UThomas Jefferson, uMongameli wesithathu waseUnited States, umi njengomnye wawona manani anempembelelo kakhulu emva kwembali ka Lewis noClark Expedition, uhambo olukhulu olwatshintsha ngonaphakade imbali yaseMerika. Umbono wakhe, ucwangciso olunobuchule, kunye nozibophelelo olungagungqiyo lokuhlola intshona waguqula oko kwakunokuba luvavanyo olulula kumsebenzi wokwenza ukhenketho olubalulekileyo kwimbali yehlabathi. Iminikelo kaJefferson yanwenwa ngaphaya kokugunyazisa nje uhambo, ukusukela ekukhetheni iinkokeli zayo ukuchaza iinjongo zayo zenzululwazi, ukukhusela imali, nokuseka imithetho yezomthetho enokuthi ikhokele izizukulwana eziza kuza.

Iphupha likaJefferson lobomi bonke lokuhlola kweNtshona

Kude phambi kokuba iLouisiana Purchase ibe yenokwenzeka, uThomas Jefferson wayelungiselela uhambo lokuhlola iNtshona Merika kwaye afumane indlela ecacileyo yorhwebo ukuya e-Asia. Oku kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwimimandla yasentshona yayingeyomdla odlulayo kodwa yayiyinkanuko eyayisidla uJefferson kangangamashumi eminyaka. Nangona uJefferson wayengazange ahambe ngaphezu kweemayile ezingamashumi amahlanu ukusuka eMonticello, wayephupha ngenyanga ummandla osusela ngaphandle kweMisipi kwaye wafunda ummandla kakhulu ngaphaya kweminyaka emibini edluleyo, ezama nokungaphumelelanga kuthunye ukuthatha uhambo lokuhlola izihlandlo eziliqela.

UJefferson waqala umdla wokuhlola intshona yobutsha bakhe. Njengomfundi oselula, wachanabeka kwiingcamango ngolwando lwasentshona ngomfundisi wakhe, uReverende James Maury, owayebandakanyeke ekucwangciseni uhambo lwasentshona olucetyiweyo lwenkampani ethembekileyo. Oku kubhenca kwakuqala kwaveliswa imbewu ezakukhula ubomi bukaJefferson bonke. Ngexesha lamawaka amashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe nangamawaka asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe, uJefferson walwamka kaninzi lwenzamendulo kwiphulo lokuhlola entshona, unqanda umva ngamnye womeleza kuphela isigqibo sakhe sosuku olunye ukubona iMelika ntshona ihlolwane ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ibhalwe.

Iziseko zeCops of Discovery zabekwa xa uThomas Jefferson wadibana noJohn Ledyard ukuze axubushe uhambo olucetyiswayo lokuya kuMntlantshona wePasifiki kwiwaka linamakhulu asibhozo anamashumi asibhozo anamashumi asibhozo, Jefferson wafunda incwadi ka-Alexander Mackenzie ka1801 malunga nohambo lwakhe lwasezweni jikelele kwi-Canada kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki; aba maphepha-maphephancwadi ahlolayo aphembelela isigqibo sakhe sokwakha isiqu saseMerika esikwazi ukufikelela kwiPasifiki ngokukuhle. Ukuzimisela kukaJefferson ukunyusa uhambo lwaseMerika kwaqhutywa ngokwenxalenye ethile likratshi lesizwe kwaye umnqweno wokuqinisekisa ukuba iUnited States, hayi iBritani okanye amanye amazwe aseYurophu, ayeza kufumana ulwazi kwaye alawule amaphondo asentshona.

Ukubaluleka Okufanelekileyo Kwemimandla YaseNtshona

Ekholelwa ukuba iUnited States kwakufuneka yandise intshona ukuze iqinisekise ukusinda kwayo nokuphumelela kwayo, uJefferson watsiba ngethuba lokuthenga iLouisiana ukusuka kuNapoleon Bonaparte waseFransi. Umbono kaJefferson wanwetshwa ngaphaya kokufumana nje indawo. Ngasemva kokubandakanyeka kwakhe umbono oqinileyo "wenkululeko" osusiweyo ukusuka kwi-Atlantiki ukuya kunxweme lwePasifiki. Le sylofiki yakhokela yonke imithetho yephondo lwasentshona lweJefferson kwaye yanika iLewis neClarkss noClarkedia injongo engaphaya kohambo olulula.

Jefferson waqonda ukuba ukulawula uMlambo iMississippi nokufikelela kwizibuko laseNew Orleans kwakubaluleke kakhulu kurhwebo nakukhuseleko lwesizwe saseMerika. Abalimi baseNtshona babefuna indlela ethembekileyo yokuthutha impahla yabo ukuya emarikeni, kwaye uMlambo iMississippi waba ngumthambo ophambili worhwebo kuhlanga olwakhulayo. Ithemba lokulawula amandla angaphandle kule ndlela yamanzi ibalulekileyo labangela usongelo kubemi baseMelika. Xa iSpeyin yafuduselwa eLouisiana emva eFransi ngo-1802, Jefferson yaqonda ngokukhawuleza ukuba le ngozi, ibhalwe ukuba le nkqubela yayingu"ibhumbululo yebhulukhwe yenkqu" eyayiza kuchaphazela ukufikelela phambili kwezizwe kumacala omabini e-Atlantiki.

ICandelo laseLouisiana Elithengwayo Nesigunyaziso Sengqungquthela

ILouisiana Purchase ka-1803 yandisa ngokuphawulekayo umlinganiselo nokubaluleka kohambo lukaJefferson. ILouisiana Purchase ngo1803 yayingumhlaba ohamba ngoomatshini behlabathi phakathi kweUnited States neFransi, apho iU.S. yafumana malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-87 000 zentshona yoMlambo iMississippi ngezigidi ezingama-R3. Ukuthengiswa kwayithintela ngokunempumelelo iSpeyin neFransi ukusuka kwimpuma yoMntla Merika kwaye kwaphinda-phinda-phinda umlinganiselo wolutsha lwaseUnited States, iwubeka kwindlela yeNtshona encopho encothulayo ngaphaya kwelizwekazi.

