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Indima entsonkothileyo karhulumente ekutyebiseni nasekugcineni imbali-eNkcukacha
Kuyo yonke imbali ebhaliweyo, iintetho ziye zasebenza njengezizathu zokuguqula intlalo, isiphithiphithi sezobupolitika, kunye nokuchanabeka kwenkcubeko. Kodwa emva kwayo yonke ingxelo eyaguqula uhlanga isoloko ikho umlawuli ojongwa: urhulumente. Ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqumrhu alawulayo kunye nokuthetha okunamandla alulula okanye lunye. Urhulumente uxhase intetho kawonke-wonke ngexesha elinye. Urhulumente uxhase intetho kawonke-wonke kunye nezithethi ezivalelweyo ezivalelweyo; ukhusele amazwi aphikisayo nabagxeki borhulumente abachasayo nabagxeki borhulumente abachasayo. Ukuqonda le misebenzi idityaniyo ityhila indlela ulungelelaniso, ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kunye nelungelo elingundoqo lokuthetha ngenkululeko. Eli nqaku likhuthaza iintetho zoorhulumente eziye zaguqula zatshintsha, zivavanyaza iziganeko zembali, imizekelo engokwembali, kunye neengxaki eziqhubeka zichaza ukungquzula.
Imizekelo Engokwembali Karhulumente Yokusebenzisana Nentetho Eguqulayo
Iindima Zokukhusela: Xa Oorhulumente Bekhusela Ilizwi Elingunoxanduva
Omnye wemizekelo exhomis ’ amehlo yokukhusela kukarhulumente ekuthetheni okuzinzileyo kwenzeka ngexesha leMbutho yaMalike yaseMelika yamaLungelo. Xa uGqr. Martin Luther King Jr. wanikela intetho yakhe "Ndinephupha" kumanyathelo eSikhumbuzo seLincoln ngo 1963, wathetha engaphantsi kwesigqubuthelo kodwa ngenkxaso ecacileyo karhulumente karhulumente welizwe. UMatshi eWashington wagunyaziswa liSebe leMzakhono, kunye neSizwe saseMozal Park sanika imvume nokhuseleko. Oku kwakungenzekanga ngozi: ulawulo lukaMongameli John F. Kennedy wavuma ukunduluka njengendibano ekhuselekileyo ekhuselekileyo ngurhulumente woMgaqo-mva-siseko, kwananjengomkhosi wezwelo-Mazantsi kazwelo .
Ngokufanayo, ngo1965, uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wasebenzisa eyakhe intetho kwiKhomishini ukuxhasa uMthetho wamaLungu, evakalisa ukuba "siyakoyisa" – ukwamkelwa ngqo komhobe wombutho. Apha, iofisi ephakamileyo emhlabeni incitshisiwe kunokuba ithule intetho eya kuguqula ubume bohlanga obusemthethweni. Indima karhulumente yayingeyomvume elula kodwa yayikukuxhasa ngokukhutheleyo, isebenzisa iqonga lokulwanisa imicimbi yamalungelo abantu.
Iindima Ezicinezelayo: Xa Oorhulumente Bengavumi
Oorhulumente nabo baye basebenzisa igunya labo lokuthintela iintetho zabo ekuvinyweni. Ngonyaka ka-1818, ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I, urhulumente wase-U.S. u-Eugene V. UDebs phantsi koMthetho weEspionage wathetha ngentetho apho wagxeka imigudu yemfazwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukunyathela kwakhe uDebs v. United States , ephikisa ukuba amazwi akhe aphakamisa "inyanise kwaye abangele ingozi." uDebs wafumana isigwebo sentolongo seminyaka elishumi, nangona intetho yakhe ingalukhuthazi ugonyamelo. Oku kubonisa indlela oorhulumente abanokukhuthaza ngayo ukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuba bafake isigqeqesho, kwana xa isigidi sesithethi sikhusele intetho esiqhelekileyo.
Ulawulo loburhulumente lunika imizekelo ecacileyo. Ngo-1989, urhulumente waseTshayina waziphelisa iintetho ezi-prodemocracy kwi-Tiananmen Square ngomkhosi. Kule mihla iRashiya, imithetho echasene "nonyanzelo" iye yasetyenziswa ukuvalela imikhosi echasene nenkcaso efana noAlexinarian Navanny, odilesi zakhe ezibhenca ubuqhetseba bukarhulumente. Ezi zenzo zibonisa ukuba oorhulumente bangenza njengomqobo kwiintetho zembali, maxa wambi beyibeka kwinkumbulo kawonke-wonke.
Ingingqi engwevu: Inkxaso yemiqathango kunye neNto eKhethekileyo
Asiyonto yonke ungenelelo lukarhulumente olukhuselayo okanye olucinezelayo. Ngexesha le-antebellum eUnited States, urhulumente wahlala ephikisana neentetho zokuphelisa. Ngoxa uMgaqo-siseko uthe wawamisela imithetho ethintelweyo ekhuselayo, imikhosi yaseMazantsi ephazamisa ukusasazwa kwezinto ezilwa nobukhoboka. Urhulumente worhulumente wayesoloko ekhangela enye indlela, kwaye ulawulo "lobugag" kwiBhunga (1856-184) lwagcina ngokuzenzekelayo zonke izibongozo eziphathelele ubukhoboka ngaphandle kwengxoxo. Oku kukhusela oku kuthetha ukuba intetho ekhethekileyo iguqule imbali – njengoFrederickis Douglas "Yini kwikhoboka lesine likaJulayi"? – kunokuthi kunikelwe kuphela kumazwe akhululekileyo, kwanaphantsi kwesisongelo sogonyamelo urhulumente eyayisithintela urhulumente omncinane.
