Table of Contents

Urhulumente wase-United States usebenza kumgaqo osisiseko oye waguqula idemokhrasi yaseMerika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini: inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Kwintliziyo yale nkqubo kukho ulwalamano phakathi kweKhosante nesebe elilawulayo, apho iqumrhu lemithetho lisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo okulawula ukuqinisekisa ukuba igunya lomongameli lihlala linetyala ebantwini. Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga elihlola ngayo isebe elilawulayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda imisebenzi entsonkothileyo yokulawula kweMelika kunye nemigaqo yedemokhrasi ekhusela imigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Abalathisi bomGaqo-siseko benza ngabom urhulumente apho amandla ayeza kwabelwa khona phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye linamandla okulinganisela amanye. Oku kwakungeyongozi okanye emva kokucinga ````'''''''''' yaye ayiyompendulo ecwangcisiweyo yenyameko yegunya eliphakamileyo. UmGaqo-siseko awuthethi nto ngophando kunye nolawulo, kodwa igunya lokuqhuba uphando liboniswa ekubeni iBhunga liphethe "onke oorhulumente." Ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo esuka ekulawuleni imali ukuya ekungangeneni, iBhunga-ngqungquthela lisebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo echasene namandla olawulo, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mongameli ongakwazi ukulawula ngaphandle kokuziphendulela ityala.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko solawulo lweBhunga

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko ungaliniki ngokungqalileyo iBhunga igunya lokuvelela isebe eliphetheyo, eli gunya liye lagqalwa njengelingokwemvelo kumsebenzi wowiso-mthetho ukususela ekusungulweni kwesizwe. Ukulawula kungumqondiso ochazwayo kunokuba ube ligunya phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U. umgaqo-siseko karhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente awuliniki gunya ngokuphandle igunya lokuqhuba ii-Bhunga lokubuza okanye ukuphanda kwegunya eliphetheyo, ukufikelela kwiingxelo okanye izinto ezibanjwe sisigqeba esiphezulu, okanye ukukhupha iingxelo ezingaphantsi kwesikhulu, okanye ubungqina obuvela kumphathi-ofisi.

Abathathi nxaxheba babeneengxoxo kuba uvelela negunya labo lalijongwa njengegunya elingokwemvelo leendibano ezimela abameli ezazimisela umthetho kawonke wonke. Ootata abasisiseko babeqonda ukuba ukuze iNgqungquthela iphumelele, kwakufuneka ubuchule bokuhlolisisa indlela imithetho eyayisetyenziswa ngayo nokuba ngaba abameli abaphetheyo babelandela iinjongo zengqungquthela.

George Mason waseVirginia wathi kwiNgqungquthela yoManyano yamaPhondo aMalungu "angangomaQaphi Omthetho kuphela kodwa banawo amandla okuncina amakholwa. Kufuneka badibane rhoqo ukuhlola iNdlela yeeofisi zikawonke-wonke. Oku kuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili kwegunya lobuProto-Profethi kwabeka isiseko senkqubo yolawulo eyomeleleyo ekhoyo namhlanje.

Ukuphuhliswa Kwamandla Alawulayo Ngokwembali

Ulawulo lweBhunga lesebe eliphetheyo belikho ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala zeKhomishini yaseUnited States. Uphando lokuqala oluphambili lwengqungquthela lwenzeka ngowe - 1792, xa ikomiti ekhethekileyo yeNdlu yeNdlu yaphanda ukoyiswa komkhosi ngezizwe zamaIndiya ezimanyeneyo. Olu phando lwangaphambili lwamiselwa ukuba kubekho imizekelo yokuvelela iingqungquthela kangangeenkulungwane ezalandelayo.

Ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni kwamandla olawulo kwazivelela kakhulu kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. UMthetho oLawulweyo we-Reorganisation Act ka- 1946 (P. 79-601), okwesihlandlo sokuqala, wabizwa ngokucacileyo "kungabaphathi bolawulo" kumthetho kawonke-wonke. Yayalela iikomiti ezimiyo "ukuqhelisela ukuhlala ulindile" kwiinkqubo nabameli abaphantsi kolawulo lwabo; abasebenzi abagunyazisiweyo; kwaye yawandisa amandla oMphathi-mikhosi weBhunga.

Ezinye iinguqu zeza ngoMthetho we-Reorganuation Act ka-1970 (P. 91-510) wagunyazisa ikomiti nganye emileyo ukuba "ibone iliso kunye nokufundisisa, ngesiseko esiqhubekayo, isicelo, ulawulo kunye nokuphunyezwa" kwemithetho phantsi kolawulo lwayo; kwandisa abasebenzi abachwepheshayo beekomiti; kwandisa uncedo olunikezelwe yiKhomplatelligational Research Service; kwaye kwaqinisa uxanduva lweenkqubo lweGAO.

Ulawulo lomthetho: Uphando oluphambili kumandla olawulo

Ulawulo lweBhunga lumela enye yezona zixhobo zibanzi nezisetyenziswa rhoqo ekuhloleni igunya elilawulayo. IBhunga liqhuba ukujonga isebe eliphetheyo ngokuhlola, ukuhlola, kunye nokulawula ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo karhulumente. Olu hlolisiso luqhubekayo luqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu aphetheyo aphumeze imithetho ngokwenjongo yengqungquthela kwaye asebenze kwimida yawo esemthethweni.

Ubukhulu Nenkcazelo Yokulawula

CRS ichaze ulawulo lombutho wombutho njengohlolo, ukuhlolwa, kunye nolawulo lwamasebe, iinkqubo, imisebenzi, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo. Le nkcazelo iquka iintlobo-ntlobo ezininzi zemisebenzi yemithetho enokwenzeka kwaye ayiwuthinteli umsebenzi wobuveleli kwiinjongo ezithile, iinjongo, okanye iindlela. Ububanzi benkcazelo yale nkcazelo bubonakalisa ubugosa obubanzi bobuphathiswa beBhunga.

Namhlanje, ulongamelo lwequmrhu lungabonakala nakuwuphi na umsebenzi wemithetho-siseko nangamaziko amaninzi ahlukeneyo, imibutho, kunye nezakhiwo. Le misebenzi isuka kumava ekomiti asesikweni ukuya kwilungu elingacwangciswanga okanye kunxibelelwano lwabasebenzi kunye namagosa aphetheyo; ukusuka kwizifundo zabasebenzi ukuya kwingxubusho yokuxhasa; kwaye ukusuka ekuhlolweni kwee-projekthi eziqhutywa zii-ofisi zelungu ukuya kuhlolwa ngamaqumrhu angengahlanganiyo anjengezikhokeli neengingqi jikelele.

Inkqubo yeKomiti: I-injini yolawulo

IBhunga lisebenzisa eli gunya ngokuyintloko ngenkqubo yalo yekomiti eququzelela iikomiti. IiKomiti zisebenza njengezithuthi eziphambili apho iNkqutyana iqhuba uphando oluneenkcukacha khona ize ibeke isebe elilawulayo liza kuphendula. Zombini iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeQela iye yamisa iikomiti ezininzi ezimileyo, nganye inegunya kwimimandla ethile yomsebenzi karhulumente.