Abantu abaninzi abaqondiyo kukuba uJefferson wayesele eqalisile ukuceba uhambo phambi kokuba iLouisiana Purchase igqitywe. NgoJanuwari 1803, uJefferson wacela iKhomishini yokuxhasa uhambo oluza kunqumla ingingqi yeLouisiana, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani oza kuyilawula, kwaye uqhubekela kwiPasifiki. Eli xesha lityhila indlela elungeleleneyo kaJefferson ukucinga ngolu hlobo lwendawo lwasentshona. Wayeqonda ukuba ulwazi lwengingqi yentshona luzakuba luxabisekile okanye aluyiyo iUnited States.

Ukukhusela Imali Ngenkqubo Eqhelekileyo

Kwisigidimi esifihlakeleyo sikaJanuwari 18, 1803, uMongameli Jefferson wacela iNgqungquthela yama-R2 500 ukuhlola iNtshona – yonke indlela eya kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Ukufihla esi sicelo kwakungobugqinga nangezobupolitika. UNobhala weMoole Albert Gallatin wabongoza ukuba isicelo senziwe ngokufihlakeleyo. Lo myalezo uchazwa ukuba ujolise kwilizwe lorhwebo lwamaIndiya kwaye ukhankanye uhambo lwasentshona olucetyiweyo kufuphi nesiphelo solu xwebhu.

Indlela kaJefferson yokukhusela imvume yengqungquthela yabonisa izicelo zakhe zezobupolitika. Ngexesha lesicelo sakhe, ummandla waseLouisiana wawusenguwaseFransi, kwaye iSpeyin yalawula ukufikelela kwimijelo engundoqo yamanzi. Ngokubeka uhambo phambili ngokubhekiselele ekukhuthazeni urhwebo kunye nokuphucula ulwalamano nezizwe zamaMelika aseMdadlana, uJefferson wenza izicelo ezivunyiweyo kwiNgqungquthela yelizwe ngelixa ejongelwa phantsi iinjongo ze-Phondo eziphambili. Ukuthozama okuncinane, ukucaciswa ngokuyintloko ngokwemibandela yokukhuthaza ezorhwebo, ukufihla iinjongo ezinkulu zolwando lwe-Profferson.

IKhomishini yavuma ukuxhasa uhambo olwaluza kukhokelwa nguMeriwether Lewis noWilliam Clark. Ucwangciso lobuchule lwe-R2,500, ngeli xesha luthotywa ngemigangatho yale mihla, lwamela utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kuhlanga oluselula kwaye lwabonisa ukuthembeka kombutho kaJefferson. Elona xabiso leqela lamajoni lakuba liza kugqitha kucwangciso lokuqala, kodwa ukuzimisela kukaJefferson ngobuchule kunye nempumelelo epheleleyo yezorhwebo lathethelela utyalo ngeniso amaxesha amaninzi.

Ukukhetha Nokulungiselela Iinkokeli Ezigxothiweyo

Esinye sezigqibo zikaJefferson eziphambili yaba kukukhetha kwakhe iinkokeli ze-email. UMongameli Jefferson wakhetha unobhala wakhe, uMariwether Lewis, ukukhokela iButho loDiscovery. Olu khetho lwalungekho ngqiqweni. Umongameli uThomas Jefferson wanikela ixesha lakhe, amandla, nekomkhulu lezobupolitika kule projekthi kwaye wathatha ulawulo olungqalileyo lokucwangcisa kwakhe kokuqala nolungiselelo.

Meriwether Lewis: IProtégé kaMongameli

Ulwalamano lukaJefferson noMeriwether Lewis lwalungolwakhe kwaye lungoogqhinga. Lewis wayesamkela ngemdla isibonelelo sikaJefferson sokuba ngunobhala wakhe kwaye wanikela iminyaka emibini yenkonzo ngaphambi kokuba amiselwe ukuba yinkokeli yeqela "elikhuthazayo" kamsinyane ukuba abe liLungu leDiscovery le Lewis kunye neClark Expedition. Ngexesha lale minyaka mibini, Lewis wayengenamdla ngokufikelela kwithala leencwadi elibanzi likaJefferson kwaye ebandakanyeke kwiingxubusho ezininzi malunga nemimandla yasentshona, ngokunempumelelo esebenzela umsebenzi wakhe ekugqibeleni.

UVirginian nonyana womnini wefama kufuphi neMonticello, Lewis wayengumphathi-mikhosi onolwazi oluninzi lwengqeqesho yomkhosi, amava kumda wasentshona, kwaye njengokuba uJefferson wakubeka oku "kwahlala emahlathini, kwaye wayeqhelene nesimilo samaIndiya nobuntu.. UJefferson wayebuxabisa obu buchule buluncedo, kodwa wayebugqala nobu buchule bukaLewis kunye nobuchule bakhe bokufunda iindlela zenzululwazi ezizakuba yimfuneko ekubhaleni izinto ezifunyenwe nguhambo.

Uqeqesho Lwenzululwazi Nokulungiselela

Jefferson waqonda ukuba impumelelo yohambo yayiza kuxhomekeka kungekuphela nje kubuchule beenkokeli bokusinda entlango kodwa kwanakumandla abo okwenza uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo lwenzululwazi nokugcina iingxelo ezinenkcukacha. Kwesi siphelo, uJefferson wathumela Lewis eLancaster nase Philadelphia, ePennsylvania, ukuba afundiswe ngabanye oososayensi abaphambili belizwe (kuquka uAndrew Ellicott, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Smith Barton, Robert Patterson, kunye neCaspar Wistar).

