Ukwazisa: Ukuqhawuka Komthetho Womtshato Nonqabiseko Lwemali

Ukwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni komtshato kunemiphumo enzulu engaphaya kwesithethe okanye iintsapho. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukuma komtshato kuyinto eguquguqukayo kulawulo lweenkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu neenzuzo zemali. Xa amalungelo omtshato esandiswa okanye ethintelwa, iziphumo zibangelwa kukufumana intlawulo, iingcalo eziyingenelo, nokungenelwa kwemali kwezigidi zabantu ngabanye neentsapho. Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo omtshato achaphazela ngayo ezi nzuzo kuyimfuneko kubenzi bezomthetho, abacebisi bezemali, nakumntu nabani na oxhalabele ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko lwezentlalo-ntle.

Iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, umhlala-phantsi, kunye nezicwangciso zomhlala-phantsi zabucala zenziwe ngokwembali ngokwemodeli yemeko yexesha elide, yomtshato owamkelekileyo ngokusemthethweni. Le mizekelo ichaza ukuxhomekeka kwemali kunye nokubonelela iindlela zokuqhubekeka kwengeniso xa iqabane lifa okanye lithatha umhlala-phantsi. Njengoko imithetho yomtshato iguquka ifikelele izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo kunye namanye amaqela ahlukeneyo akwimbali, ukufikelela kwezi ngenelo zibalulekileyo zemali kuyakhula, kodwa ikwaphakamisa nemibuzo ephathelele inkqubo yokuzinzisa nokuzinziswa kwemiqathango kunye nolungelelwano lwenkqubo.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ulwalamano oluneentlobo ezininzi phakathi kwamalungelo omtshato nokhuseleko lwentlalo kunye neenzuzo zempesheni, ukuhlolisisa iziseko ezisemthethweni, iintlobo zeengenelo ezichaphazelekayo, iziphumo zezoqoqosho nezentlalo, uhlolisiso lwemeko yehlabathi lokwenene, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ehambisana nokufikelela okukhulayo. Injongo kukunikezela ngoshwankathelo olucacileyo nolunesiqinisekiso olucacisa indlela uluvo olunemali olululo ngayo ukhuseleko lwemali kuluntu.

ISicwangciso Sasemthethweni: Isizathu Sokuba Umtshato Ubaluleke Ngeingenelo

Inkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu kunye neeplani zomhlala-phantsi aziyilwanga ekungabini nanto; zibonakalisa izithethe zoluntu malunga nesakhiwo sentsapho, ukuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho, kunye nobungozi. Ngokuqhelekileyo umtshato uye waba ngumphathi-majoni wezobudlelane ngemali, uwenza ube linyathelo elifanelekileyo lokulawula iinzuzo ezinika inkxaso. Iinzuzo ezikhoyo, iingenelo ezisindileyo, kunye nenkxaso exhomekeke kwimbono yokuba izibini ezitshatileyo ziqokelela izinto kunye neengozi zezoqoqosho.

EUnited States, uMthendeleko weNtlalo-ntle wonyaka ka-1935 wadala inkqubo yesizwe yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, ukukhubazeka, kunye neengenelo zokusinda. Ukuchanabeka kwiingenelo zomtshato nomntu osindileyo kwakunxulumene ngokucacileyo nobume bomtshato. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zikho kumazwe anjengeKhanada, i-United Kingdom, i-Australia, kunye nenkoliso yamazwe aseYurophu. Amaqhina amakhaya kunye namaqabane amakhaya ngamanye amaxesha aye anika ukunconywa okungacacingi, kodwa amalungelo omtshato apheleleyo anika eyona ngenelo ibalulekileyo.

Ukugunyaziswa komtshato osisini omnye kumazwe ahlukeneyo kuye kwanyanzelisa ezi nkqubo ukuba zivumelane. Iinkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho kuye kwafuneka zimisele enoba iingenelo zifanele zivela ngomhla womtshato, umhla womanyano lwangaphambili, okanye kwanosuku oluqhelekileyo kwizibini ebezingakwazi ukutshata ngaphambili. Umgaqo osisiseko ngowokuba ukulingana komtshato kufuneka kuguqulelwe ekufumaneni inkxaso elinganayo kwimali ebangelwa ngumtshato.

Enye ingcamango ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni ngumgangatho "obalulekileyo". Abalawuli bengcebiso kufuneka bamisele ukuba umanyano luhlangabezana na neemfuno ezisemthethweni zomtshato kwigunya apho lwalusenziwa khona. Kwizibini ezifanayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo, oku kwakunzima ngokwembali ngenxa yokungavunyelwa kwelizwe okanye imida yesizwe. Namhlanje, amazwe amaninzi anemilinganiselo elinganayo yomtshato ayayiqaphela imitshato eyenzeka kwenye indawo, kodwa imibuzo iyaqhubeka kwizibini ezitshatileyo apho kamva zazingabhaliswanga okanye zingaze ziqwalaselwe.