Eyona ndlela iphambili yokuphumeza ulawulo lweekomiti, apho imi khona nokukhetha iikomiti ziqhuba uphando nokuva. Ezi komiti zinikwe igunya lokunyanzela ubungqina nokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu ngemiqathango engaphantsi. Eli gunya lincinci linika iikomiti igunya elibalulekileyo lokusebenzisana ngesisa namagosa esebe aphetheyo xa engafuni ukusebenzisana.

Kuphela naliphi na igumbi leBhunga linganika igunya lalo lokuvelela kwiikomiti eziqanjwe ngamalungu alo. Ubuchule bekomiti bokuphanda isebe elilawulayo bunamandla kwaye bubanzi logama nje lo mba uphantsi kolawulo lwalo kwaye uphando luthi "lunxulumene, kwaye luqhubekeke, umsebenzi osemthethweni weBhunga."

Iindlebe Nophando Lwengqungquthela

IiNkcubeko zimela enye yezona ndlela zibonakalayo zobuveleli. Iindlebe zidla ngokubekwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithathu: ukuqwalasela umthetho osele ukho; ukuphanda imibandela efuna umthetho kwixesha elizayo; kunye, nokuphanda nokuvelela iinkqubo zesebe. Ezi zenzo zikawonke-wonke zivumela amalungu eBhunga ukuba abuze amagosa aphezulu esebe, aqokelele inkcazelo, aze azise imicimbi kuwonke wonke.

Uphando lweBhunga alubancedi abalawuli bemithetho ekwenzeni izigqibo ezingcono kuphela, kodwa lusemgangathweni kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Iindlebe zophando zingatyhila ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo lomongameli kunye nokonakala, njengeNkomfa yeTeapot Dome kwi1920 okanye iWatergate kwii-1970. Olu phengululo luphezulu lubonisa amandla okuphatha ingqungquthela ukubhetha kobubi nokugcina isebe eliphetheyo linetyala.

Ezinye zezininzi ezipapashwayo ngokuthelekiswa nokuphanda okunqabileyo ngokukhetha iikomiti ukuya kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo epholileyo. Iimeko zibuzo zokwexeshana kwikomiti ekhethweyo: ukufunyanwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya eTshayina, ngowe-1999; i-Iran-Contra compressific, ngo- 1987; ukusetyenziswa kakubi kobuntlola, ngo-1975-1976, kunye nemposiso yeWatergate ngo-1974.

Umatshini onyanzelwayo wokulawula

Xa amagosa aphetheyo esebe engavumi ukusebenzisana nophando lwamaqumrhu, iNgqungquthela inezixhobo eziliqela zokunyanzelisa. IBhunga linezixhobo eziliqela elinokuzisebenzisa ukuze lifumane inkcazelo ngokuthethana nokunyanzelisa ukuthobelana kweekomiti ezingaphantsi kwekomiti.

IBhunga lingafuna ukuba umntu ngamnye agwetywe ngokungekho sigwetyweni ngenxa yokungahambisani ne-pona. IBhunga lisenokufuna isigqibo senkundla yephondo esichaza ukuba umntu obuzwayo unyanzelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuthobela inkqubo engaphantsi kwe-commistonia. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba iNkomfa ifumana ulwazi ekufuneka lulwenzile ukuze ilawule ngokunempumelelo, kwanaxa ijongene nokuchasa kwesebe elilawulayo.

IBhunga linondlela ezintathu zokuphelisa ukuthotywa kwentlawulo: ifako, isaphuli-mthetho, kunye nesoluntu. Igunya lemvelo lokudelela, nangona lingafane lisetyenziswe ukususela ngowe-1934, livumela iKhomishini ukuba ivalelwe ikhonkxwa de kufunyanwe imvume. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunyanzelisa i-mthetho lubandakanya i-Adryan Conventions (i-R160 000) kunye nonyaka omnye ekhonkcweni. Ukuba ityala ligwetyelwe umthetho karhulumente.

Ukuxhasa Ingxakeko Enyusa Ulawulo

IBhunga alikhokeli kuphela. Amasebe aliqela akhethekileyo anikela inkxaso ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yobuveleli bobuqu. Ulawulo lombutho lubandakanya ukuthunywa kwamagunya nangona inkqubo yeekomiti kunye nenkxaso yamaqumrhu amaninzi orhulumente, kuquka iBhunga leNcedo Jikelele kwiNketho kunye nokuHlalanisa (CIGIEE), i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali (OMB), i-Ofisi yoLawulo yoRhulumente (GAO), iSebe loHlulo loHlulo loLuntu lweNcelele, kunye ne-Ofisi-Rhwebo (CB) yeB) yeBEB)

I-Ofisi yeMali kaRhulumente (GAO) isebenza njengengalo yeNgqungquthela ephandayo, isoloko ibhala uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nohlolo lwemisebenzi yesebe lesizwe. I-GAO iqhuba uphando oluzimeleyo, olungelulololortipartian kwaye inika iNkqutyana ngeengxelo ezineenkcukacha ngendlela abasemagunyeni abasebenzisa ngayo ii-erandi zerhafu nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo zezentlalo.

I-Ofisi yoHlahlo-mali yeKhomishoni yoLuntu (CBO) inika iKhomishini yokuHlahlela iinkcazo zoqingqo-mali kunye neentelekelelo zezoqoqosho. Umsebenzi weCBO wazisa ukujongwa kolawulo ngokulinganisa iziphumo zemali zemithetho yangoku kunye neenguqu ezicetyisiweyo. La masebe axhasayo anika iNkqutyana ubuchule bobugcisa kunye nobuchule obufunekayo ukuqhuba ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo lwemisebenzi yesebe elilawula isebe elineenkcukacha-ntlalo.

Amandla Okuthenga: Ulawulo Loqingqo - mali Njengenqaku

Enye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zokuhlola isebe eliphetheyo ligunya lalo lomgaqo-siseko kunokusebenzisa imali. IBhunga linegunya lomGaqo-siseko kwimali echithwayo karhulumente, lenza ukuba ukudityaniswa kwenziwe izixhobo ezibalulekileyo zobuveleli. Le "Amandla engxowa-mali" yenza ukuba iCongress isebenzise isebe elilawulayo kakhulu kunemisebenzi nakwiinkalo eziphambili.

Indlela Elisebenza Ngayo Igunya Loqingqo - mali

Ngokulungisa, okanye ngokukhanyela, iNgxowa-siseko ingakhokela okanye iviye inyathelo lesebe elilawulayo. Izabelo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali zibonisa ezona zinto ziphambili, kwaye ngalo mandla, iKhomishini inganyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa, imisele iimeko zolawulo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ikhokele inkxalabo yemisebenzi yempatho ephezulu. Nokuba umongameli unokuyixhasa ngamandla kangakanani inkqubo ethile okanye inyathelo lokuqala, ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuquluthwa kwe-appropria.

Inkqubo yokucalucalula yenzeka minyaka le, inika iKhomishini amathuba athe rhoqo okuhlola ukusebenza kwesebe eliphetheyo nokulungisa inkxaso-mali ngokufanelekileyo. Inkqubo yokusebenzisa izicelo yeliso yeli lungiselelo lisisixhobo sokwalathisa "amandla engxowa-mali yemali" iKomiti iyakwazi ukubeka imali kwiingcebiso ezikhethekileyo okanye ifune iingxelo ezineenkcukacha zokusetyenziswa kwemali enikiweyo. Oku kuvumela iBhunga ukuba lisebenzise imigaqo-siseko yalo yaye lifake isigwebo kumaziko angeyoyabo abasebenzi.

