Ukwazisa

Ukusukela ukulingana kuye kwaba ngamandla achaza imbali yoluntu, ienguqu, ukutshintsha imithetho engqukuva, kunye nokucel'iingxubakaxaka ezinzulu kwingxoxo yentanda-bulumko yamandulo ukuya kwimibutho yehlabathi jikelele, ingcamango yokulingana iye yasuka kwinjongo engekho ngqiqweni yaba yimfuno ecacileyo yokufuna okusesikweni nokuphathwa ngokusesikweni. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kufuna ukuhlolisisa indlela ingqiqo eyahlukileyo elinganisiweyo, kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa ngeendlela ezilinganiselweyo, kwaye ithetha indlela ezo zithintelanisa ezithi zibangele ngayo imida yokulwa nokulingana kwamalungelo alinganayo. Namhlanje, ukulingana kuhlala kungumlo othelekelelo nongagqibekanga, nemigaqo enzulu yezobupolitika, yezoqoqosho, kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla. Eli nqaku libonisa indlela embali yokulingana, iingcebiso zayo, kunye nokuhlalulanisa imingeni yaleenza intsingiselo yale mihla eqhubekayo yemiqobo yemilo.

Imbono Yembali Ngokulingana

Ingcamango yokuba bonke abantu bayalingana ngokusisiseko iyinto yakutshanje kwimbali yoluntu. Kwiminyaka eliwaka, ibutho labantu lalilungelelaniswe lingqonge abaphathi abangqongqo ```abalawuli, abalawuli, abalawuli, abakwizikhundla eziphezulu, ngoxa inkoliso yabantu izalwa inendima ezizinzileyo. Kodwa kwanakwezi ndawo zingafaniyo, kwavela iingcamango ezilinganayo.

Impucuko Yamandulo Nemvelaphi Yeendidi Eziphakamileyo

EMesopotamiya yamandulo, iKhowudi kaHammurabi ([FLT 1754 BCE) yaseka imithetho eyasetyenziswa ngokwahlukileyo ngokweemeko zoluntu kunye nobufanasini `ikhoboka nabantu abakhululekileyo babephantsi kwesohlwayo esahlukileyo. Ngokufanayo, eIndiya yamandulo, inkqubo yokungalingani ngokweendidi zamaqela ekwakheni nomgangatho wemfuza, kunye nomthetho we- Manusriti [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [incologractioctis [iiiiii]] enzima isebenza ngokungqongqo iindima zobuntlalo. IGrisi yamandulo, idla ngokubhiyo, ibhiyo, ikhunjulwa njengendawo yedemokhrasi, isilivere, okanye i- brozim." ithetha ukuba abanye abantu abakwabacuphi abadumile babenelwa yimizekelo elungileyo.[FLT]

Sekunjalo, kwakukho iingcinga eziphikisanayo. Izithandi-bulumko zamaStoyike ezifana noZeno waseCitium zafundisa ukuba bonke abantu banembono efanayo kunye nexabiso lokuziphatha, ingcamango ethi kamva yaphembelela iingcamango zomthetho wamaRoma ze- i-morial e (umthetho wendalo). ETshayina, izithandi-bulumko zobuMohiscian zaxhasa ukukhathalelwa nokulingana kwamathuba, zicel'ilwa ingxube ngokugxininiswa kobugciphene bemibutho elinobucuntswana. Nangona ezi ngcamango zange zazidibanisi zathi zathi zawahlula isiseko sobunzululwazi yamva.

Ukukhanyiselwa: Ukubuyiselwa Okukhulu

Ukukhanyiselwa kwenkulungwane ye-17 neyeshumi elinesibhozo kwaphawula ukuhla kwemivukelo yokulingana. Abacingelayo njengoJohn Locke baphikisa ngelithi bonke abantu banamalungelo endalo “obomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla” ngenxa yokuba ngabantu, kungekhona ngenxa yokuzalwa okanye isimo sentlalo. UJean-Jacques Rousseau, kwi-[FLD:0] yakhe kwimvelaphi ephezulu ye-Maritanty[, ngokuvuselelayo bathi ukungalingani kuyinto yendalo kodwa yimveliso yempucuko nempahla. Ezi ngcamango zicelw'ucel'uthanda ilungelo lobuthixo lookumkani nelolawulo lobuhandiba.