Ngaphandle kokuvunywa, umgangatho womtshato ungachaphazela umlinganiselo ongenelweyo. Umzekelo, iqabane lingafumana iingenelo eziphezulu zomhlala-phantsi walo okanye i-50% yexesha elipheleleyo leqabane lomtshato lokufumana umhlala-phantsi. Iingenelo zokusinda zivumela umhlolokazi okanye umhlolokazi ukuba afumane i-100% yengenelo yeqabane lakhe elifileyo. Le mithetho ithatha umtshato obhaliswe ngokusemthethweni ngexesha lokufa okanye xa kukhutshwa isicelo sokuthatha umhlala phantsi.

Indlela Amalungelo Omtshato Akhula Ngayo

Xa amalungelo omtshato enziwa kubemi ababengasasetyenziswa ngaphambili, umphumo okhawulezileyo kukwanda kwabantu abanokuthi bangenelwe kwiqumrhu labo nabasindayo. Oku akuyonto nje ethethwayo; kuneziphumo zemali ezicacileyo kumawaka okanye kwizigidi zabantu.

Ngaphambi kokuba batshate, izibini ezinesini esifanayo zazisoloko zinyanzelekile ukuba zixhomekeke kwimali yomhlala-phantsi, kwi-inshorensi yobuqu, okanye kumalungiselelo angacwangciswanga. Abaninzi babengenakufumana i-inshorensi ye-inshorensi yoluntu ezathathwa njengezingafunwayo. Oku kwakuthetha ukuncitshiswa kokhuseleko lwemali ekwaluphalani nakubungozi obuphezulu bobuhlwempu emva kokufa kweqabane. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo, ingakumbi abantu abadala, zijamelene neengxaki zezoqoqosho ezithelekeleneyo.

Ulwandiso lwamalungelo omtshato luthetha ngqo ngezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo. Emva kokubekwa komthetho, izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zingancedana, inzuzo yomtshato ngexesha lomhlala-phantsi, kwaye zifumane iingenelo zokusinda ekufeni kweqabane. Oku akuthethi nje ngokulingana kolwazi; kumalunga nokulingana kweziphumo zezoqoqosho.

Noko ke, olu tshintsho alusoloko lungenanto. Izibini ezitshatileyo kamva emva kwamashumi eminyaka zingakwazi ukwenza oko, ubalo oluyingenelo lungasekelwe kumlinganiselo omfutshane womtshato, onokuthi uthintele ukufezeka kweenzuzo ezithile. Ezinye iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu zifuna ukuba iqhina lomtshato lihlale ixesha elincinane leminyaka (ngokufuthi unyaka omnye) ukuze zifumane iingenelo ezisebenzayo, nangona zingeyongozi ukufa. Kwakhona, abantu abaqhawule umtshato ngaphambi kokuba ulingana bafumaneke bangazifumana kummandla ongokwasemthethweni malunga nolwalamano olungaphambili.

Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuqwalasela unxulumano phakathi kwamalungelo omtshato kunye neendlela eziyingenelo. Izibini ezitshatileyo zinokukhetha ukuxhasa iingenelo zazo ukuze zandise ingeniso yekhaya kubomi bazo. Kwizibini ezisandul' ukutshata ezinobufanayo, ukufikelela kwezi nkqubo zinokuthetha umahluko phakathi kobuhlwempu nentuthuzelo kwingqesho. Abacebi bezemali nabacebi bemali baye bafumana ukuphucula ukhokelo lwabo ukuze babonise iinyaniso ezintsha zokutshata kwabo nendlela okuchaphazela ngayo ukhuseleko lwentlalo kunye nocwangciso lwemali yempepho.

Iintlobo Eziluncedo Ezichaphazeleka Kukugqalwa Njengomtshato

Amalungelo omtshato achaphazela iintlobo eziliqela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokhuseleko lwentlalo kunye neenzuzo zempesheni. Ukuqonda nganye kuyimfuneko ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo imiphumo.

Iingenelo Ezingenakuthelekiswa Nanto

Iingenelo eziphezulu zivumela iqabane elingasebenziyo okanye elingaphazamisiyo ukuba lifumane inzuzo esekelwe kwingxelo yamaqabane alo engeniso. Kwinkqubo yoKhuseleko loluntu lwase-U.S., iqabane lingabiza i-50% yeminyaka yomhlala-phantsi womsebenzi, ukuba iqabane lineminyaka engama-62 ubudala yaye umsebenzi sele efumana iingenelo olubalulekileyo kwizibini ezininzi ezidla umhlalaphantsi, ingakumbi ezo elinye iqabane elifumana kuzo umvuzo omncinci obalulekileyo ngenxa yeembopheleleko okanye ukhetho lomsebenzi.

Izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo, ukufikelela kwinzuzo yomtshato kwalaliswa ngokunempumelelo phambi komtshato. Kwanaxa izibini zazizinikele, zihlala zihleli, ukunqongophala komtshato osemthethweni kwakuthetha ukuba iqabane elihlala phantsi lalingenakufuna inzuzo ephezulu. Emva kokwanda kwamalungelo omtshato, ezi zibini zinokufumana le ngenelo, ngokufuthi okuphumela ekwandeni okuthe kratya kwingeniso yekhaya yomhlala - wengqesho.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iingenelo zobutshano azizenzekeli; kufuneka zichazwe ngokwemithetho ethile kunye namaxesha. Izibini kufuneka zigqibe ukuba zifanele zikwenze oko (ngokuncitshiswa okusisigxina) okanye zilinde de zifike ixesha elipheleleyo lokuthatha umhlala-phantsi lobuninzi bobungakanani. Uvumo lomtshato ofanayo lunika izibini ezitshatileyo isithuba esifanayo sesigqibo esifana nesabantu abatshatileyo, kodwa kwakhona kufuneka zihambele phambili kumhlaba ofanayo othelekisayo.

Iingenelo Ezisindileyo

Iingenelo eziseleyo zezinye zeempembelelo ezikhoyo zemali ezibangelwa ngumtshato. Xa umqeshwa otshatileyo esifa, iqabane labo eliseleyo linelungelo lokufumana inzuzo elingana nekhulu elinamashumi 100 ezinto anesidumbu esizifumanayo (okanye ekufanele ukufumana). Le nzuzo inokuba yeyona ibalulekileyo ekuthinteleni ubuhlolokazi ekukhokeleni, ingakumbi kumabhinqa amakhulu adla ngokuphila ngaphandle kwabayeni bawo.

Kubantu abatshatileyo abangoonogada, ukungakwazi ukutshata kwathetha ukuba iqabane eliphilayo alinalungelo elizenzekelayo lokufumana inkxaso yeSebe loLuntu okanye yomhlala-phantsi. Oku kwakungeyonto nje yokuzikhulula ngokomfuziselo; yayineziphumo zemali. Izibini ezininzi ezisele zikhulile zaphulukana namakhaya azo okanye zaphelelwa buhlwempu emva kokufa kweqabane ngenxa yokuba lowo ufelweyo akanakufumana umsinga oyingenelo weqabane lakhe elifileyo.

Emva kokulingana komtshato, iingenelo ezisindileyo zabakho kumaqabane angokwabelana ngesondo, kodwa kwahlala iingxaki. Umzekelo, ukuba isibini sasinolwalamano olude kodwa sitshatile ngaphambi nje kokufa kweqabane elinye, imfuneko yomtshato (iiinyanga ezisithoba ukuya kunyaka omnye) inokulungela ukuphumelela lowo usindileyo. Noko ke, iSocial Security Administration (SA) iye yabangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho kwiimeko apho ukufa kwakusenzeka ngengozi okanye kungalindelekanga.

Enye imbambano kukuphathwa kwabantu abatsha kwakhona. Phantsi kwemithetho yeNtlalo, iqabane elisele litshatile ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-60 ubudala lidla ngokuphulukana nengenelo yokuphumelela ngenxa yokuphumelela komtshato wangaphambili. Noko ke, ukuba umtshato uphinda utshate emva kweminyaka engama-60, iingenelo zingaqhubeka. Le mithetho isebenza ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izibini ezitshatileyo, kodwa ingenza iingxaki ezikhethekileyo kubantu abangokwabelani nomntu omnye ngaphambili ababengenalo ukhetho lomtshato baze kamva batshate nomnye umntu.

Imali ehlawulwayo

Iinkqubo zomhlala-phantsi wobuqu nowasekuhlaleni zidla ngokuquka ukusetyenziswa kwemali yemali enikwa iqabane eliseleyo emva kokuba iqabane lifile. Ezi zinto zifuna ukuba lowo uthe wathathi-nxaxheba akhethe inzuzo encitshisiweyo yokuhlawula iqabane lakhe ngokuqhubekayo. Ukubhalisa kumisela ukuba ngubani ofanele ukufanelekela ukubhatala

Kumazwe amaninzi, izicwangciso zomhlala - phantsi ziyafuneka ngokomthetho ukunikela iingenelo ezisindileyo kwiqabane elisemthethweni lomxhasi wecebo. Ngaphambi komtshato, amaqabane afanayo akwakhutshwa kulo khuseleko, nokuba ayekulwalamano olusondeleyo kangangeminyaka emininzi. Emva kokwanda kwamalungelo omtshato, iiplani zomhlala-phantsi kufuneka ziqaphele amaqabane afanayo omzimba, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banokuchaza iqabane labo lobuntu ngeqabane labo elilinganayo njengembuyezo zifanelekezo ezisemthethweni njengalo naliphi na iqabane lomtshato.