Ugunyaziso kunye noluvo

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zoqingqo-mali lwezibonelelo zomthetho kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukileyo kodwa ezinxulumeneyo: ugunyaziso kunye nokugunyaziswa kwemiqathango. Amatyala ogunyaziso asekwa, aqhubeke, okanye alungise iinkqubo zemali karhulumente abeke imida yokusetyenziswa kwemali. Le nkqubo yezocwangciso inika ingxube-mali yeeNkcukathela ezimbini inika amathuba amaninzi okuhlola nokulawula imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo.

Ngenkqubo yogunyaziso, iKhomishini ingamisela iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zendlela abameli abaphetheyo abamele basebenze ngayo, kuquka iimfuno zokunikela ingxelo, imiqathango yokusebenza, kunye nemiqathango yokusebenza. Inkqubo yokusebenzisa iziphumo zezicelo ngoko imisela ukuba amasebe afumana inkxaso efunekayo kusini na ukuze aphumeze imisebenzi yawo egunyazisiweyo. Ngokulawula zombini ugunyaziso kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo, iBhunga ligcina impembelelo eqhubekayo kumsebenzi wesebe elilawulayo.

INgxowa-mali yeMiqathango neMiqathango

IBhunga lisoloko lidibanisa iimeko ekuququzeleleni iingxelo, lifuna ukuba abameli abalawulayo bafikelele iimfuno ezithile okanye imiqathango ekhethekileyo ukuze bachithe imali ehlawulwayo. Ezi meko zingaquka iimfuno zokunikela ingxelo ngokweenkcukacha, ukuthintelwa kokusebenzisa imali ngeenjongo ezithile, okanye ukuwiswa kwemiqathango yokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezithile. Imali enjalo exhomekeke kwimibandela ethile inika iBhunga igunya elibalulekileyo ngendlela elisebenza ngayo isebe elilawulayo, kwanakwiindawo apho umongameli linegunya elilawulayo.

Ngokomzekelo, iBhunga lingayimisela imali efanelekileyo yenkqubo yokuzikhusela kodwa liyalela ukusetyenziswa kwaloo mali de iSebe loKhuselo likhuphe iingxelo ezikhethekileyo okanye lidibane neengcaciso ezithile. Le ndlela ivumela iKhomishini ukuba iqinisekise ukuthobela iziko lowiso-mthetho lo gama inika inkxaso-mali eyimfuneko kumsebenzi worhulumente.

Amandla okuQinisekisa: Ukutyunjwa koMongameli

Amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuqinisekisa okanye ukungalwamkeli ukubekwa komongameli amele olunye uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwigunya elilawulayo. ICandelo II, iCandelo 2, lomGaqo-siseko linikela ukuba uMongameli amisele amagosa aseUnited States "ngeSiluleko nangemvume yeBhunga leNtlanganiso" le mfuneko yomgaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akanakukwazi ukuzalisa iisikhundla ezingundoqo zikarhulumente ngaphandle kokungeniswa kwemigaqo-mthetho.

Ubukhulu Bobungqina Bendlu Yoonobumba

Zonke izindululo zomongameli ezifuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtsimbi (PAS) kufuneka zilandele inkqubo yokuqinisekisa idinga phambi kokuba zithathe iofisi. Nangona inani lee-PAS lingafani ngolawulo, liquka bonke oonobhala besebe elilawulayo, phantsi koovimba, kunye nabahloli jikelele. Ezinye iindima kumasebe azimeleyo kunye noorhulumente kufuneka ziqinisekiswe. Ulawulo lwakutshanje luquke malunga ne-200 PSS.

Ukumiswa nonyuselo lomkhosi lwenza uninzi lwezindululo, malunga nama-45 000 ngonyaka weBhunga, kwaye amaninzi aqinisekiswa rhoqo. ngqungquthela nganye, iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ikwaqwalasela malunga nama-4 000 abemi, kwaye kwakhona, uninzi lwawo, njengokumiswa okanye ukunyuselwa kwiNkonzo yeMasipala, luyinkqubo eqhelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa koonobumba abaqwalaselwa yiBhunga leNtlanganiso kukwaquka abagwebi kunye namagosa achaziweyo kumasebe azimeleyo, abameli abazimeleyo, kunye neebhodi kunye neeofisi zolawulo.

Inkqubela yokuqinisekisa

Le nkqubo iqalisa xa umongameli enika isalathisi esibhaliweyo kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, apho sifundwa khona phantsi kwaye sabelwe inani. Unyulo lubhekiswa kwikomiti yeNdlu yeQela enxulumene nemithetho elawulayo. Umzekelo, ukumiselwa kweesikhundla zeSebe leRhulumente kuya kwiKomiti yeMasigqeba angaphandle, ngelixa i-nomination yeSebe lokhuselo iya kwiKomiti yeeNkonzo ze-Admitters.

Ikomiti yeQumrhu eliphethe iindlebe ezifanelekileyo, ekhethwe ngokusekelwe kwiofisi apho umtyunjwa aza kusebenza khona. Umzekelo, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala likanobhala woMkhosi kuza kuqulwa kwiKomiti yeeNkonzo zeNdlu yeeNtlalo-ntle. Kwikomiti, amaqumrhu abuza imibuzo engoonochuku malunga namava awo, iimbono zenkqubo nendlela aceba ukuwenza ngayo umsebenzi wawo.

Emva kokuchongwa, amavoti ekomiti anxulumeneyo nokuba ingamncomela na umtyunjwa kwiBhunga elipheleleyo. Ukuba ikomiti iyaluvumela unyulo, iyashenxa kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala epheleleyo ukuze iqwalaselwe. Ukuqinisekiswa, umtyunjwa kufuneka afumane inkoliso yamavoti kwiBhunga (51, ukuba iBhunga elipheleleyo livota, okanye 50 ukuba isekela lomongameli lilwaphula ucwethe lokuxhasa umlawuli). Ukuba umtyunjwa akaqinisekiswa, bangathabatha indima yabo entsha ngokusemthethweni.

Inkqubo Yokuzikhulula

Phambi kokuba unyulo lufikelele kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, abanyulwa abanokufumana ingqwalaselo egqithisileyo. Umtyunjwa kufuneka agqithe kuhlolo olulandelelwayo lophando oluvela kwiSebe loKhuseleko loPhicotho-zincwadi, iSebe leMpatho-mali, i-Ofisi yeNkcubeko yoRhulumente kunye negosa lemithetho yokuziphatha elisuka kumbutho omiselwe indawo yawo. Umtyunjwa kufuneka kwakhona azalise ingxelo ye-Phicompul Final Dislorence

Ukongeza kuphando lwemvelaphi neefomu zokutyhilwa kwemali, iikomiti ezifuna amadinga aqinisekisiweyo eBhunga kufuneka zigqibe amaphetshana eekomiti abuza imibuzo. Ikomiti nganye inemibuzo yayo, kwaye ayahluka kumbandela wayo wombandela nobude. Imibuzo edla ngokugquma inkcazelo engobomi nemali, kwaye ezinye iikomiti zikwacela abatyunjwa ukuba baphendule kwiinkqubo zamaphephandaba abuza imibuzo.