Imigaqo yokukhanyiselwa yakhuthaza iinguqu ezimbini ezinkulu zezobupolitika. Isindululo saseMelika senkululeko (1776) savakalisa ukuba “wonke amadoda adalwe ayalingana,” nangona eqhelisela oku kukhutshwa kwabantu base-Afrika abangamakhoboka, abantu bomthonyama, kunye nabafazi. IMvukelo yaseFransi ] Ukuchazwa kwamalungelo omntu nowaMasipala [ [1] [7789] waqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo “abantu abangamakhoboka], ngoxa beqalisa ukuphikisana ngolo didi oluquka amabhinqa, amahlwempu, nabantu abanombala. Olympere babhala [[FLT] [2] ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo oMadomi namaPolity [FFFFLD [FFF] [FLT] [3] ukuphendula kuphela, ukubulawa kuphela kwengxubenelo-odetics .[brist]

Imida Yokulingana Kokukhanya

Iingcinga ezikhanyiselweyo zazidla ngokulinganisa ukulingana nomthetho, zishiye abaphathi bezoqoqosho kunye nentlalo bengenangxaki. UThomas Jefferson wayenabakhonzi ngoxa ebhala ngokulingana; uImmanuel Kant wachaza iimbono zobuhlanga nxamnye nabantu abangengobu-Euni. Lo msantsa phakathi komgaqo kunye noqheliselo waba luxinezeleko oluza kufunelwa ukusombulula kamva.

Intshukumo Ezingundoqo Zomgangatho

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20 kwaqhambuka ukwanda kwemibutho elungelelanisiweyo efuna ukulingana kwimilinganiso emininzi. Umbutho ngamnye owenziwe kwimpumelelo yangaphambili, wandisa ingcaciso yokuba ngubani ofanelwe lunyango olulinganayo, yaye wasebenzisa iindlela ezigqwethekileyo ukusuka kwizicelo ukusa ekungathobelini kwemibutho yabemi.

Intshukumo Yokuzikhusela

Inkqubela yokuphelisa ubukhoboka yayiyimfuneko yokuqala enkulu yokufuna ukulingana kweentlanga kule mihla. Abaququzeleli bezorhwebo njengoFrederick Douglas, owayesakuba likhoboka elinamandla, babhenca inkohlakalo yobukhoboka bengxoxo kwaye baphikisa ukuba yayiphikisana neenjongo zokusekwa kwelizwe. Iphulo leBritish lokupheliswa kwelizwe, elalikhokelwa ngamanani afana noWilliam Wilberhorn, wasebenzisa ukucofwa kwezoqoqosho kunye nempembelelo yokuziphatha ukuphelisa ukuthengwa kwamakhoboka ngo-1807 kunye nobukhoboka eBritani ngo1838. EUnited States, iEmanpication Proclation (1863) kunye noMbetho we-13 we-Gam) waphela ngokusesikweni, kodwa umzabalazo wobuhlanga waqala nje kuphela. Ili yebutho le-1965 ye-1964 yezobuG.

Intshukumo Ehamba Ngamabhinqa

Umlo wokulingana kwamabhinqa ngokwezobupolitika wavela phakathi kwinkulungwane ye19, uvuselelo olusuka kwiinkqubo zokuphelisa indalo. ISivumelwano seSeneca Falls (1848) eUnited States sakhupha iphulo loMbutho weSentiments lokwamkelwa kweSindululo seSindululo se-Izwe, ukuqinisekisa ilungelo lamabhinqa lokuvota, ukuthatha ilungelo lokufumana impahla, nokufumana imfundo. Iinkokeli ezifana noSusan B. Anthony noElizabeth Cady Stanton, zafumana iphulo, zabanjwa, zanogonyamelo. EBritane, zamkela amaqhinga phantsi kwe-EmPankhst, kuquka ukuhlasela nokutshabalalisa imfumba nempahla, ukutsala ingqalelo kawonke-wonke. Nge-192011.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 ye-Civil Rights Movement eUnited States yajongene nocalucalulo olusemthethweni kumaMerika aseAfrika. Ukwakhiwa kwemigudu yangaphambili ngamanani anjenge W.E. Du Bois noIda B. Wells, umbutho wale mihla wasebenzisa isenzo esingqalileyo, imingeni engokwasemthethweni, kunye nokuzilungiselela kwabantu. Iziganeko ezingundoqo zaquka iMontgory Busboncott (55/19666), uMatshi eWashington (1963), kunye noSelma kuMontgory Frands (1965). Iinkokeli ezisebenzisa ubuchule obungasetyenziswa nguMartin Luther King Jr. Rosas, kunye noJohn Lewis zaphefumlela abaphula umthetho womhlaba wonke. Umbutho wafumana umthetho olawula umthetho: Umthetho we-Ovilinity Act (1965) kunye noMthetho we-1965). Ngokokubulawa kolawulo lwe-X, kunye nokungaphicolkn, kunye nenkqubo engoburhulumente obunganyaniselelekiyodwa.