Oku kuneziphumo ezibalulekileyo ekucebeni umhlala phantsi. Izibini ngoku zingasebenzisa ukhetho lomhlala-phantsi olunokuqinisekisa ukuba ingeniso iyaqhubeka emva kokufa, kodwa kufuneka ziqonde nendlela ezi zinto zikhethwayo ezisebenzisana ngayo nezinye imithombo yengeniso yomhlala-phantsi. Umzekelo, ukunyulwa kwenzuzo ephantsi yomhlala phantsi ukulungiselela iqabane lomtshato kunganciphisa ingeniso yalowo uthengisiweyo, kodwa ukurhweba kukhusela ngemali kosindileyo.

Iinguqu zemali yengqesho kawonke wonke, iimpesheni zomkhosi, kunye nenzuzo yomhlala-phantsi woololiwe zonke ziphela zingaphantsi kwemiqathango efanayo. Ukulingana kwabalawuli bomtshato kuye kwanyanzelisa abalawuli bezi zicwangciso ukuhlaziya iinkcazelo neenkqubo zabo zokuquka amaqabane afanayo angokwabelana ngesondo. Kwezinye iimeko, oku kuye kwafuna utshintsho olusebenzayo kwizibini ezazitshate kwiminyaka yangaphambili kodwa zingaqashelwa.

Iingenelo Ezixhomekeke KuYehova Nezentsapho

Ukongezelela kwiingenelo zomtshato nezasindayo, ukugqalwa komtshato kunokuchaphazela iingenelo zabantwana abaxhomekeke kumalungu entsapho. Ukhuseleko loluntu lunika iingenelo abantwana abancinane abathathe umhlala-phantsi, abaneziphene, okanye abasebenzi abafileyo.

Izibini ezilalana nabantwana, umtshato unika intsingiselo esemthethweni ecacileyo ngokuzala abazali nokufumana ingeniso. Ngaphambi kokuba ulingana nomtshato, abantwana abakwiintsapho ezineentlobano zesini ezifanayo basenokuba bajamelene nocelomngeni ekuboniseni unxibelelwano olusemthethweni kubazali bobabini ngenjongo yokufumana iingenelo. Umtshato udala ingcamango yokuba abazali abasemthethweni kwiingingqi ezininzi, nto leyo enokungena yingenelo kubantwana.

Ngokufanayo, ezinye iinkqubo zokhuseleko zinika iingenelo kubazali okanye abantwana abaxhomekeke kubantwana basekhaya, kodwa ezi zinto zidla ngokulandela iingenelo zomtshato nomntwana.

Ukuncitshiswa Kokwanda Kobungozi Bezoqoqosho Nezentlalo

Ukwanda kwamalungelo omtshato kuneziphumo ezinokufikeleleka ngaphaya koncedo lomntu ngamnye. Xa abantu abaninzi befumana iingenelo eziphuma emtshatweni nabasindileyo, ukhuseleko lwemali olukhutshwayo lwabemi luyaphucula, yaye iziphumo ezibuhlungu zamanani obuhlwempu, ukuthengwa kwabathengi, kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lukawonke-wonke.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba izibini ezisele zikhulile ezifak ’ iintlobano zesini ezimandundu zifumana amanani aphezulu aphezulu kunalawo anxulumaniswe ngabantu abatshatileyo ngaphambi kokuba afikelele kwiqhina lomtshato. Emva kokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni, la manani eengxaki ancipha njengoko izibini zifumana ukhuseleko lwemali lomtshato. Uhlolisiso lwama-2021 lweSikolo soMthetho i-Williams kwiUCLA School safumanisa ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo ezikwantshulu olulinganayo zithelekele intlalo ezoqoqosho nenkxalabo yoluntu.

Xa iqela likhutshwa kumalungelo omtshato, libonisa ukuba ulwalamano lwalo alufanelekelekanga ngokusemthethweni nangokwemali. Ukwandisa amalungelo omtshato kukhuthaza umanyano lwezentlalo nokuqinisekisa isidima esilinganayo seentsapho zonke. Oku kuchaphazela impilo yengqondo, umanyano lwentlalo, nokuthembana kwentlalo.