Ukugatywa Nokulibazisa Njengeepeksi

Ngeli xesha iBhunga liqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ngokwayo isebenza njengovavanyo kumandla olawulo naxa ekugqibeleni abalawuli begunyaziwe. Kwimbali, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iye yaqinisekisa uninzi lotyunjwa komongameli, kodwa "kwizihlandlo ezinqabileyo" ivoti yokuqinisekisa iye yasilela. Kwiminyaka eli-100 edluleyo, iBhunga likwalile ukuvota kathathu okubhaliweyo.

Abaququzeleli bangaphembelela inkqubo ngokuqinisekisa, mhlawumbi ngokugatya ii-amneines okanye ngokukhupha izithembiso kubaphathi-mali ngaphambi kokuba bavume. Kwakhona, maxa wambi, iBhunga leNtlanga yeeNdlela liye lalilibekela umxeba inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuze landise impembelelo yalo nesebe eliphetheyo kwimicimbi engahambelaniyo. Kwanosoyikiso sokulaliswa okanye ukulibaziseka kungaphembelela ukwenza isigqibo somongameli kunye nesimilo sesebe eliphetheyo.

Ixesha elithatha umlinganiselo wexesha elithabatha iNdlu yeeNdlu zokuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli liphantse laphindwa kabini phakathi kolawulo lweReagan nolwe-Obama. Oonobangela bokulibazisa bangoopolitiko ngokuyintloko, njengezihlomelo ezijongene ne-Senators ezikhuthaza ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukusukela iinjongo zezobupolitika kunye nenkqubo ezinxulumene nemithetho. Njengomphumo wokuzinziswa, izikhundla ezininzi azizange zizaliswe okanye zigcwaliswe ngabamiselwe. Ezi zikhuphiswano-ziphene zinokuba neziphumo ezingalunganga eziquka ukucuthwa kolawulo kunye nemijelo ephantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Impembelelo yeSizwe neSizwe

Kwiminyaka elishumi yokuqala, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yasungula uqheliselo lokubonisa imbeko yoonobumba, apho abaququzeleli belindele ukuba kuthethwe nabo bonke oorhulumente kwizithuba zephondo kumaphondo abo. Le mpembelelo yokuzalisa abaququzeleli bemisebenzi abagunyazisiweyo besizwe, kwaye abaninzi baba ziinkokeli zamaqela ezobupolitika avele ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Le sithethe iyaqhubeka inika impembelelo ephawulekayo kwizikhulu ezisebenza kwimibutho echaphazela amazwe abo.

UMongameli angakhetha inkqubo egudileyo nekhawulezayo yokuqinisekisa, ngoko angagqiba ukudibana nabaququzeleli beqela lomphathi-mikhosi ngaphambi kokuba akhethe i-mene. Abaququzeleli badla ngokudibana, ngokuqheleke ngabasebenzi beNdlu yeNdlu emhlophe, ngabaququzeleli abasuka kwilizwe lasekhaya lika-minee, iinkokeli zekomiti yolawulo, kunye neenkokeli zeqela loMongameli kwiNtsimbi. Le nkqubo yokunxibelelana inika abaququzeleli besebe eliphetheyo phambi kokuba ibekwe ngokusemthethweni.

UMthetho woKhuthazo noMgaqo-nkqubo

Amandla eBhunga lokuqinisekisa izivumelwano ze-ravence amele olunye uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwigunya elilawulayo kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba izivumelwano zifumane imvume yee-3 ezimbini zeNdlu yeeNtsimikazi ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. Le mfuneko ibalaseleyo iqinisekisa ukuba izibophelelo ezingundoqo zezizwe ngezizwe zixhaswa ngokubanzi kwaye azinakubekwa ngumongameli kuphela.

INkqubo Yokwenza Isivumelwano

Xa umongameli ethetha isivumelwano nelizwe lasemzini, kufuneka sithotyelwe kwiNdlu yeeNdlu zeMasipala ithetha ngesivumelwano, ihlolisisa amalungiselelo neziphumo zentsebenziswano ye-U. Ikomiti ngoko ivotela ukuba ingancomela ukuba ihlawulwe iNdlu yeeNtlanga.

Ukuba esi sivumelwano sifikelela kumgangatho weNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu, sifuna ivoti ezimbini-ntathu zokwahlulwa. Lo mqobo uphezulu uthetha ukuba oomongameli kufuneka bakhe inkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartis kwizivumelwano ezikhulu zezizwe ngezizwe. IBhunga likwanokukwazi ukudibanisa izivumelwano ngokuziphikisa, ukuqonda, okanye izindululo ezilungisa okanye ezicacisa isicelo sesivumelwano eUnited States.

Izivumelwano ezilawulayo nolawulo lwezibonelelo

Ngamanye amaxesha oomongameli basebenzisa izivumelwano ezilawulayo endaweni yezivumelwano ukuze benze izibopho zezizwe ngezizwe ngaphandle kokupheliswa kweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ngoxa izivumelwano zolawulo zizixhobo ezisemthethweni zolawulo lomongameli, iBhunga liphuhlise iinkqubo zokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwalo. IBhunga lingakhupha umthetho ofuna ukuba umongameli anikele ingxelo yezivumelwano zegunya kwiBhunga, kwaye linokusebenzisa amandla alo okuthintela ukuphunyezwa kwezivumelwano elizichasayo.

Umahluko phakathi kwezivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano ezilawulayo uye waba ngumthombo weengxaki phakathi kwamasebe. Ingqungquthela iye yazama ukugcina ulongamelo lwezivumelwano ezilawulayo ngokunika ingxelo kunye nangokuthi iintlobo ezithile zezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zifuna imvume equlunqwe yisivumelwano okanye ngokugunyazisa umthetho.

Isiqinisekiso: Uphando Olupheleleyo

I-Impeacement imela olona vavanyo lunzima lweBhunga elilawulayo. UmGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga igunya lokususa umongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa "yengqiqo, ukunyotywa, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni" eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba kwanamagosa aphezulu aphetheyo ahlala ejongene nomthetho nabameli babantu.

Indima Yendlu: Ukuzisa Irhafu

Inkqubo yokungagunyazisi iqala kwiNdlu yabameli, enegunya elipheleleyo lokutyumba amagosa aseburhulumenteni. Le ndlu isoloko iqhuba uphando kwiikomiti zayo, iqokelela ubungqina nokuva ngezenzo eziphosakeleyo ezityholwayo. Ukuba ikomiti ephandayo ifumana ubungqina obaneleyo, ikhuphela amanqaku achaza izityholo ngokuchaphazeleka kwegosa.

Indlu epheleleyo ngoko iingxoxo kunye namavoti kumanqaku okungagunyaziswanga. Ukuba inkoliso elula yeNdlu ivota ukuvuma naliphi na inqaku lokungathobeli, igosa alinyanzelekanga. Indlu icela ukugwetywa kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho."Izizityholo ezisemthethweni kodwa azilisusi igosa eliseofisini.

Indima yeBhunga: Ukuqhuba ityala

Emva kweNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMikhosi igweba, eli tyala lisiya kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso. IBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi linamandla okuzama ukuzama ukunyanzelisa. Ngexesha lokuvavanya, abaphathi beNdlu banikela ityala ukuze bavume, ngoxa amagqwetha asemthethweni atyunjwayo enikela ingxelekiso. Abameli basebenza njengejaji, abaphulaphuli bemamela ubungqina nezimpikiswano ezisuka kumacala omabini.