Ukwandisa Imbambano: Umsebenzi, Uhlanga, ILGBTQ+, Namalungelo Aphelelwayo

Imibutho yobunganiselo yamazwe yayahluka-hlukene ngokukhawuleza emva koo1960. Umbutho wabasebenzi olwenzelwe ukulingana kwezoqoqosho, iiyure zomsebenzi ezimfutshane, iimeko ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nemivuzo ehlalayo. I-American Federation of Labor and Congress of Intelligence Organizations (AFLCIO) kunye nemanyano yezizwe ngezizwe ezimanyeneyo ekhuselwe ukucebisana ngamalungelo, nangona amandla omanyano athe anciphayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. I-imibutho yamalungelo, njenge-Melika yase-Indiya (AIM) kunye ne-Intelligement Nokungabikho kwephulo eKrayini, ifuna ukuqwalaselwa kolawulo, amalungelo ezwe, kunye nokulondolozwa kwempucuko. ILBTQ, ikhuselwe ngumbutho okhuthazwe yi-Rhobonvitiod , i-evolution, i-enzalise ukunyuka kwentelekele e-ogractivements, ye-ogractic, yendlela nganye, etyhile, ekhulment, ekhu

Izicelo Zale Mihla Zokulingana

Namhlanje, abantu abafuni kuvumelana, kodwa basebenzisa imigaqo eluncedo.

Ukulingana Kwebutho Loluntu: Ukumanyana Nokuzichaza

Imibutho elinganayo yentlalo ayigxininisi nje kuphela amalungelo alinganayo kodwa ikwagxininisa nokuhlonelwa kweempawu ezahlukeneyo. Ingcamango yokudibana kwemida, eqanjwe ngumphengululi ongokwasemthethweni uKimberlé Crenshaw, ibalaselisa indlela egqithisele ngayo i-MON ($race, iklasi, iklasi, iklasi, i-intsty, i-mes, i-'ligit's's'. Iintsebenziswanow bemikrozo ekhoyo. IMidlalelanisa imiqobo engaqhelekanga. [[FLD] Imisebenzi ekhoyo] I-Mouse Confective Confect [[[FLD]]] [[FLT] kunye [FLT]] ne [FLT]]# Meo [FT:3] isebenzisa izixhobo zamanani ukukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo oluqhelekileyo, ukunyanisa ugonyamelo nekhethe loluntu. Ukulingana kobuhlanga lwama.

Ukulingana Kwezobupolitika: Ulawulo - melo Luyasongelwa

Umlinganiselo wezobupolitika .Nkqutyana ukuba ilizwi lommi ngamnye lilinganise ubunzima obulinganayo .Iimeko ezimandundu kwinkulungwane yama-21. Iindlela zokucinezela iVoter, njengemithetho engqongqo ye-ID, ukuvota, kunye nokulahlwa kwemivoti, ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto, kuchaphazela imimandla ephantsi kwamazwe afana neUnited States. Iinkqubo zemali zemali yemali kwidemokhrasi ezininzi zivumela abantu abafumileyo kunye namaqumrhu asebenzisa impembelelo ephantsi kwempembelelo, ukucutha imilinganiselo elungileyo yomntu omnye, enye ivota. Okwangoku, ulawulo olunempatho lwezimandla luthi nxaxheba kwezobupolitika, kwaye kwaneenkqubo yedemokhrasi ezidiyo ezithiweyo ezithiweyo zizama ukuphelisa ukuthembana kwemibutho. Iziko ze-Internationalticercial Conservey [Flation:1]