Le nkqubo yoqeqesho olunzulu yaquka imixholo emininzi ephawulekayo. UAndrew Ellicott wafundisa ama Lewis ukujikeleza kwendalo kunye nobugcisa bophando. uBenjamin Rush, omnye woogqirha abadumileyo eMelika, wafundisa i Lewis ngonyango kwaye wanikela ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha ekulondolozeni impilo yamalungu ohambo. Benjamin Smith Barton, isazi ngezityalo esiphambili, esiqeqeqeshiweyo kwimiba yokwazimo zezityalo kunye noqokelelo lwe-specimen. URobert Patterson wafundisa izibalo kunye nohlalutyo lwenzululwazi ngenkwenkwezi, ngoxa uCaspar Wistar wanikela uqeqesho ngokwakhiwa kwamalungu kunye nokuphawulwa kwamathambo.

Ububanzi nobunzulu bale mfundo yenzululwazi bubonakalisa umbono kaJefferson onqwenelekayo wohambo. Wayefuna okungaphezulu komsebenzi olula wokuhlola ngezantsi. Wayenombono wophando lwenzululwazi olubanzi oluza kulingana nohambo olukhulu lwaseYurophu lwexesha. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba Lewis wafumana uqeqesho olusuka kwiingqondo ezintle eMelika, uJefferson wabeka isiseko seempumelelo ezibalaseleyo zenzululwazi.

UWilliam Clark Ungenela Umsebenzi

Ngeli xesha uJefferson wakhetha Lewis njengomphathi wohambo, yayingu Lewis owakhetha uWilliam Clark njengomkhokeli wakhe. Lewis wabhalela uWilliam Clark, ecela ukuba aqhubele phambili uhambo oluya eMissouri. Clark wamkela, kwincwadi kaJulayi 18. Olu manyano luza kungqineka luyenye lwezona zixhobo ziphumelelayo kwimbali yokuhlola, nobuchule bobuchule bokuphelelisa kunye nokuhloniphana kwakhe, ukudala ukhokelo oluxhasa uhambo ngeengxaki ezininzi.

Jefferson wavunywa ngokhetho lukaLewis kwaye waxhasa ilungiselelo lokhokelo kunye, eqonda ukuba impumelelo yohambo izakuxhomekeka ekubeni neenkokeli ezimbini ezikwaziyo ezinokubelana ngeembopheleleko ezinkulu kwaye zinikezele ukhuselo xa kunokwenzeka ukugula okanye umonakalo. Esi sigqibo sabonisa indlela elula kaJefferson yokuceba nokuvuma kwakhe ukuthemba umgwebo kaLewis kwimicimbi yomkhosi weenqanawa.

Imiyalelo exhobisayo kaJefferson

Akukho xwebhu lwangqineka lubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni kweNtshona Merika kunonobumba wemiyalelo uJefferson awayilungiselela iLewis. Uxwebhu lukaJefferson lwaba ngumthetho wobuzwe bexesha eliseleyo lenkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba. Le miyalelo, eyanikezelwa eLewiss ngoJuni 1803, yamela incopho yamashumi eminyaka kaJefferson yokucinga ngokuhlola entshona kwaye yatyhila ububanzi bombono wakhe wohambo.

Iinjongo zezorhwebo nezokwemayela

Jefferson wayalela abaphathi ukuba baqhubeke benyuka kuMlambo iMissouri, baphawule iimephu ezichanekileyo zommandla, kwaye bachaze iindawo ezibalulekileyo zomsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Ukuphengululwa kwendlela yamanzi eya kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki yayiyinjongo eyintloko. UJefferson, njengabantu abaninzi ababephila ngexesha lakhe, wayenethemba lokuba olu hambo luza kufumana indlela eluncedo yeNorthwest Passage/a naviga indlela yamanzi enqumla ilizwekazini eliza kubangela urhwebo ne-Asia.

Imiyalelo kaJefferson yagxininisa ukubaluleka kokujonga ngenyameko nokugcina ingxelo echanileyo. Kwimiyalelo yokuhlola eyalungiselelwa Lewis, uJefferson wayalela ukuba abahloli belizwe lakhe babhale ukuba abakhenkethi babhale imaphu yemilambo neentaba kuphela kodwa kwakhona babequke iindidi zomhlaba, izimbiwa, iipateni zemozulu, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokungqinelana noqoqosho.

Uphando lwenzululwazi

UJefferson wabayala ukuba bafune iindlela ezintsha zorhwebo, bamisele ulwalamano nezizwe zasentshona zama-Indiya aseMelika, nokuba banikele ingxelo ngejografi, inzululwazi ngejiyografi, inkwenkwezi, inzululwazi ngezilwanyana, i-botany, kunye nemozulu yaseNtshona. Lo mqathango wenzululwazi opheleleyo wabonakalisa amaxabiso okukhanyiselwa kukaJefferson kunye nenkolelo yakhe yokuba ulwazi ngokwalo lwaluxabisekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lusetyenziswa njani.

Wayalela uLewis noClark ukuba babhale iinkcukacha ezibanzi zenzululwazi, kuquka izityalo, izilwanyana, imozulu, iindawo zeminerali kunye nohlobo lomhlaba olunokuxhasa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolimo. UJefferson wayefuna iinkcukacha zazo zonke iintlobo ezintsha zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezidibeneyo ezinokuthunyelwa eMpuma ukuze kufundwe ngokuqhubekayo. Wacela uphando lwenzululwazi ngendalo ukusungula ulungelelwaniso oluchanileyo lommandla weside, uphando lwenzululwazi yendalo ukuze afumanise imithombo yemibhobho, kunye nolwazi lwemozulu ukuze aqonde imozulu yemimandla yasentshona.