Le ngxelo yembali igxininisa ukuba ulawulo lukarhulumente aluqhelekanga. Lucwangciso olufanayo lomgaqo-siseko olwakhusela uGqr. King wavumela ukutshutshiswa kweDebs. Umahluko wawusoloko uxhomekeke kwimo yezobupolitika, umgangatho ocingelwayo wesisongelo, nokuvuma kukarhulumente ukuma kuxhasa izibophelelo zakhe ezingokwasemthethweni.
Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lokuthetha: Isiseko sendima karhulumente
Umthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komthetho eUnited States
Isiseko esisemthethweni sokukhusela iintetho zikarhulumente eUnited States nguMphengululo wokuqala, othintela ukuba iNgqungquthela imisele imithetho "evumela inkululeko yokuthetha". Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini zesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yawuphucula lo mgaqo. Izigqibo ezingundoqo ezifana Brandenburg v. [1969]] iqinisekisa ukuba intetho ekhuthaza isenzo esingekho mthethweni iyakhuseleka ngaphandle kokuba i "imiselwe okanye ivelise isenzo esisondeleyo sokuchasa umthetho kwaye isenokukhuthaza okanye ivelise isenzo esinjalo." esi sibo siqinisekisa ukuba kwanentetho ephikisayo ecelw' igunya likarhulumente ikhuselwa ngokubanziweyo.
Elinye icala eliphawula iziganeko, Texas v. Johnson (1998), uqinisekisa ukuba ukutshisa iflegi – uhlobo oluthile lolulo – kukhuselwe ngokomGaqo-siseko. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuphamba intetho ngenxa yokuba ikhubene nabaninzi. Esi sigqibo sikhusela ngqo iintetho ezigxeka inkqubo yasemzini, ebonisa ukuba isiseko somthetho singawachasa amazwi kwimpindezelo karhulumente.
Noko ke, ezi ntaba zikhuselekile azinakuphelela. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ivumele imiqathango elinganiselweyo kwiindidi zokuthetha ezifana nokunyelisa, ukuhlazisa, kunye "ukulwa namagama angcolileyo" urhulumente ukwalawula intetho ngokwemeko ekhethekileyo: abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke banokhuseleko oluninzi xa bethetha emsebenzini, kwaye intetho yezorhwebo isenokuthotyelwa phantsi kwexesha, indawo, kunye nemiqathango. Ukulungelelanisa okuluntsonko lwentetho eyingozi kunye nolungelelwaniso oluyimfuneko kuhlala kuhleli kuyinxoxwano esemthethweni, njengoko kubonwa kwiimeko zakutshanje ngokuphathelele imithetho yentiyo kunye nobuchule bezentlalo.
Imisebenzi yeSisakhelo soMgaqo-siseko wehlabathi: Ungquzulwano ekuKhuseleni
Ngaphaya kwe-United States, ezinye idemokhrasi zivelise imizekelo eyahlukileyo. ISiqendu se-Union’s Human Rights Act siquka iGatya 10 leNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, ekhusela inkululeko yokuchaza kodwa evumela imiqathango e "iyimfuneko kwibutho ledemokhrasi" kukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukuthembeka kwelizwe, kunye nokuthintela ukungavisisani. Oku kuye kwavumela i-UK ukuba ivale iintetho ezithile zezobupolitika, ezifana nezo zizukisa ubuphekula phantsi koMthetho wamaphekulal
UMthetho oBanzi we-Jamani uqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha kodwa ukhanyela ngokucacileyo ukhuseleko lokuthetha okuhlasela "umgaqo osisiseko wedemokhrasi. Oku kubangele ukuba urhulumente akwazi ukuphelisa ukukhanyelwa kwenkcazelo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi ne-Nazi, enokuthi ikhuselwe ngokwemigaqo-siseko eUnited States. Le Tshado yaseKhanada yamaLungelo nenkululeko ngokufanayo ivumela "imida esengqiqweni" ekuthetheni, kuquka imithetho yentiyo exhaswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCanada .R. Keegstra[[ [1990]].
Indima Yomthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Ngezizwe
Kwinqanaba lezizwe ngezizwe, iGatya 19 leSindululo soMhlaba samaLungelo abantu livakalisa ukuba "Wonke umntu unelungelo lenkululeko yoluvo nentetho". Isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe samaLungelo aMasipala (ICCPR), esivunyiweyo ngamazwe ali-173, sichaza ngakumbi ukuba eli lungelo liquka "inkululeko yokufuna, ukufumana nokudlulisela ulwazi neengcamango zazo zonke iintlobo" kodwa i-ICPR ivumela imiqathango e "eyimfuneko" ukwenzela "ukuwamkela amalungelo okanye udumo lwabanye" kunye "nokhuseleko okanye ulungelelwaniso lwamazwe okanye uluntu."