Xa kuqukunjelwa umongameli, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeJaji ilawula ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo. Kwabanye amagosa, umphathi wolawulo ungoyena mongameli weNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso okanye omnye ummeli otyunjweyo. Emva kokuba ityala liqukunjelwe, iBhunga livota ukuba lilibanjwa na igosa kwinqaku ngalinye lokungathobeli. Ukuqiniseka kufuna ukuba kuvotelwe izihlandlo ezibini ezithathu abaququzeleli abakhoyo.

Imiphumo Yokukholelwa

Ukuba iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu igweba igosa, loo mntu ususwa ngoko nangoko kwisikhundla sakhe. IBhunga lisenokuvota ukuze lingalifanelekeli igosa eligwetyiweyo ekufumaneni isikhundla sikarhulumente sexesha elizayo, nangona oku kufuna nje ivoti enkulu kuphela. Ukuvota nokugweba ziinkqubo zezobupolitika, kungekhona ezaphuli-mthetho, ngoko igosa eligwetyiweyo lisenokujamelana netyala eligwetyiweyo kwiinkundla.

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, le House iye yaphengulula oomongameli abathathu − u-Andrew Johnson ngo-1868, uBill Clinton ngo-1998, kunye noDonald Trump ngo-2019 nango-2021/11/* kodwa iBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi alizange limbeke ityala umongameli. Noko ke, inkqubo yokungagqibeli ngokwayo isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ngamandla, njengoko isisongelo sokungathomalali siphembelela ukuziphatha komongameli kwaye le nkqubo ibangela uphando olunzulu lokutyhola isimilo esiphezulu.

Intsingiselo Yembali Yokungathobeli

Kwiminyaka emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, iiRiphabliki kwiNdlu yeeNtsimbi zelizwe zafuna ukwenza buthathaka amandla kaMongameli uAndrew Johnson phezu kwesebe eliphetheyo ngokwenza kube kokungekho mthethweni kuye ukususa abaphathi bekhabhinethi ngaphandle kwemvume yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Ukungawuthobeli umthetho kaJohnson, iSiko se-Ofisi, waba yindawo yokuxhobisa imicimbi yaseNdlungwini ngo-1868. Lo mzekelo wembali ubonisa indlela ukungakhuthazisi kusetyenziswa ngayo njengesixhobo kwiimfazwe ezibanzi eziphakathi komlinganiselo wamandla phakathi koMbutho nomongameli.

Amandla okungagunyaziswayo akasebenzi nje njengenkqubo yokususa amagosa okonakala okanye alwaphulo-mthetho kodwa kwakhona njengesithintelo ekuthinteleni ukuphangwa kwabalawuli abaphezulu. Ulwazi lokuba iBhunga linalo olu lugunyaziso lukhuthaza oomongameli namanye amagosa aphezulu ukuba bahlonele imida yomgaqo-siseko kunye namagunya ombutho.

Izixhobo Zokuqwalasela Isenzo Sesebenzo

Ngaphandle kokungakhathalelwa, ukungqinelana, ukuqinisekiswa, nokungagunyaziswa, iKhomishini inezixhobo eziliqela zokuhlola amandla owiso-mthetho alawulayo. Ezi nkqubo zivumela iNkqutyana ukuba ibumbe indlela yokuziphatha yesebe elilawulayo ngemithetho eliyigqithisayo kunye neemfuno ezimiselwe yiyo.

Imiqathango Yomthetho Neemfuno

IBhunga lingamisela imithetho emisela ubuchule bokulawula okanye emisela iimfuno ezithile kwindlela abameli abanegunya abamele basebenze ngayo. Le miqathango isesikweni ingaquka yonke into ukusuka kwiimfuno ezingokwesithethe ukwenzela izigqibo zomaziko ukuya kwimida encinane kwizenzo ezinokuthathwa ngamasebe. Ngokumisela umthetho ngenkathalo, iBhunga linokunyanzela amandla alawulayo kwanakwimimandla apho umongameli anegunya elibalulekileyo lomGaqo-siseko.

IBhunga liyalela ukuba amagosa eSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu anikele iingxelo rhoqo kwaye anikele ubungqina ngamaxesha athile kwimibutho yoorhulumente. Ezi mfuneko zidityaniswe kwimithetho kawonke-wonke, enjengeSivumelwano seReorganisation Act yonyaka ka- 1946. Ezi ngxelo zifunekayo ziqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lifumana inkcazelo rhoqo ngemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba likwazi ukuvelela ngokuqhubekayo.

Ulawulo lomthetho

Ummandla ongundoqo wohlolo ubandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kwemithetho yesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo yeSebe elilawulayo ihambelana nenjongo yombutho. Olu hlolo lwenziwe ngokuva nokuhlola ukumiswa komthetho wolawulo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uxhaswe. Xa amasebe aphetheyo ekhupha imimiselo yokumisela imimiselo yengqungquthela, iBhunga lihlola le mithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba baphumeza ngokuthembeka iinjongo zomthetho.

IGO yachaza iindlela ezininzi zokuphucula indlela iKhomishini elawulayo yokulawula isebe.

IMithetho eMisiweyo kunye nezigqibo zokungavumi

IKhomishini iye yaphuhlisa iindlela zokuhlola nokubhukuqa izenzo ezithile zesebe elilawulayo. IKhomishini yeNkqutyana ivumela ukuba kudluliswe izigqibo zokungavunyelwa kwemithetho yombutho ekhutshwe kutshanje. Ukuba omabini amagumbi adlulise eso sigqibo kwaye umongameli abonise imiqondiso (okanye iBhunga liwisel'umongameli iveto), lo mthetho uyatshintshwa kwaye isebe liyalelwe ukuba liphumeze umthetho ofanayo ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho omtsha.

Esi sixhobo sinika iKhonklathisi indlela yokuhlola ulawulo oluphezulu ngaphandle kokubeka umthetho omtsha kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo, enika ixesha elininzi lowiso-mthetho. Iluncedo ngokukhethekileyo ekuthetheni ngemithetho ekhutshwe emva kwexesha kulawulo lomongameli oluchaswa yiKhomishini entsha.

Amandla Emfazwe Nolawulo Lomkhosi

UmGaqo-siseko wahlula amagunya emfazwe phakathi kweBhunga nomongameli, ukudala enye indawo apho uvavanyo lwengqungquthela kwigunya eliphezulu lubaluleke kakhulu. Ngeli xesha umongameli esebenza njengentloko-ntloko yemikhosi exhobileyo, iBhunga linamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, nokumisela umkhosi imithetho.

Ingqungquthela Igunyazisa Umkhosi womkhosi

Nangona oomongameli benegunya elibanzi lokusebenzisa umkhosi ukusabela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe, imisebenzi yomkhosi exhasweyo ifuna ukugunyaziswa kwesivumelwano. Ingqungquthela ingagunyazisa umkhosi ngokumisela imfazwe okanye ngemvume yokusetyenziswa komkhosi (AMFs). Ezi zigunyaziso zichaza ubukhulu kunye nexesha lomkhosi, inika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiiNgqungquthela ngendlela umongameli asebenzisa ngayo igunya lomkhosi.