Inkcaso yenzululwazi kaJefferson yayingaqhelekanga ngexesha layo. Wayalela uLewis noClark ukuba benze imibhalo emininzi yoolindixesha babo kunye neemaphu ukuqinisekisa ukuba oko kwafunyanwa nguhambo ngenqanawa akunakulahleka ukuba intlekele igalelekile. Wagxininisa ukubaluleka kokuchaneka kwimilinganiselo kunye nohlalutyo, esazi ukuba ukuthembeka kweziphumo zohambo ngenqanawa kwakuza kuxhomekeka kubuchule bogcino-lwazi lwalo.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Jefferson waquka imiyalelo eneenkcukacha ngendlela amaLungu afanele abandakanye ngayo amaNantinenti. Lewis noClark babeza "kubaqhuba ngohlobo olunobuhlobo nolulungelelanisayo ihambo yabo eza kuvuma." Lo mthetho wawubonisa zombini inkxalabo yoluntu kunye nezibalo ezicwangcisiweyo. Jefferson waqonda ukuba ukusinda kohambo kwakunokuxhomekeka ekulondolozeni ulwalamano oluhle nezizwe zamaMelika aseMdabini, kwaye waqonda nokuba ukuseka ulwalamano oluseluxolweni kwakuza kuba yimfuneko kwikamva lolwando norhwebo.

Uxolo nobuhlobo, engqondweni kaJefferson, zazifuneka ukuze kuqaliswe ulwalamano lorhwebo, uphawu oluyintloko lwenkqubo karhulumente kumaIndiya oMlambo iMissouri. UJefferson wacinga ngekamva apho izizwe zamaMelika amaNdiya zaziza kuba ngamadlelane athengiselanayo, yaye ekugqibeleni, zidityaniswe kwiriphabliki eyandayo yaseMerika. Ngoxa lo mbono wawunobukhobo kwaye ekugqibeleni waba negalelo kwimigaqo-nkqubo eyayonakalisa abantu boMdabuzwe, yayimela ukuzama kukaJefferson ukucinga ngekamva eliquka kunokuba liqukiwe abantu bomthonyami.

UJefferson wanika Lewis noClark iimendulo zoxolo ezithwele umfanekiso wakhe ukuze zabelwe iinkokeli zesizwe. Lewis noClark bazisa iimendlela ezingamashumi asibhozo anesine ezilinganayo ngobungakanani obuhlanu ukuze bachaze isihlanu "imilinganiselo" yenkosi. Ezi mvundla zasebenza iinjongo ezininzi: zafuzisela ulawulo lwamaMelika, zafanisa izizwe ezinobuhlobo kwingingqi zexesha elizayo, zaseka umthetho wonxulumano phakathi korhulumente waseUnited States kunye namazwe amaIndiya.

Ucwangciso lobuchule kunye nokuhlala kwezibonelelo

Inxaxheba kaJefferson kuhambo lwadluliselwa kwinkcukacha ezincinane zokuceba nokulungiselela. UMongameli uJefferson wasebenza ngokusondeleyo noMeriwether Lewis ukuqinisekisa ukuba wayekulungele kakuhle – elindele oko iqela laliza kukudinga ngokweengalo, ukutya, amayeza, igiyeri yokumisa iintente, izixhobo zenzululwazi, kunye nezipho zezizwe zamaIndiya.

Izixhobo noxhotyiso

Baceba kakuhle. Ngeli xesha uhambo luphelelwa bubunewunewu obufana noweshikey, icuba, netyuwa, abazange baphelelwe yimipu nomgubo, ababewufuna ukuze bafumane ukutya okuzidibanisileyo kunye nokuzixhobisayo — kwaye abazange baphelelwe yiink kunye nephepha, kwakufuneka babhale izinto abazifumeneyo. Oku kuqwalasela kwangaphambili izinto zobuncwane kubonisa ukuqonda kukaJefferson oko kwakuzakuba yimfuneko ngokwenene kwimpumelelo yohambo. Isibakala sokuba uhambo aluzange luphele nangaze luphele izinto zokubhala, phezu kwayo nje imigama emikhulu eyahamba kwaye iimeko ezinzima zinyamezele, sithetha ngokuzinikela kukaJefferson kwingxelo yezoncwadi kunye nokugcina ingxelo yenzululwazi.

Jefferson wakhokela ngokwakhe ekufumaneni izixhobo zenzululwazi, kuquka ii-chronometry zokufumanisa ubude, isixhobo sokuhamba ngenqanawa, iikhampasi, i-thermometer, kunye nezixhobo zokuhlola. Waqinisekisa ukuba Lewis wayeqonda indlela yokusebenzisa isixhobo ngasinye kwaye wagxininisa ukubaluleka kokwenza ujongo oluthe rhoqo nokulondoloza iirekhodi zononophelo.

Izixhobo zonyango zohambo zabonisa uGqr. Benjamin Rush ingcebiso zakhe kwaye ziquka uludwe olubanzi lwamayeza, izixhobo zotyando, kunye nonyango lokukhusela. Jefferson waqonda ukuba ukulondoloza impilo yamalungu ohambo kwakuza kuba yimfuneko ukuze aphumelele, kwaye akazange ahlawule indleko ekunikezeleni ezona zinto zezamayeza zilungileyo ezazikho ngelo xesha.

Izipho Zezizwe Zomthonyama ZaseMerika

UJefferson wanikela ingqalelo engakumbi ekukhetheni izipho ezifanelekileyo kwizizwe zamaMelika Omthonyama. Ezi zipho zasebenzisa iinjongo zobuzwe, ukusungula ububele kunye nokukhuthaza urhwebo. Olu hambo lwathwala uluhlu lwezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo kuquka ubuhlalu, izipili, iimela, icuba, ilaphu, nezinye izinto zorhwebo uJefferson akholelwa ukuba zaziza kuxatyiswa ngabantu bomthonyama. Ukukhethwa ngononophelo kwezi zipho kwabonisa uGifferson ngokubaluleka konxibelelwano lwenkcubeko nokuqaphela kwakhe ukuba ukuhambela phambili ngempumelelo kwakuza kufuna intsebenziswano evela kuluntu zaseIndiya.