Noko ke, ukunyuka okungakumbi kukwaxabisa iziphumo zenkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu. Abaxhamli abaninzi bathetha ukuba bafumana imali eninzi, enokucutha ingeniso yenkqubo. Abenzi-nkqubo kufuneka baqwalasele enoba iindleko ezongezelelekileyo zihlawulwa ngeengenelo ezithe kratya zezoqoqosho, njengemveliso engakumbi, ukuncitshiswa kwenkcitho yobuhlwempu, kunye nengeniso ephezulu yerhafu kubantu abanokusebenza ixesha elide ngenxa yokuba banokufumana ukhuseleko olungcono lomhlala phantsi.

Abanye abahlalutyi bathi ukwandisa amalungelo omtshato kunokukhokelela ekunyukeni ngokugqithiseleyo kwenkqubo yokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni ukuba abantu abaninzi bafanelekela iinzuzo zomtshato kunye nabasindileyo. Noko ke, ubungqina obukhoyo bubonisa ukuba impembelelo yamanani ezinto ithoba. Izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zimela ipesenti encinane yabemi, kwaye uninzi lwazo lwalusele luselulwalamano phambi komtshato olinganayo. Ulwandiso oluyingenelo lungumbandela wokuvuma ulwalamano olukhoyo kunokuba kuveliswe olutsha.

Enye intsingiselo yentlalo yimpembelelo kwizakhiwo zentsapho. Ukuvunywa komtshato kuyavuma ukuba iintsapho zixhomekeke kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo yaye ukuxhomekeka kwemali akuphelelanga kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezitshatileyo kuphela. Oku kunokuchaphazela izithethe zoluntu ngokunyamekela abatshatezi, ngokuceba umhlala-phantsi, nangokuxhasana phakathi kwenzala. Njengoko abantu abaninzi bewujonga umtshato njengelungiselelo elikhusela izimali, basenokukwazi ukulungelelanisa ulwalamano lwabo, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka ekuzinziseni kolwalamano kunye nokwakheka kwekhaya.

Uhlolisiso lwemeko: Impembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi yomgangatho womtshato

United States – Obergefell v. Hodges

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) simisiwe ukuba izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo elifanayo lokutshata kuzo zonke iingingqi ezingama-50. Isiphumo esikhawulezileyo sasikukunika amawaka ezibini ezifikelela kumgangatho opheleleyo wentlalo norhulumente ezixhomekeke kwimeko yomtshato, kuquka iinzuzo zokhuseleko lwentlalo.

Phambi kwe-Obergefell, izibini ezifanayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo zajamelana nolwahlulo lolwamkelo. Amanye amazwe avumela umtshato, ngelinye ixesha owalelwe ngokucacileyo. Ukhuselo lomtshato lwaMazwe (DOMA), oluchaza umtshato njengophakathi kwendoda nomfazi, lwabe lubethelelwe phantsi ngo-2013 [[FL:0] United States v. Umoya , kodwa eso sigqibo sichaphazela kuphela izibini ezazisele zitshatile ngokusemthethweni kwilizwe lazo. Emva kokuba iObergefell, ukulingana komtshato kwabakho kwindalo yonke, kwaye i-SSA yakwazi ukuqaphela imitshato efanayo ngeenjongo zonke.

Impembelelo kwiinzuzo zoKhuseleko loNtlalo yayibalulekile. I-SSA yanikela ulwalathiso ngendlela yokusingatha iimfuno ezivela kwizibini ezingokwasemgangathweni, kuquka iinzuzo ezizizo kwezinye iimeko. Amawaka abantu abangazange bavunyelwe ukutshata okanye abasindayo ngenxa yendlela abahamba ngayo ngokwesini bafanelekela. Isebe laqikelela ukuba esi sigqibo sasiza kuchaphazela amashumi amawaka eengenelo kwiimeko kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala.

Umzekelo omnye ophawulekayo ubandakanya izibini apho elinye iqabane lalife khona phambi kwesigqibo seObergefell. I-SSA yasebenzisa inkqubo evumela amaqabane anye angokwabelana ngesondo ukuba afumane uncedo olufanayo ukuba ayenokubonakalisa ukuba ayetshate ukuba umthetho wawuvunyelwe. Ngexa le nkqubo yayinika isiqabu, yayifuna ubungqina bokufuna ukutshata, nto leyo enokuba nzima ukubhala. Amaqela e-Advocacy ayaqhubeka enyanzela imilinganiselo ebhetyebhetyebhetye.

Ityala leObergefell labalaselisa indima ye SSA ekusebenziseni ukulingana komtshato. Umbutho kwakufuneka uhlaziye iinkqubo zawo, uqeqeshe abasebenzi bawo, kwaye unike imimiselo emitsha ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokuzinzileyo kwezibini ezingokwasemgceni omnye. Le nkqubo yayingeyiyo ngaphandle kwemingxuma eqinileyo, kodwa yabonisa ukuba iinkqubo zemilinganiselo yemilinganiselo yemilinganiselo emikhulu enokuqhelanisa neenguqu ezingundoqo ezisemthethweni ngokucwangciselwa kakuhle.