ISigqibo soMkhosi waMandla sowe-1973 sazama ukomeleza ulawulo lombutho womkhosi ngokufuna ukuba umongameli azise iNgqungquthela kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 ngokufaka imikhosi exhobileyo kwisenzo somkhosi nokususa imikhosi ngeentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini ivume ukuqhubekeka kwenyathelo. Ngoxa oomongameli beye baphikisana nokusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko wolu lungiselelo, imela ukuthethelelwa okubalulekileyo kwegunya lombutho phezu kwamagunya emfazwe.

Ulawulo lobuntlola

Imimandla ekhethekileyo yolongamelo iquka ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nemisebenzi yobuntlola. Ezi zihlolisiswa ziikomiti ezinikezelweyo njengeBhunga Lendlu eKhetha Ikomiti yobuntlola neNdlu yokuKhetha ePhakamileyo kwiKomiti yoBuntlola. Oku kugxininisa ukulungelelaniswa kokulungelelaniswa kokufihla imfihlo nemfuneko yomGaqo-siseko yolawulo noxanduva.

Ulawulo lobuntlola luneengxaki ezikhethekileyo ngenxa yemfuneko yokukhusela ulwazi olunolwahlulo kunye nemithombo echuliweyo kunye neendlela. IKhomishini iye yaphuhlisa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokuhlola imisebenzi yobulumko, kuquka ukuva okuvaliweyo kunye nezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo zokuhlola izinto ezahlulwayo. Iikomiti zobuntlola zifumana iingcebiso ezithe rhoqo ezivela kumaqumrhu acebiswayo obulumko zize zihlole iinkqubo zokusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo ngaphambi kokuba ziphunyezwe.

Ucelomngeni Nokusikelwa Ngumqathango Kwebutho

Nangona iBhunga linamandla okuhlola isebe eliphetheyo, ukuphumelela kwezi ngxaki kunezi ngxaki.

Ilungelo elinolawulo oluphezulu nokufikelela

Oku kuyinyaniso ingakumbi xa iqumrhu elijoliswe kulo mbandela − enoba lingumntu ngamnye, umbutho, okanye lisebe eliphetheyo elinikela iinkcukacha ezithathwa njengemfuneko kwiNgqungquthela ekubuzweni kwalo. Kwezo meko, iqumrhu elijoliswe kulo lingazama iindlela ezininzi zokuphepha ukutyhilwa, njengokuqinisekisa ukuba inkcazelo ayinakutyhilwa ngenxa yomthetho othile, umthetho, okanye isigqibo esilawulayo.

IWashington yacebisana neKhabhinethi yakhe ukuxubusha ngokuhambelana nophando lwendlu. Bavumelana ngemithetho yokutyhila eyakha isiseko sokuqala soko kwaziwa ngoku njenge "lungelo lokubulala," okanye imvume kaMongameli ukusebenzisa amaxwebhu azimeleyo kunye necebiso elingacocekanga lokumisela izigqibo zenkqubo. Iligunya elinolawulo oluphezulu linokulinganisela ukufikelela kolwazi, lidala ukuxabana phakathi kwamasebe.

Inyaniso yembali ibisoloko ingukuba ungquzulwano oluphakathi kophando luconjululwe ngemfazwe engacwangciswanga phakathi kwamasebe ezobupolitika kunokuba ixokelelwe ziinkundla. Iimpikiswano ezininzi ngokufumaneka kwenkcazelo ziconjululwa ngengxoxo kunokuba kupheliswe izigqibo zenkundla, nesebe ngalinye lisenza ubalo olucwangcisiweyo malunga nokuba liza kuqhuba umgama ongakanani na ukhuphiswano lwalo.

Iipolitiki Negunya

Ukulawula kwenzeka kwimeko yezobupolitika ekhoyo apho ulwalamano lweNgqungquthela namaqumrhu olawulo lungahluka ukusuka kwintsebenziswano ukuya kwimbambano. Ngaphezu koko, kukho ungquzulwano olungokwemvelo lwezomGaqo-siseko kunye nolopolitiko phakathi kweBhunga kunye noMongameli kwanangamaxesha omanyano lukarhulumente. Ucalucalulo lwezobupolitika lungaphepheki ukuba iNgqungquthela isukela ngamandla kangakanani ukuphatha isebe eliphetheyo.

Xa iqela elinye lilawula iBhunga kunye nomongameli, uphatho lwengqungquthela lungangabi namandla kakhulu njengamalungu eqela lomongameli angazimiselanga ukuphoxa okanye ukunyanzela ulawulo lwawo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa amaqela awahlukeneyo elawula amasebe, uvelela kusenokuba kukungalawuleki kakhulu, kunye neqela elichasayo lisebenzisa uphando ukuchonga iingongoma zezobupolitika kunokuba liqhube uphando lokwenyaniso.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna oovimba ababalulekileyo, kuquka ixesha labasebenzi, ubuchule, kunye nenkxaso-mali. IKhomishini kufuneka ilungelelanise imisebenzi yokuvelela nxamnye nezinye iimbopheleleko zayo, kuquka ukugunyazisa, ukuncedisa, nokukhuthuza ukunyulwa kwakhona. Isebe eliphetheyo likhulu kakhulu kuneBhunga, linabantu abazizigidi kunye noovimba abaninzi, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuvelela.

IiKomiti kufuneka zimisele imibandela yokuphanda neyabaphi abameli abaza kuqwalasela ngokusondeleyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba eminye imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo ayifumani buchule bungako, ingakumbi kwimimandla yobugcisa okanye engaphantsi kwezobupolitika. Ukuntsonkotha korhulumente wanamhlanje kwenza ukuba ulawulo lube nzima ngakumbi, njengoko imibutho yokuqonda ifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo abasebenzi bequmrhu abasenokungabi nabo.

Ukulawula Okunempumelelo Kwempikiswano

Abanye abaphengululi baye bathandabuza ukuphumelela kobuveleli boburhulumente ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza nokuthobela umthetho. Iingxoxo zobukho bengingqi ziyaqhubeka enoba ukuvelela kwequmrhu kulawula ngokuphumelelayo isimilo sesebe elilawulayo okanye enoba isebe eliphetheyo linenkululeko engenakuthelekiswa nako na ukuhlolwa kwengqungquthela.

Iinjongo zenqanaba ziquka ukukhangela amandla esebe eliphetheyo, ukuphanda indlela umthetho osetyenziswa ngayo, kunye nokwazisa iKhonkxa-ntele kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Ezi njongo zingafuneka zikhankanywe ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba zisebenza ekukhuseleni amalungelo ombutho ombutho ombutho kunye nokomeleza amandla kawonke-wonke okuvavanya imisebenzi yempatho nezenzo. Kwanaxa ulawulo lungatshitshitshisi ngoko nangoko indlela yokuziphatha yempatho ephakamileyo, isebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ngokuzisa ulwazi olucacileyo nokubangela ukuphendula koluntu.