Indima kaJefferson Ngexesha Lokugxothwa

Uqhagamshelwano lukaJefferson nohambo aluzange luphele xa uLewis noClark bashiya iSt Louis ngoMeyi 1804. Lo lonke olo hambo, uJefferson wahlala ebandakanyeke kakhulu kwinkqubela phambili yohambo kwaye waphakamisa iinjongo zalo.

Ukufumana Nokubonisa Ukufumana Ukhuthuzo

NgoAgasti 1805, uThomas Jefferson wafumana uthutho olungaqhelekanga kwindlu yoMongameli eWashington, D.C. ethunyelwe nguLewis & Clark ukusuka eFort Mandan, imithwalo yayinezityalo, iimephu, izinto zobugcisa zamaNazantsi eMelika, izilwanyana eziphilayo, kunye nezinye, zonke eziqokelelwe ebudeni bohambo lweminyaka emibini. Le mithwalo, ithunyelwe ukusuka kwigumbi lobusika lobuMandan, yanika uJefferson ubungqina bakhe bokuqala obucacileyo bokufumana kwalo hambo.

UMongameli Jefferson wasebenzisa iIholo yeNtrance yeNdlu emhlophe ukuveza izinto ezibuyile empuma ukusuka kuhambo, kunye nolunye uhambo lwasentshona olwaluqhutywa nguZebulon Pike ukususela ngo1806 ukuya ku-1807. Ngokubonisa ezi zinto zobugcisa kwiNdlu emhlophe, uJefferson wenza oko kwafunyanwa ngumkhosi wamajoni ukuba kufunyanwe iindwalutho, amalungu eBhunga, namanye amaMelika anempembelelo. Oku kuboniswa kwabantu basekuhlaleni kwasebenza iinjongo ezininzi: kwabonisa ixabiso lohambo, kwakhuthaza umdla kwimimandla yasentshona, kwaye kwaseka iHoweWhite njengesazulu solwazi lwenzululwazi kunye nolomhlaba.

Ukuzibandakanya Neenkokeli Zomthonyama

EWashington, uJefferson wamkela amathunywa eMissouri, Oto, Arikara, kunye neYankton Sioux iintloko ezazidibene no Lewis noClark ngaphezu konyaka ngaphambili. Olu tyelelo lobuzwe lwaluyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yecebo likaJefferson lokumisela impembelelo yaseMerika kwimimandla emitsha. Intetho kaJefferson kwiqela leenkosi ezisuka kuMlambo osezantsi iMissouri ikukudityaniswa kobuhlobo, izithembiso zoxolo kwilizwe elahlukeneyo, kunye nezisongelo ezigqugqithelwe phantsi ukuba amaIndiya ayechase ukuchasa ulawulo lwaseMerika.

Indlela kaJefferson yokuthethana noMadabi aseMerika yayibonisa indlela entsonkothileyo nesoloko iphikisanayo yokubona kwakhe ulwando lwasentshona. Ngoxa wayekholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ekunokwenzeka kobunyhadala boxolo kunye nokutshintshisana ngezithethe, wanyanzelisa ulawulo lwamaMelika kwaye wacacisa ukuba ukuxhathisa akunakunyanyezelwa. Olu ngquzulwano phakathi kwenkcazo yentelekelelo kunye nenkcazo yolawulo lwama-Melika kuma-Indiya ezayo

Ukubuya Kwendawo Nempendulo KaJefferson

Xa uLewis noClark babuyela eSt. Louis ngoSeptemba 1806, bathumela ilizwi kuJefferson ngempumelelo yabo. Lewis wabhalela uThomas Jefferson ukuba iikhop zazi "zingene kwilizwekazi laseMntla Merika kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Le ngxelo ilula yayimela ukuzaliseka kwephupha likaJefferson elide laza laphawula utshintsho kwimbali yaseMelika.

Jefferson wafumana iindaba ngolwaneliseko olukhulu kwaye waqalisa ukusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba oko kufunyaniswe nguhambo lwalo kuza kubhalwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye kwasasazwa. Wakhuthaza Lewis ukuba alungiselele oolindixesha bephulo lokuphuma emkhosini ukuze axhase imigudu yokwenza iimaphu ezichanekileyo ezisekelwe kwingqwalasela zohambo. Ngelixesha Lewis wayetsala nzima kumsebenzi wokulungiselela umatshini wokupapasha impapasho `a iprojekthi engazukugqitywa ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi.

Iminikelo Nelifa Lenzululwazi

Impumelelo yenzululwazi yeLewis and Clark Expedition yadlula naleyo uJefferson wayeyilindele. Olu hambo lwabhala amakhulu ezityalo nezilwanyana ezingaziwayo ngaphambili kwinzululwazi, lwadala iimaphu ezinenkcukacha zemimandla emikhulu, lwamisela uhlalutyo lwenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi oluzinzise ngokuchanileyo iindawo ezingundoqo zendawo, lwaqokelela inkcazelo eninzi ngezizwe zamaMelika Omthonyama.

Izixhobo zobugcisa nezobugcisa

Lewis noClark baqokelela izityalo ezimalunga ne-178 kunye nezilwanyana ezili-122 ezazisaqala kwinzululwazi. Ezi zinto zafunyanwa zandisa ngokuphawulekayo ulwazi lwenzululwazi lwendalo yendalo eMantla Merika kwaye zabonisa ubutyebile bezinto zendalo zelizwekazi. Ezininzi zezi ntlobo zathiywa ukudumisa iLewis, uClark, okanye uJefferson, zidala ilifa elihlala lihleli ngokwenzululwazi kuhambo lwalo nakumxhasi walo.

