhulu lwamandla obungamongameli. UMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt yeenkqubo zeNew Developt zafuna ukuba kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza, okusembindini nto leyo ingumsebenzi onikwe yiKhomishini. INkundla ePhakamileyo ekuqaleni yawaphula amanyathelo amaninzi amatsha e-New Deference, kodwa emva kokuba i-FDR ka-"intecking" isisongelo, iNkundlalo yaqalisa ukuphakamisa igunya lorhulumente loluntu. Ukususela ngoko, i-Camplate ibisembianism ibisoloko ithetha ngemiba enzima engokomgaqo wezoqoqosho nentlalo. I-ofisi yeSigqeqesho kaMongameli yadalwa ngo193939, isenza umbutho-osigqeshorenti-o .

Isigqibo samagunya emfazwe kunye nongquzulwano lwengqungquthela

Imfazwe yaseVietnam yabonisa iingozi zokwenza umongameli ongenakuthintelwa. Ekuphenduleni, uMbutho wadlulisela iSigqibo samaGunya emfazwe phezu koMongameli Nixon ngo1973. Umthetho ufuna ukuba uMongameli azise iNgqungquthela kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokubophelela imikhosi kunye nokuphelisa nayiphi na inyathelo lomkhosi emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini igunyazise ulwandiso okanye ibhengeze imfazwe. Abameli abalawulayo baye bavumelana nemfuneko yokwazisa kodwa baphikisa ngelithi eso sigqibo sikukungangqubaniswani negunya loMphathi-Mphathi-mikhosi. Iinkundla ngokukhulu ziye zakuphepha ukulawula ukumiswa komthetho, zishiya imbambano ingapheliswanga.

Iingcaciso Zogwebo Nokulungelelana Okutshintshatshintshayo

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zasoloko zilungela ulungelelwano lwamandla. [FLT] United States v. Nixton[FLT]] [19984], iNkundla yagqiba nganye ukuba uMongameli akanakusebenzisa ilungelo lokulawula ukukhupha ubungqina kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lwezomthetho. [[FLT:]]INTS v. Chad[[[FLAT:5]] [1903]], iNkubethelele ityala ide i-wiconstice deto, iBhunga elisetyenziswa ukurhoxisa izenzo zolawulo ngaphandle komthetho opheleleyo. [[FLT:] .[FLT] v [FF] [FM]] [5] [20]]

Uxinzelelo lwale mihla: Isenzo esingathathi-nxaxheba kunye neNgqungquthela yeGrid

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, i-gridlock in Congress ikhokelele oomongameli ukuba bathembele ngokukhulayo kwimiyalelo yabalawuli, kwizivumelwano zolawulo, kunye nokumiswa kolawulo ukuze kufunyanwe iinjongo zabo. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekwe izityholo zokugqwesa. IBhunga, ngokwenxenye yalo, liye laphendula ngokuzigobhoxa ngemali, ukukhaba oo-amne, kwaye ukusebenzisa iCongregationalional Review Act, ukuphelisa imimiselo yeenkonzo. Isiphumo singumlo obuhlungu, oqhubekayo wokulwela igunya. Imibandela emikhulu yanamhlanje ifana nohlaziyo, ukuhlaziywa kwempilo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu (i------atmostyrainstyy) ilwa ngokuqhubekayo ngesenzo solawulo kunye nomthetho. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi ukuba inkqubo yeBhunga elibi kakhulu, ngengozi, ngoxa abanye beyijonga njengenkcukadedelela phambili kwimibange yokulawula.

Isiphelo: Ukugqalwa Kuyinto Ebalulekileyo Kokwahlukana Kwamandla

Ukuqonda amandla kaMongameli kunye neBhunga elilawulayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni amandla olawulo lwamaMelika. Olu lwalamano luphawuleka ngokusebenzisana, ukhuphiswano, kunye nenkqubo elungiselelwe ukugcina ulungelelwano nokuziphendulela. Ngoxa isiseko somgaqo-siseko sihlala siqinile, ukusetyenziswa kolawulo kuvele ngokuphawulekayo , kuxhomekeke kwiimfazwe, kwiingxaki zezoqoqosho, kunye neengxwabangxwaba zezobupolitika. Inkqubo yokoyiseka ixhomekeke kwindlela edalwe ngayo: akukho sebe linokwenza ngokupheleyo, kwaye ngalinye linokulwa nokungenelela. Abemi abaqonda la mandla baxhotyiswe kakuhle ukuvavanyanisa izenzo zikarhulumente baze bagcine abameli bawo benoxanduva. Njengokuba ilizwe liqhubeka livavanyanisa imida yegunya labo, ukusikhumbuza ukuba amagunya ahlukeneyo, kodwa asebenza ngendlela yokuzincintisana.