I-Evolution yoLwazi oluLawulweyo

Ulwalamano phakathi kweNgqungquthela nesebe eliphetheyo luye lwaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Alawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa, ngokobukhulu nangobungakanani bemisebenzi yalo. Oomongameli bale mihla bajonge izigidi zabasebenzi bephondo kwaye banegunya kwimimandla emininzi yemithetho yamakhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Oku kukhula kuye kwenza ukuba ukuvelela ingqungquthela kube baluleke ngakumbi kodwa kwanokuba lucelomngeni, njengoko iBhunga lizama ukuqwalasela ukusekwa kwegunya eliziiNqaba - ngcaso.

Kwakhona oomongameli baye bachaza ngokuphandle igunya elilawulayo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe, imicimbi yamanye amazwe, kunye nokusabela ngongxamiseko. Ezi ngcamango ziye zakhokelela kwiingxwabangxwaba eziqhubekayo neeKhonklane kwimida efanelekileyo yegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nomlinganiselo wamandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Iimpendulo Neenguqu ZeeNgqungquthela

Kwiminyaka eliqela edluleyo bekulixesha elisebenzayo lolawulo lwemithetho kunye noqheliselo olulawulayo lobuqumrhu. IBhunga liye lathatha iingxubusho ezahlukahlukeneyo eziye zabangela ingqalelo enkulu kuluntu, kwaye isebe eliphetheyo kunye neBhunga eliphetheyo liye lavelisa izixhobo ezintsha kunye neengxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni zokukhuphisana kwiimbambano zobuveleli.

IBhunga liye lalungisa iinkqubo zalo zolawulo ukuze liqinise amandla alo okuhlola amandla alo okulawula. Olu tshintsho luquke ukusungula amaqumrhu amatsha enkxaso, ukwandisa abasebenzi beekomiti, ukuphucula iinkqubo zobugcisa, kunye nokuphuhlisa ubuchule obutsha bolawulo. Ukulawula isebe elilawulayo yenye yeembopheleleko zeBhunga eliphambili. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iBhunga liye lahlola iindlela zokulungisa imisebenzi yalo kulo mmandla, kuquka ulawulo kunye nomelo lwesebe eliphetheyo.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekungavisisani Ngokulawula

Xa kungekho mGaqo-siseko ucacileyo, ubukhulu becala umgangatho wamandla ophando uye wabunjwa yaye wachazwa ngokuyintloko luqheliselo lombutho, iingxoxo phakathi kwamasebe ezobupolitika, kunye neembono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngoxa iinkundla ziye zangenelela ngamanye amaxesha kwiimbambano phakathi kweBhunga kunye nesebe eliphetheyo, zikhetha ukuba amasebe ezobupolitika acombulule iingxabano ezinjalo ngokuthetha.

Iinkundla ziye zaphendula imibuzo ethile ngobubanzi bamandla okuvelela ngelinye ixesha zishiya abanye bengaphendulwanga. Kwiminyaka ezayo, izigqibo ezenziwa yiKhonklathi njengoko iqhubeka ifuna ukuvelela zisenokuqhubeka zilungisa ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe. Indaleko eqhubekayo yezenzo zobuveleli neemfundiso ezisemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kweBhunga nesebe eliphetheyo luhlala lunamandla.

Owona Mqheliso Ulungileyo Wolawulo Olunempumelelo

Nangona kukho iingxaki, iBhunga linokukukhokela kakuhle xa lisebenzisa iindlela ezivakalayo.

Intsebenziswano YaseBipartisan

Ukulawula kuluncedo kakhulu xa kuxhaswe yi-bipartisan. Xa omabini evuma ukuba imbambano ifanele iphengululwe, ukujongana kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kube kokucokisekileyo, okuthembekileyo, nokunempembelelo.

Ukwakha i-bipartan kubandakanya inkxalabo yokwenene ngomsebenzi karhulumente kunokusebenzisa ukuvelela okuphambili kwezopolitiko.

Cacisa Izinto Uze Ulandele

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna iinjongo ezicacileyo kunye nengqalelo eqinisekisiweyo. IiKomiti kufuneka zichaze imibuzo ethile ezifuna ukuyiphendula nokuvelisa iindlela zokufumana ulwazi olufunekayo. Ukuva okunye okuvelisa imixholo yemidlalo kodwa okungekhoyo kumele kuvelise iziphumo ezinenjongo.

IBhunga lifanele lilandelele izinto ezifunyenweyo zobuveleli ngokwenza isenzo esifanelekileyo, enoba oko kuthetha ukudlulisela umthetho wokulungisa, ukuhlenga-hlengisa, okanye ukubhekisela kwimicimbi yophando lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukugqithisela okuchonga iingxaki kodwa okusilelayo ukusukela izisombululo zobuncwane obulahlwayo nokuthoba ukuthembeka kwengqungquthela.

Ukusebenzisa Ubuchule Bokukhupha

IBhunga kufuneka lisebenzise ngokupheleleyo amasebe axhasayo kunye nabasebenzi abanobuchule. IGAO, i-CBO, neCRS zinika amandla axabisekileyo okulawula anokuphuhlisa ukuphumelela kobuveleli. IiKomiti kufuneka zifune igalelo kwiingcali zangaphandle, kuquka abaphathi-mfundo, abangaphambili bakarhulumente, kunye nabasebenzi bezonyango abachaphazelekayo besebe elilawulayo.

Ubuchule bokwakha imigaqo-nkqubo yeekomiti bubalulekile. Abasebenzi abafumana ulwazi olunzulu ngamasebe athile nemimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo banokuqhuba ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo kunabo bangenabo ubuchule obunjalo.

Ubungqina obucacileyo nobusemngciphekweni

Ukulawula kusebenza kakhulu xa kubandakanya uluntu ngokubanzi kwaye kusebenza ngendlela ecacileyo. Ukuva, iingxelo ezipapashwayo, kunye nolwazi olufikelelekayo kunceda abemi balapho baqonde oko kwenziwa ngurhulumente wabo baze bagcine amagosa etyala. Ukubonakala kwelinye icala kwenza kube nzima ngesebe eliphetheyo ukuba lingakuhoyi oko kufunyanisiweyo okanye iingcebiso.

Noko ke, ulwalathiso lumele lubekho kwimimiselo eyahlulelweyo ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ingqungquthela kufuneka ilungelelanise imfuneko yokubonakala nenkxalabo yokhuseleko esemthethweni, iqinisekisa ukuba ulwalathiso olunentsingiselo lwenzeka ngemijelo efanelekileyo ngoxa iqhubeka ifuna ukuphendula.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlolisisa Iimeko Zolawulo - melo Lwanamhlanje

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela evumela iNgqungquthela ukuba ijonge yaye ibeke umda wamandla olawulo oluphezulu ibalulekile kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Kwixesha lokwandisa igunya elilawulayo nemisebenzi enzima karhulumente, ukujongana nequmrhu kufeza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekhusela urhulumente womgaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi.

Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwamandla

Injongo eyintloko yokuhlola amandla aphezulu okulawula kukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa nokunganyaniseki. Nokuba ngaba bakhunjulwa kakuhle kangakanani, abasemagunyeni abanamandla angathintelwayo banokuchanabeka ekuphangweni nasekuziphatheni okubi. Ulawulo lweBhunga ludala iinkqubo zokuphendula ezithintela ukwenza okubi nokunika unyango xa kusenzeka.

Imbali ibonisa ukuba amagosa aphezulu esebe, kuquka oomongameli, maxa wambi asebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo.