Iingqokelela zezobugcisa zohambo zaziquka izityalo ezixabisekileyo eziza kulinywa kamva ukuze zifumane ukutya, amayeza nezinye iinjongo. Izinto ezafunyanwayo zezilwanyana zahluka-hlukene ukusuka kwizilwanyana ezinkulu ezincanyana ezifana nebhere elinamaplanga kunye nenyama ye-pronghorn ukuya kwizidalwa ezincinane ezifana nenja yasethafeni kunye nentlobo ngeentlobo zeentaka. Ukufunyanwa kwazo kwakubhalwe kakuhle ngenkcukacha ezineenkcukacha, imilinganiselo, kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, zigcinwe ii-specimen ezinokufundwa zizazinzulu eMpuma.

Imisebenzi yezobugcisa

Iimaphu ezenziwe ngu Lewis noClark, zisekelwe kwimiyalelo kaJefferson kunye noqeqesho lwenzululwazi alucwangcisileyo, lwamela ukutsiba ngolwazi lwengingqi lwengingqi yoMntla Merika. Ekucwangcisweni kohambo, Lewis noGallatin baqokelela iimaphu zamva kunye neengxelo ezishicilelweyo ezibonisa kwaye zichaza ilizwe lasentshona. Olu lwazimo zentelekelelo lwafakwa kuxwebhu oludityanisiweyo. . . UNicholas King 1803 maphu, eyathi ihambo lwahamba nazo kwadelwa nazo ubuncinane ukuya kwiilali zaseMandan.

Umsebenzi wohambo lwamaphenyane walungisa iimbono ezininzi eziphosakeleyo malunga nejiyografi yasentshona kwaye wanika ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nemijelo yemilambo, umgama obandakanyekileyo kuhambo ngelizwekazi. Ngeli xesha uhambo lungazange lufumane indlela ethembayo yePascage yaseNtshonantshona-zimust.

Uxwebhu lwe HTML

Imiyalelo kaJefferson yokubhala izithethe zamaNative Merika yaphumela kwiingxelo zembali ezihlala zibalulekile kubabhali-mbali nakuluntu lwanamhlanje. ULewis noClark babhala iinkcukacha ezingeelwimi zesizwe, amasiko, imicimbi yezopolitiko, imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko yezinto eziphathekayo. Babhala uqikelelo, imida, kunye nolwalamano lwesizwe. Le nkcazelo, nangona ihluzwe ngokweenkcubeko zamandulo kumaMelika akwinkulungwane yeshumi elinethobathoba, inika ubungqina obubalulekileyo malunga neemvelaphi zamaMelika aseMelika aseNtshona Koloni ngexesha elibalulekileyo embalini.

Umbono kaJefferson nolwando lwaseMelika

ILewis ne-Clark Expediction kufuneka ziqondwe phakathi komongo obanzi wombono kaJefferson wexesha elizayo. Le leta yadibanisa umnqweno wesizwe wolwando lwelizwe lokufumana inzululwazi. Apha uJefferson wazoba isicwangciso esibanzi nesithambileyo sokuhlola entshona. Olu qhagamshelwano lophando lwenzululwazi kunye nolawulo lwephondo lubonisa indlela uJefferson ajonge ngayo eNtshona kunye neepateni ezisunguliweyo ezaziza kubumba iMelika ukukhula kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

Ubukhosi Benkululeko

Jefferson wayenombono we-United States "njengonompempe wenkululeko" ."iriphabliki enkulu yabalimi abazimeleyo abaza kulima ilizwe kwaye babenenxaxheba kwimpuku yedemokhrasi. ILewis noClark Expedition bawufeza lo mbono ngokuchaza amazwe alungele ezolimo, ukuseka amaMerika kwimimandla yasentshona, kunye nendlela yokuvula indlela yokuhlalisana kwixesha elizayo. UJefferson wayekholelwa ukuba ukwanda kwentshona kuya kuqinisekisa ukusinda kukarhulumente weriphabliki ngokunika umhlaba wezizukulwana zexesha elizayo nokuthintela ukuxinga koluntu ezixekweni, awawajonga njengendawo zokuvelisa urhwaphilizo nolawulo.

Lo mbono, ngexa wawukhuthaza abantu abaninzi baseMelika, waba neziphumo ezitshabalalisayo kubantu boMdabi waseMerika ababesele behlala kwimimandla yasentshona. "umphathi wenkululeko" wakhiwa ekugxothweni kwabantu belizwe lomthonyama kunye nolwandiso lobukhoboka kwimimandla emitsha. ILewis noClark Expedition, phezu kwazo nje izinto ezaphunyelelwa yinzululwazi, intlonelo yokwenene eyaboniswa rhoqo ngamaNazanti, ekugqibeleni yasebenza kwiprojekthi ye-omfamathi, eyayiphumele ekulahlekelweni kwamazwe amaIndiya nokqumrhu notshabalo lobomi.

Uphuhliso Lwezoqoqosho Norhwebo

Umbono kaJefferson wezoqoqosho kwiNtshona osekelwe kwizolimo norhwebo. Wayekholelwa ukuba abalimi basentshona babeza kuvelisa intsalela yezolimo eyayinokuthunyelwa kwiimarike zaseYurophu, ibangele ubutyebi nokuqinisekisa uzimele kwezoqoqosho zaseMerika. Umsebenzi wohambo lokuchonga iindlela zorhwebo nokumisela ulwalamano nezizwe zamaMelika Omthonyama wasebenzisa olu cwangciso lwezoqoqosho.