IKhanada – Umthetho Womtshato Wamakhaya

IKhanada yasemthethweni ngokusemthethweni ngokwesizwe ngoMthetho womtshato wesiZwe lonke ngowama-2005, ilandela uthotho lwezigqibo zenkundla yamaphondo. Iinkqubo zokhuseleko lobudala nezokhuseleko lwama-Oas zakhawuleza zahlaziywa ukuqaphela amaqabane afanayo anokutshata ngokwesini ukuze kungenelwe.

Amava aseKhanada anika uthelekiso oluluncedo kwi-United States kuba ukwenziwa kwasemthethweni kwakungaphambili kwaye kubanzi. Olu tshintsho lwalugudile, ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokuba umthetho waseKhanada wawusele wamkela ulwalamano olufanayo lobudlelane kumanyano lwamakhaya kunye neqabane lomthetho omnye kumaphondo athile. Ukutshintshela kumlinganiselo opheleleyo womtshato kwanika amalungelo angenelwayo kwizibini ezingokwasexeni ababesele benandiphe ukunandipha phantsi kwezakhiwo zephondo.

Enye inkalo enika umdla yenkqubo yaseKhanada kukuphathwa kwamaqabane angomthetho omnye. Nangaphandle komtshato, umthetho waseKhanada uyawaqonda amaqabane omthetho oqhelekileyo ukuze kungenelwe iinjongo emva kwexesha lokuhlalisana (unyaka omnye). Oku kuthetha ukuba izibini ezininzi ezingokwasemgangathweni zifumana iingenelo ezintle ngokwaziwa komthetho omnye, kodwa ukulingana okupheleleyo kwanika ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo kwaye kwayenza lula inkqubo ethenjiweyo.

Amava aseKhanada abonisa ukuba ulwaneliseko lolwalamano olufanayo lobufanayo lungavula indlela yokutshintsha okunentsingiselo xa kufike ukulingana okupheleleyo komtshato. Noko ke, ikwabonisa ukuba kwanokuqaphela okungacaciyo kushiya izithuba ezinokuzaliswa kuphela ngumtshato opheleleyo, njengokugqalwa kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nokusinda okufuna inzuzo esemthethweni yomtshato.

UMthetho ka-2013

Umtshato osemthethweni owenziwe e-U.N.U.S. owenziwe ngo-2014, ongoweSkotlani nowe-2014, nowaseSkotlani nowase-2020. Inkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu ye-UK, equka iPension yeSizwe neSityalo se-Pension, yatshintshwa ukuze iqaphele umtshato wesiBhunga osusela ngomhla wokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni.

Enye yeembambano ezingundoqo kwiUK yayilunyango "labantu abakhuselweyo" ababekhe bangena kwingingqi zabemi. Umthetho wavumela amaqabane asekuhlaleni ukuba aguqule umanyano lwawo lube ngumtshato, nto leyo eyawanika unikezelo olupheleleyo lweengenelo eziphumayo phantsi kwenkqubo yePension yeRhulumente. Noko ke, umahluko washiyeka phakathi kokuphathwa kwezibini ezitshatileyo namaqabane asekuhlaleni kwezinye iindawo eziluncedo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni aqhubeke ekhuselwa kwinkonzo.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala lwe-UK lubonisa ukuba ukulingana komtshato kudla ngokubandakanya amalungiselelo enguqu-guquko entsonkothileyo. Izibini ezazikulwalamano olumandundu olufanayo phambi kokuba ziqaliswe ngokusemthethweni zazifuna imithetho ecacileyo yokuba umtshato wazo uya kubhaqwa ngokunentsingiselo eyingenelo kusini na. Urhulumente we-UK wasebenzisa ukhokelo oluthi ngokuqhelekileyo lujonge imishado njengesebenzayo ukususela ngomhla womsitho, kodwa luvumele iziphumo ezizizo ezizizo ezinokuhlaziywa ngaphambi kokuba kuvele umanyano lwamakhaya.

ISindululo soMtshato (Inkululeko Yonqulo)

Umtshato wesini osemthethweni osemthethweni ngoDisemba 2017 emva kohlolo lweposi lwesizwe lwabonisa inkxaso enkulu yoluntu. Inkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu yase-Australia, elawulwa yiSebe le-Ostreliya, yahlaziywa ngokukhawuleza ukuqaphela imitshato efanayo yesini ngeenjongo eziyingenelo, kuquka iPension yeNkxaso yeDa, iDiase-Dibra, iPension, kunye ne-Carer penational.