Ukulingana Kwezoqoqosho: Umsantsa Okhulayo

Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuye kwenyuka kakhulu ukususela ngo-1980. Ngokutsho kwe-Oxfam, izibonelelo ezityebileyo zehlabathi ezili-1% zinobutyebi obuphindwe kabini kubemi abangamawaka amathandathu ezigidi. Oku kunikel' lula amathuba, njengoko ubutyebi bumisela ukufikelela kwimfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, ukuphatha, kunye nokubekwa komthetho. Iimpendulo zomthetho ziquka izicelo zengeniso esisiseko yehlabathi lonke (UBI), irhafu, kunye nokhuseleko olunamandla olungakumbi lwemisebenzi. I-CHOVID-19 yesifo esinento eninzi esingaqhelekanga, abasebenzi abaphantsi, abafazi, nabantu abanombala abathwele imithwalo enzima. Ukulingana kwezoqoqosho kufuna ukuba kubekho izakhiwo ezisisiseko (i-UBI), iirhafu, ilifa, irhafu, kunye nokuphepha lerhafuyo yomhlaba likhulu ngoku kukhuselwe kwintetho yezobupolitika.

Ukungalingani kwamanani

Umlinganiselo omtsha wokungalingani kwale mihla kukwahlulahlulwa kwamanani. Ukungabi namali yokufumana i-intanethi, ukufunda nokubhala amanani, kunye nezinto ezinokufikeleleka kuthintelo lwemali eziquka amawaka ezigidi zemfundo, umsebenzi, kunye nokuthathi-nxaxheba koluntu. Imithetho yemithetho elawula ukuqeshwa, i-odoli, kunye nokunconywa kwetyala ingenza abantu bacinge ukuba bafana namadoda okanye abafanayo. Njengoko ubuchule bokuzenzela busanda, kuqinisekisa ukulingana kwemichithi ngokungathathi cala, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkcazelo iyimfihlo, kwaye ibandakanya umgangatho osisigxina.

Ucelomngeni Lokufikelela Umgangatho

Phezu kwazo nje iinkulungwane zenkqubela, imiqobo eyoyikekayo isekho. Ukucalucalulwa kwesixokelelwano kusekelwe kumacandelo angenalusini oluthe ngokungenakulinganiswa olubangela abantu abanombala, amashishini okuthengisa izindlu ezikhuthaza ukwahlukana, kunye neenkqubo zokunyamekela impilo ezinika inkathalo engafaniyo. Ukuthathiswa kweepolitiki kudla ngokuguqula ukulingana kube ziindawo zokulwa ezidibeneyo, ukunqanda ulawulo lwemithetho-mthetho. Oku kubangela ukuba kubekho imiqobo yezoqoqosho, efana nokungahambi kakuhle kwentlalo, yenza imigibe ekwanekwakheni kwabantu abazimiseleyo engenakukwazi ukuphuma bodwa. Ngaphezu koko, ukungquzulana ngokuchasene nokulingana kuyinto eqhubekayo: inkqubela yeqela elithile elicinga ukuba lijonge isikhundla okanye ilungelo labo basengozini. Oku kubangela amandla oku kubangela i-populalistmicrony, kunye nokuzama ukuqhuba umgangatho onzima wokulwa kwelungelo.

Olunye ucelomngeni kukuntsonkotha kokungalingani kwale mihla. Izizathu zidla ngokubangelwa zwenibanzi .-iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zitshintshela imveliso kumazwe aphantsi, ukuhla kwemali kungabikho kumthetho-((*) kwaye izisombululo zemali zifuna intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa amazwe ekukhuseleni nasekunyanzelweni kwemida kunokunyanzelisana. Imozulu yongeza olunye umaleko: ukonakaliswa kwemekobume yemekobume kuyingozi kumazwe aphantsi ngokungenakuthelekiswa namazwe asakhasa, nto leyo edala umlinganiselo omtsha wokungalingani okusaziwa ngokuba kokusesikweni kokusingqongileyo.