UJefferson wayenethemba lokuba olu hambo luza kuchaza amathuba orhwebo ne-Asia ludlula kunxweme lwe-Pasifiki. Ngeli xesha izinto ezafunyanwa nguhambo lwamanzi zacacisa ukuba akukho ndlela elula yamanzi enqumla elo lizwekazi, inkcazelo eqokelelwe malunga noMlambo iColumbia kunye nePasifiki yasemntlantshona iza kuxhasa amaMerika athelekelelo eOregon Territory kwaye ivule uphuhliso lwendlela zorhwebo lwePasifiki.

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka

Indima kaJefferson kwiLewis and Clark Expedition yayingenampikiswano. Isigqibo sakhe sokuqhubeka nohambo phambi kweLouisiana Purchase sabuzwa imibuzo epheleleyo ngegunya elilawulayo kunye nobungakanani obufanelekileyo begunya lomongameli. Isicelo sakhe sokuxhasa imali ngokufihlakeleyo kwiKhomishini sakhathaza abanye ababekholelwa ukuba izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zimele zenziwe ngengxoxo evulekileyo. Yaye umbono wakhe wokukhula kwentshona, ngoxa ubhiyozelwa ngamaMelika amaninzi, utyeshelwe okanye ugxothe amalungelo nezilangazelelo zabantu baseMelika ababeza kugxothwa yindawo yokuhlala eMelika.

Imibuzo yezomGaqo-siseko

UJefferson, owakha umsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko ngokungqongqo ngokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko, wajamelana nokugxekwa ngenxa yokugqithisa kwemiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko kwiLouisiana Purchase kunye nohambo olwayihlolayo. Njengomakhi ongqongqo, uJefferson ngokwakhe wayexhalabele enoba umongameli unika igunya lokufumana umhlaba omtsha okanye ukuchitha imali kawonke-wonke ekuhloleni. Noko ke, ukuzimisela kwakhe ukuya entshona ekugqibeleni kwadlula ukunyuka komGaqo-siseko wakhe, kwaye waqhubeka nokuthenga kunye nohambo lwakhe phezu kwako nje ukuthandabuza ngesiseko somGaqo-siseko.

Impembelelo Kubantu Bomthonyama BaseMerika

Ngoxa uJefferson noClark bayalela ukuba baphathe abantu boMdabu ngentlonelo kunye nokuseka ulwalamano loxolo, oyena mphumo wohambo lwabahambi yayikukwenza amaMerika anyuke ngokuxabisa abemi bomthonyama. Ulwazi lwelizwe, unxulumano nobume belizwe, kunye nezimi ezimiselwe ngulo hambo lwamazwe lwabangela ukuba amaMerika angabi nandawo yabemi boMdabu kumazwe ookhokhokho babo. Umbono kaJefferson wokubandakanya amaMerika kwibutho elimanyeneyo ngenkqubela yezolimo nenkcubeko wangqinelana ukuba ngaphaya kwamandla yaye ekugqibeleni waba negalelo kwimigaqo-nkqubo eyabangela ukubandezeleka okukhulu.

Impembelelo yomgama omde kunye nentsingiselo yembali

Impembelelo ka Lewis noClark Expediction ayinakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo kwimbali yaseMelika, kwaye indima kaJefferson ekukwenzeni kubenako ukumela enye yezona misebenzi zakhe ezibalulekileyo kuhlanga. Uhambo lwasungula iMelika kwiPasifiki yasentshonantshona, lunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo lwelizwe kunye nenzululwazi, luvule iindlela zokuhlola nokuhlalisana kwexesha elizayo, kwaye lwabamba ingcamango yamaMelika ngendlela eziqhubeka zivakala namhlanje.

Impembelelo Ekuhloleni Ikamva

Oluhambo lokuqala lwasentshona lwamela umnqweno wokususa iindawo zokuhlala zaseMerika kunye noluntu ngaphaya koMlambo iMississippi. Umbindi weNdlu emhlophe kucwangciso nakwimbo yamva yezobugcisa ezithunyelwe kolu hambo zibalaselisa ubunjani besizwe bamacandelo okuqala entshona Merika. ILewis neClark Expressice yamisela imodeli karhulumente noluntu olunobuphengululi obuza kulandelwa kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba.

Ilifa Lenzululwazi

Impumelelo yenzululwazi yeLewis ne-Clark Expedition, eyenziwa ukuba ikwazi ukugxininisa kukaJefferson kuhlolo olunobuchule noxwebhu, yaba negalelo elibalulekileyo kwinzululwazi yaseMerika. Izixhobo zobugcisa nezokusebenza kwezilwanyana eziqokelelwe liphucukileyo zenzululwazi kunye nokuqondwa okungaphezulu kwendalo. Iingxelo zomnyaka zanikela ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngezithethe zamaMelika aseMntla-ntshona. Yaye ulwazi lwelizwe oluqokelelwe nguhambo lwalungisa iimbono eziphosakeleyo kwaye lwanika ulwazi oluchanileyo oluya kukhokela abahambi kunye nabemi bexesha elizayo.

Impembelelo yeNkcubeko

Lewis noClark Expediction baye baba yenye yeengxelo ezichaza imbali zaseMelika, efuzisela umoya wokuhlola, ukusukela ulwazi, kunye nolwandiso lwentsimi nempembelelo yaseMerika. Indima kaJefferson ekuhlanganiseni, ekucebiseni, nasekuxhaseni uhambo luye lwaba yinxalenye engundoqo yelifa lakhe elingokwembali. Olu hambo lwabonisa ukubanako kophando lwenzululwazi olukhutshwe ngurhulumente kwaye lwamisela imizekeliso yokubandakanyeka kolawulo lwamazwe kunye nophando lwenzululwazi oluqhubeka nanamhlanje.