Amava ase-Australia abalaselisa indima yokucebisana kwabantu kwinkqubo etshintshayo. Uhlolisiso lweposi, ngexa kudityaniswe impikiswano, lunika ugunyaziso olucacileyo lwedemokhrasi olunceda ukugudisa inkqubo yokuzalisekisa. Urhulumente wakwababela oovimba bokuhlaziya iinkqubo ze-IT kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiyo ukusingatha iimfuno ezisuka kwizibini ezingokwasexesheni.

Enye inkalo ephawulekayo yenkqubo ye-Australia kukusetyenziswa kovavanyo lwengeniso nempahla kwiNkathi yomtshato. Ubhaqo lomtshato luthetha ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo zivavanywa njengesibini esijongene neenjongo zobuchule, ezinokuthi zichaphazele ubungalingani bazo bemali yomhlala-phantsi. Ezinye izibini zifumanise ukuba ukuqokelela imali yazo njengesibini esitshatileyo kunciphisa iimfuno zazo zomhlala-mhlala-phantsi xa zithelekiswa nokuncitshiswa njengabantu ngabanye. Oku kubonisa ukuba uluvo lomtshato alusoloko luyingenelo ngokwemali kuzo zonke iindlela; lutshintsha imithetho yazo zombini.

Ucelomngeni Lomgaqo-nkqubo Nohlenga-hlengiso Lwenkqubo

Ukunyusa amalungelo omtshato aquka zonke izibini kuzisa imingeni emininzi yokhuseleko loluntu kunye nabalawuli bengqesho. Ezi ngxaki azinakupheliswa, kodwa kufuneka kucetywe ngenyameko, kucetywe unxibelelwano olucacileyo yaye maxa wambi kucetyiswa imithetho.

Olunye ucelomngeni olungundoqo kukuphinda kufuneke ukuba utshate. Xa kuvezwe ukulingana komtshato, izibini ebezisoloko zisebuhlotsheni obude kodwa zingangakwazi ukutshata zingafuna iingenelo eziveliswe ngaphambi komhla wokwenziwa ngokomthetho. Abenzi-mthetho kufuneka bagqibe ukuba iinzuzo ezisemva zifanele zihlawulwe kangakanani nokuba kufuneka bafune ubungqina benjongo yokutshata. Indlela ye-SSA eUnited States yokufuna ubungqina benjongo iye yagxekwa njengenzima, kodwa ibonisa ubunzima bokuqinisekisa ulwalamano olungaqondwangasemthethweni ngelo xesha.

Olunye ucelomngeni lunxulumano phakathi komtshato nomanyano lwangaphambili lwamakhaya okanye umanyano lwasekhaya. Kwezinye iindawo, izibini zazifumana iingenelo ezilinganiselweyo ngokumanyana kwamakhaya ngaphambi kokulingana komtshato. Xa kamva zitshata, amalungelo azo ayingenelo asenokutshintsha, kwaye abalawuli kufuneka bagqibe enoba ixesha lokumanyaniswa kwabemi libalulekile kusini na ekuncedeni ukufezekisa. Oku kunokuba nzima ngakumbi ukungenelwa, apho ixesha lokufa elinxulumene nomtshato kunye nemicimbi yoluntu.

Ukuzinziswa kwenkqubo yeli xesha kukwayinkxalabo esebenzisekayo. Ukhuseleko lwentlalo kunye nesiseko sogcino-lwazi lwemihlala-phantsi lwemihlala-phantsi zexesha lomhlala-phantsi zisoloko zakhiwa kumzekelo wezibini zomtshato ezithe zathatyathwa izibini ezinxulumani ezingokwabelana ngesondo kuphela. Ukuhlaziya ezi nkqubo zidityanisiweyo zifuna utyalo olubalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zogcino-lwazi kunye ne-software. Amasebe amaninzi kuye kwafuneka ahlolisise kwakhona iindlela zawo, iinkqubo, kunye neenkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba aqukiwe.

Uqeqesho nemfundo yolawulo lwenzuzo lulunye ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Abancedisi kufuneka baqonde ubume bomthetho, baphephe izenzo zocalulo, baze basebenzise imithetho esoloko isetyenziswa kubo bonke abacela izicelo. Oku kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwimithetho apho uluvo lukawonke-wonke malunga nomtshato onxulumene neentlobano zesini luhlala lwahlulwa, njengoko ikhethe lobuqu lomlawuli linokuchaphazela indlela abasingatha ngayo izicelo.