Imfundo: Injini Yemilinganiselo

Imfundo iseyenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zokukhuthaza ukulingana, inokubangela ukuba abantu babe ngamahlwempu, ibangele ukuba abantu bacinge ngendlela engafanelekanga baze babe nolwazelelelo.

Ingqwalaselo ephambili

Imfundo elinganayo iquka iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwaye ifundisa abafundi ukubuza ii-arhente ezisunguliweyo. ICurricula ebandakanya iimbali zamaqela aphantsi kwecala `abantu abaphantsi kwenqanawa, amazwe ahlala phantsi, amabhinqa, abantu bomthonyama, i-(abancedisi babafundi) iyayiqonda imvelaphi yokungalingani kwamaxesha. I-Critical pedagogy, ephenjelelwe ngu-Paulo Freire' ukhuthazo loxinzelelo lwe-OPP , ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlolisise amagunya baze benze iinguqulelo kwintlalo. Izikolo ezinikela izifundo zobuhlanga, izifundo zobufana nesifana, kunye neenkqubo zezobulungisa zomhlaba zivelisa abaphumelele ekubandakanyeni kobomi nokhuseleko loburhulumente.

Ukufikelela Namathuba

Ukufikelela kwimfundo elungeleleneyo kuselucelomngeni lwehlabathi lonke. Kumazwe afumana imali ephantsi, izigidi zabantwana abafumanayo, ngokuphandle, amantombazana `akhutshwayo] afunda ngenxa yobuhlwempu, ingxabano, okanye izithethe zenkcubeko. Kumazwe afumileyo, ukuxhathisa kwemali phakathi kwengingqi ezityebileyo namahlwempu kwenza amathuba okufunda angalinganiyo. Iinkqubo ezifana ne[FLT: 0] IIICICF [] Imfundo yemfundo ekhoyo eluncedo ekuvaleni le miqobo, ngelixa, ngelixa inkcebe neenkqubo zemisebenzi inceda ukunyusa inkqubela ekudlaleni intsimiza. Ubomi obude, kuquka ukufundiswa kwabantu abadala kunye nokuqeqeshwa, nazo zibalulekile ukuze kukwazi ukuqhelanisa amanyathelo okutshintsha uqoqosholo nokungabikho kobuhlwempulu.

Ubungqina beNkcubeko neNkcubeko

Izikolo zingasebenza njengeebhulathi zokulingana ngokukhuthaza incoko evulekileyo ngemibandela ephikisanayo. Iingxoxo eziqulunqiweyo, ukulungisa imigaqo-siseko, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu zinceda abafundi ukuba baqhelisele ukungavumelani ngentlonelo, baqonde iimbono ezininzi, baze bavakalise imbono yokuba banembopheleleko eninzi. Xa abafundi beziva bekhuselekile ukuba baxubushe ngentlalo, ubufana, ubufana, namalungelo, bafumana ukuxhotyiswa bhetele ngakumbi ukuze balawule ibutho labantu elahlukeneyo baze bacel ’ umngeni xa bejamelene nokungekho sikweni.

Isiphelo

Imbali yokulingana libali lenkqubela ephawulekayo nehlala ingaphumeleli. Ukusukela ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka ukuya ekuqashelweni kwe-LGBTQ+ , uloyiso ngalunye luye lwandisa isangqa sabo bathathwa njengoluntu olupheleleyo kwaye bafanelwe lukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Kodwa njengoko imiqobo emidala incipha, emitsha iyaphuma ```ecacileyo, engekho sikweni, imozulu engaqhelekanga, ukungalungelelani. Umzabalazo wokulingana awupheli; uqhelanisa nemeko entsha entsha yokuzimela. Oko kuhlala kungumbono wokuba akukho mntu umele ahlulwe ithuba, isidima, okanye ilizwi ngenxa yokuba zinjani. Imfundo, izenzo zemozulu, kunye nezixhobo eziqulukileyo zizinto esinazo ukuqhubeka nazo. Ngokufunda ukusukela kwixesha elidluleyo nokuzidibaniselana kweentlobo ezintsha zobuntu obukhoyo, sinokuhlala singenalo nje ixesha lokulingana.