Ugcino lobuqu lukaJefferson

Ingcamango yeDiscovery `Iqela leDivision'') yenye ingcamango eyakhuthazwa nguThomas Jefferson ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini eminyaka, idityaniswe nonikezelo lwakhe kwinzululwazi yokukhanyiselwa, kwaye inikwe amandla ngumbono wakhe kwintshona Merika(iimiyalelo yayo, umsebenzi wayo, kunye nomthwalo wayo ongokwembali. Le ngxelo ithatha intsingiselo enzulu yobuqu ye-Jefferson kwi-evison. Kwi-Clack Expedition, imela isiphelo sephupha lakhe eliphilayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yakhe yokukhanyisela.

Ulwalamano lukaJefferson noMeriwether Lewis lwalubaluleke kakhulu. Wasebenza njengomncedisi notata kuLewis, enikela ukhokelo, imfundo, namathuba awabumba ubomi nomsebenzi ka Lewis. Xa uLewis wafa phantsi kweemeko ezingaqondakaliyo ngo-1809, uJefferson wachatshazelwa kakhulu yilahleko. Wasebenza ukulondoloza udumo luka Lewis nokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziphunyeziweyo zeli qela zaziza kuqwalaselwa kakuhle kwaye zibhalwe.

Oko Sikufundayo Kukhokelo Lwanamhlanje

Indlela kaJefferson yokuceba nokuphumeza iLewis neClark Expedition inika izifundo ezibalulekileyo kwiinkokeli zale mihla. Ukudibanisa kwakhe iingcinga zombono kunye nengqalelo enzulu kwinkcukacha, ukukulungela kwakhe ukutyala imfundo nokulungiselela, ukugxininisa kwakhe kumaxwebhu kunye nokungabinakuqinisekiswa kwenzululwazi, kunye namandla akhe okukhuthaza nokuxhasa abantu abanobuchule bonke banegalelo kwimpumelelo yohambo.

UJefferson wayeqonda ukuba ukufikelela iinjongo ezifuna amabhongo kufuna ukuceba ngenyameko, ubuncwane obaneleyo, abasebenzi abanobuchule, kunye neenjongo ezicacileyo. Waqonda ukubaluleka kolwazi olungokwingcali kwaye wafuna olona qeqesho lukhoyo kuLewis. Wazilindela iingxaki waza walungiselela izinto ezifunekayo. Wagcina ukuthembisana ngalo lonke ixesha leprojekthi kwaye wabhiyozela impumelelo yayo. Le migaqo yokhokelo iyaqhubeka isebenza namhlanje kwaye ibonisa ukubaluleka kokuceba okungaphelelwa lixesha, okusebenzayo.

Isiphelo: Igalelo elinyamezelayo likaJefferson

UThomas Jefferson wanikela ngegalelo kwiLewis and Clark Expedition yadlulela ngaphaya kokugunyazisa nje uhambo okanye ukubonelela ngemali. Waluqwalasela njengolu gqatso lwekamva leMelika, walucwangcisa ngengqalelo enzulu kwinkcukacha, wakhetha kwaye walungiselela iinkokeli zakhe ngenkathalo enkulu, wanika imiyalelo ecacileyo eyayikhokelwa yonke inkalo yohambo, kwaye wahlala ebophelelekile ngalo lonke uhambo nasemva kokubuya kwalo.

Impumelelo yohambo lokufumana iinjongo zalo .ukuzoba amasimi angaziwayo, ukuyila iintlobo ezintsha, ukuseka ulwalamano lwentlalo-ntle nezizwe zamaMelika oMdama, kunye nokufikelela kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki------Defferson kwaye kwabonisa ixabiso lokuhlola okuthe kratya kukarhulumente kunye nophando lwenzululwazi. Ulwazi lwelizwe, izinto ezifunyenweyo zenzululwazi, kunye nolwalamano lwentlalo olusungulwe nguhambo lwamaMelika lwaneziphumo ezinzulu nezihlala zihleli, luye lwabangela ulwando oluqhubekayo oluya ngasentshona kunye nophuhliso lwesizwe ukukhula kulo lonke elo nkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

Ngelixesha kufuneka sivume iinkalo zengxaki zombono kaJefferson, ingakumbi ifuthe lakhe kubantu bamaMelika Omthonyama, siyakwazi ukuqaphela impumelelo yokwenene yenzululwazi neyobulumko eyabangelwa yinkxaso yakhe kwiLewis neClark Expeed. Ukuzinikela kukaJefferson kulwazi, ukholo lwakhe kumandla okuqwalasela ngenyameko kunye noxwebhu, kunye namandla akhe okukhuthaza nokuxhasa amaphulo abalulekileyo amela iinkalo zelifa lakhe.

ILewis ne-Clark Expedition zingqinelana noko kunokuphunyezwa xa ukhokelo oluthe lwabonwa, ukuceba ngocoselelo, ukunyanzeleka kwenzululwazi, nenkalipho yabantu zidibene ekusukeleni iinjongo ezinamandla. Indima kaThomas Jefferson ekwenzeni oku kuphumelele imela enye yezona nxaxheba zakhe zibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMerika kwaye ibonisa amandla ahlalayo engqiqo, ulungiselelo, kunye nokuzimisela ukubumba indlela yezizwe.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi malunga no Lewis no-Clark Expedition kunye no-Defferson indima ye-Melika kulwandiso lwasentshona, [[FLT: 0] Thomas wewebhsayithi kaMonterson Jefferson' [ inikela ubuncwane obuninzi kunye noxwebhu lwembali. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] ugcino-Malivrel [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] unika ukufikelela kumyalezo wokuqala wemfihlelo kuMkhosi we-Congresskorreant [[FLT] icela ukuxhasa imali yenkonzo ye-Roctivess, kunye nee-injini, kunye nee-DFLT] kunye nee-Progsting [5] ezidiyoneyoku , kunye ne-Grounicess, uGenest Howes , uGenest `Irrences]