Ukuqinisekisa Urhulumente Ophumelelayo

IKhomishini ihlolisisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nokuchitha imali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kakuhle nokuthintela inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhaphaza. Ukungathinteli nje kuphela ukwenza okubi, kukwakukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza ngokunempumelelo nangempumelelo. Uhlolo lwengqungquthela lungabona iinkqubo ezingasebenziyo, ukuchitha ezingagwetyelwanga, nemigaqo efuna ukulungiswa.

Ngokuhlolisisa indlela amaziko aphetheyo asebenzisa ngayo imithetho nokuphatha iinkqubo, iBhunga linokuphawula ezona zinto zingcono, libalaselise izinto ezintsha, lize linconye inkqubela. Oku kuvelela kunceda urhulumente ancede abemi ngokunempumelelo kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba abahlawuli berhafu basetyenziswa ngobulumko.

Ukulondoloza Ukuziphendulela Kwedemokhrasi

Ulawulo lweBhunga luqinisekisa ukuba amagosa aphezulu esebe angakhethwanga ahlala emele aphendule kubameli abanyuliweyo, aze, ngabo, aphendule abantu.

Oku kuphendula kubaluleke kakhulu kwiqumrhu elikhulu lesebe likarhulumente elisebenzisa imithetho nemithetho echaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMerika. Ulawulo lweBhunga lunika inkqubo yokuba abemi baphembelele indlela ephunyezwa ngayo imithetho nokufuna ukubuyiselwa xa abameli besenza izinto ngendlela engafanelekanga okanye engaphumeleliyo.

Ukudala Ingxoxo Kawonke - wonke

Ulawulo lweBhunga luzisa inkcazelo ngemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo kwimimandla kawonke-wonke, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ingxoxo yedemokhrasi efundisayo. Ukuvakala, uphando neengxelo ze-arhente zenza imisebenzi karhulumente icace ngakumbi kwaye zinika abemi ulwazi abalufunayo ukuze bavavanye ukusebenza kukarhulumente wabo.

Oku kukhanya kubalulekile kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. IMisebenzi ayinakuphendula kurhulumente ukuba ayazi ukuba yenza ntoni. Ulawulo lweBhunga, ingakumbi xa luqhutywa ngokuchotshelwa koluntu kwaye lupapashiwe, lukhanyisa imicimbi karhulumente kwaye lubangela ukuba kubekho inxaxheba kuluntu kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Ukusebenzisa Amandla Alungeleleneyo

Ulwalamano phakathi kweKhonkxa-ntle nesebe elilawulayo lumela enye yezona zenzo zibalulekileyo kurhulumente waseMerika. Ngolawulo, ukungqinela, ukuqinisekisa, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nezinye iindlela, iBhunga ligcina iimvavanyo ezibalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Ezi zinto aziyozinto eziyimfuneko kuphela ukukhusela urhulumente womgaqo-siseko kunye noxanduva lwedemokhrasi.

Nangona amasebe karhulumente ahlukene kwaye, ngokwezibakala, elingana ngamandla, isebe lowiso-mthetho liyanyanzelisa lize lihlole amandla omphathi ngendlela ebalulekileyo, kuquka nokusebenzisa amandla okulawula. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ingqineke iqinile ngokuphawulekayo, ilungelelanisa nokutshintsha kweemeko ngoxa ilondoloza umsebenzi walo ongundoqo wokuthintela amandla onyanzelekileyo.

Ukusebenza kwempumelelo yokuhlola amandla olawulo oluphezulu kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, ubuchule bokusebenza, kunye nokuganana kwabantu ngokubanzi. Xa iBhunga lisebenzisa iimbopheleleko zalo zobuveleli ngamandla nangokholo olulungileyo, lisebenza njengelinamandla ekuhlolweni kwegunya eliphetheyo. Xa ulawulo lungalawuleki ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa ngabalawuli abaphezulu, ukunyanzelwa kweemali, okanye ukuswela kokuthanda kwezobupolitika, amandla olawulo anokukhula angathintelwa.

Abemi benza indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ngokunika abameli babo ityala lokuqhuba ulawulo olunentsingiselo. Uluntu olunolwazi noluthembileyo olufuna ukuba kubekho ukubonakala nokuphendulana kobungangamsha benza ulawulo lombutho lombutho luphumelele. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukungakhathali kwabantu okanye uhlanga olunobuhlanga lungakuphazamisa ukujongela phantsi ukujongwa kwemithetho-siseko ngokususa iintshukumisa zezobupolitika zokuhlola igunya lempangelo.

Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga elihlola ngayo isebe elilawulayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda urhulumente waseMerika. Ezi nkqubo azinamigaqo engekho mgaqo-siseko eluncedo elawula indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo nendlela anikwa ngayo amandla. Ngokugcina ulawulo oluphaphileyo, ukulawula ukujongwa, ukubotshwa, nokugcina imvume epheleleyo yokungathobeli, iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba amandla olawulo oluphezulu ahlala ebuza kubameli babantu.

Le nkqubo ayifezekanga, kwaye ungquzulwano phakathi kwamasebe alunakuphepheka kwaye lusempilweni. Abakhi befreyida bayila urhulumente wamandla ahlukeneyo ngokuchanekileyo kuba babeqonda ukuba amabhongo amele alwele amabhongo. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kweBhunga kunye nesebe eliphethe isebe phezu kwemida yamandla alo anjalo ibonakalisa indlela yomgaqo-siseko kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokulawula elinye.

Njengoko urhulumente eqhubeka eguquka kwaye kuvela imingeni emitsha, iindlela zokuhlola ngazo amandla olawulo lweNkqutyana ziza kuqhubeka zihambelana. Ubugcisa obutsha, ukutshintsha kwezisongelo zokhuseleko, kunye nokutshintsha kwempembelelo yezobupolitika kuza kufuna ukuba iNgqungquthela iphuhlise ubuchule obutsha bobuveleli ize isebenzise igunya layo kwiimeko ezintsha. Noko ke, umgaqo osisiseko, uhlala ungaguquki: kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko, amandla olawulo oluphezulu kufuneka ahlolwe ngoongamelelo lwemithetho ukukhusela inkululeko nokuqinisekisa urhulumente obeke ityala.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngokuphatha iqumrhu kunye nokwahlula amagunya, i- ye-website ye- inikela ubuncwane obuninzi, kuquka iingxelo zekomiti, iirekhodi, kunye namaxwebhu ewiso-mthetho. [ Iofisi yeNkcubeko yeGosa [[FLT:] ikhupha iingxelo zemisebenzi yayo yolawulo, inikela ukuqonda okuneenkcukacha kwindlela ulawulo olusebenzayo ngayo. [[FLT] [FLT:]] i-Anstitution A[[FLT] inikezela ngokubanzi uhlalutyo olunxulumene nemithetho-yolawulo. [iiiiiintelligne]

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela evumela iBhunga eliphetheyo ukuba lijonge isebe limele enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zikarhulumente womgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Ngokuqonda ezi nkqubo nokuxhasa ukusebenza kwazo okusebenzayo, abemi banokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba le nkqubo iyaqhubeka ikhusela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kwaye bathintele ukuxinezeleka kwamandla abo batshabhisileyo. Ulawulo lweBhunga asiyonkalo nje yobugcisa yemisebenzi karhulumente.