Ekugqibeleni, kukho umbuzo ngendlela ulinganayo komtshato kunye nezinye iinjongo zenkqubo, ezifana nokuzinzisa. Njengoko abantu abaninzi befaneleka ukuba bangenelwe kwiingenelo zobutshana kunye nabo basindayo, ixabiso leenkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu lisenokunyuka. Abenzi-nkqubo kufuneka balungelelanise usukelo lonyango olulinganayo kunye nemfuneko yokugcina iinkqubo zokunyibilikisa. Oku kungafuna utshintsho ukuze kungenelwe iiprojekthi, imigaqo elungelelanisayo, okanye imithombo yemali ngexesha.

Kwakhona kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuba amalungelo omtshato akakho ngokuzikhetha. Adibana nezinye iinkalo zomthetho, kuquka irhafu, ukufuduka, nelifa. Indlela ebanzi yokulingana komtshato ifuna ukudibana kwiimeko ezininzi ezisemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo ziphathwa ngokuzinzileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziqhutywa njani ngokwesini.

Isiphelo: Amalungelo omtshato njengesiseko sonqabiseko Lwemali

Isiphumo samalungelo omtshato kukhuseleko loluntu neenzuzo zempesheni sinzulu kwaye sinezintlu. Ukuma komtshato kumisela imfuneko yokufumana iingenelo eziphezulu, iingenelo ezisindileyo, kunye nenkxaso exhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezininzi ze-inshorensi zoluntu jikelele. Xa amalungelo omtshato endisiwe kuquka izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo kunye namanye amaqela ahlukeneyo, iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo zifumaneka ngokulula kwezi nkxaso zemali zibalulekileyo.

Umthetho olungelelanisa umtshato usekelwe kwiingcamango zembali ezimalunga nesakhiwo sentsapho kunye nokuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho. Njengoko imithetho yomtshato iguquka ibonakalisa ukulingana okungaphezulu, iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu kufuneka zilungelelanise ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izibini ezitshatileyo ezisemthethweni zifumana unyango olulinganayo. Oku kuhambelana akuquki nje kuphela nokuhlaziya imithetho kunye nemimiselo kodwa kubandakanya iinkqubo zolawulo zale mihla, abaqeqeshi, kunye nokusingatha imicimbi entsonkothile yeenguqulelo.

Uphando lwemeko yehlabathi lokwenene eUnited States, eKhanada, eUnited Kingdom, nase-Australia lubonisa ukuba ukulingana komtshato kungadityaniswa ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo eziyingenelo ezikhoyo. Le nkqubo ayisoloko igudile, kwaye iingxaki eziqhubekayo zihlala zikhona, ingakumbi malunga nokuququzelelwa, ukuphathwa kwamaqhina asekuhlaleni, kunye nenkqubo yangoku. Noko ke, umlinganiselo woluntu usondele ekudityaninisweni okungakumbi nonyango olulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Ukunyusa amalungelo omtshato kukwaneemfuno eziphangaleleyo zezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Kunciphisa ubuhlwempu phakathi kwezibini ezisele zikhulile ezingokwabelana ngesondo, kukhuthaza umanyano lwentlalo, kwaye kuqinisekisa isidima salo lonke ulwalamano. Nangona kukho iziphumo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezi zinto zidla ngokuthelekiswa nokokuba zininzi kwezoqoqosho. Umgangatho wokuziphatha nowentlalo wokulingana unika isiseko esomeleleyo sokwenza uhlengahlengiso olufunekayo.

Xa bekhangela phambili, abaququzeleli benkqubo kufuneka baqhubeke becombulula iindlela zabo zokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omtshato aguqulela ngokwenene kwingenelo efanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuthetha ngeezithuba eziseleyo kwiingenelo ezizinzileyo, ukwenza lula iinkqubo zokufuna, nokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izibini ziyawaqonda amalungelo azo kunye neenketho zazo. Abacebi bezezimali kunye nabaququzeleli bemali nabo banendima ephambili ekuncedeni izibini ziphucule iingxaki zokhuseleko lwentlalo kunye neenkqubo zempesheni ezithenjiweyo kumgangatho womtshato.

Ngokuqonda imitshato yazo zonke izibini, iintsapho zinokuqinisekisa ukuba iingenelo zokhuseleko lwentlalo nezomhlala - phantsi zizalisekisa isithembiso sazo sokulungiselela isiseko sesidima nokuzinza komhlala - phantsi.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngokudibana komthetho womtshato neenzuzo zokhuseleko, jonga ugcino-lwazi oluvela kuLawulo lokhuseleko lwe-, , i-Palliams Institute [ kwiUCLA School of Law, kunye nokhokelo loRhulumente kuMmandla wePension kunye nenzuzo yobulolo . Ezi mithombo zinika ulwazi oluziinkcukacha kwimigaqo kunye nemisebenzi eqhubekayo kulo mmandla womthetho nokhuseleko lwemali.