Ezi zixhobo zamazwe ngamazwe zidala ulindelo olusisiseko lokuba oorhulumente bakhusele intetho, kodwa kwakhona banika isiseko esisemthethweni soorhulumente ukuthethelela ukukhangelwa. Ucelomngeni lukukulungela: amazwe afana neTshayina ne-North Korea ngamalungu kwi-ICPR kodwa athintela ucalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo. Umsantsa phakathi kwembopheleleko esemthethweni kunye noqheliselo udla ngokuba mkhulu, ukwenza indima karhulumente ibe ngumbandela womthetho kunye nomnqweno wezobupolitika.
Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente kwimbali entle
Ukukhuselwa Okukhutheleyo Kwabathethi Nabaphulaphuli
Oorhulumente banembopheleleko yokumisela imeko-bume ekhuselekileyo ukwenzela intetho yesidlangalala. Oku kuquka ukukhusela amapolisa kwiintlanganiso, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zihlala zifikeleleka, nokumangalela abo bazama ukuphazamisa iindibano ezisemthethweni. Ebudeni bohambo luka-1965 lukaSelma ukuya kuMontgomery, amaqela asekuhlaleni kunye ne-Alabama National Guard (enziwe nguMongameli Johnson) bakhusela abaxhasi ababeneentetho zabo ekudluliseni uMthetho wamalungelo oMbuso. Ngaphandle kobukho borhulumente, abahambisi-mkhosi bebeya kuba bangabalwangalawulwa ngugonyamelo nabaxhasi be-Rhulumente.
Kule meko, oorhulumente balindeleke ukuba bakhusele iintatheli nezithethi ekuhlaseleni kwi-intanethi kunye nokuhlasela i-dox. Ngoxa urhulumente engenakubathintela bonke abadlali babucala ekukhupheni izisongelo, ingaphengulula kwaye ibeke ityala elibi kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela inika uphawu lokuba uloyiko lwezithethi aluzukunyanzelwa. Le ndima ikhusela ibhekele phambili ukuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi abekwe phantsi ngokwembali anokufikelela kwiqonga – hayi nje ukulwa kwemithetho engekhona sivumelwano, kodwa amanyathelo asebenzayo okuphikisana namandla akhoyo e-asymmet.
Ugcino lwentetho
Kwakhona oorhulumente banendima ebalulekileyo ekuqosheleni nasekulondolozeni ingxelo yeentetho zobuchule bembali. Abahlali beSizwe eUnited States bagcina isandi nevidiyo erekhodiweyo yeedilesi zomongameli, iingxoxo zombutho, neengxoxo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ithala leencwadi leNkundla lineengxelo ezininzi ezinempembelelo, liqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo zinokufunda amazwi abumba ibutho labo. Amaziko aqulunqiweyo karhulumente anjengethala leencwadi laseBritani elinamavalsazo ne-Australia National Film-Sound kunye neSound Archive ayenza imisebenzi efanayo.
Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo asingowokufunda nje. Ukufumana umbhalo opheleleyo kaGqr. uKing James’s "Letter ukusuka eBirmingham Jail" – uvumela abaphengululi ukuba bahlolisise iingxoxo ezisemthethweni nezingokokuziphatha ezaxhobisa i-Civil Rights Movement. Xa oorhulumente besilela ukugcina la zixhobo, enoba ngokungakhathali okanye ngokutshabalalisa ngabom, bayakwazi ukucima iinxenye zembali. Umzekelo, urhulumente waseTshayina ususe okanye ubeke umda ekufumaneni iintetho nguTiananmen Squareriotliers, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kubabhali-mbali ukuzilungisa ngokuchanekileyo ezo ziganeko.
Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Namalungelo
Eyona mbopheleleko karhulumente icekeceke kukulinganisela ilungelo lokukhulula ukuthetha nxamnye nezinye izilangazelelo ezisemthethweni, ezifana nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nokhuseleko lohlanga. Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwaseMelika, olucaciswe Scheck v. United States (1919), luthenjiwe ukuba kwaneyona ntetho ikhuselekileyo ayimniki umntu ilungelo loku "wukhupha umlilo' kwiholo yemidlalo exinene"". Lo mfanekiso uye wagxekwa kakhulu kodwa uhlala unempembelelo: oorhulumente kufuneka bagqibe xa ugqitha umgca okhuselweyo kwintetho ekhuselekileyo ukuya kwingozi esebenzayo.
Iingxaki zanamhlanje ziquka intetho yentiyo ekhuthaza ugonyamelo kumaqela aphantsi, ukungavumelani nonyulo, kunye nenkcazelo echaphazelekayo yabanqolobi efumbele abalandeli abatsha. Oorhulumente abazama kakhulu ukukhusela ukhuseleko bangayiqaqabula yonke intetho echaphazelekayo, ngeli xesha abo babhenela kakhulu ekuvumeleni uvukelo benokuvumela umonakalo wokwenene. Isicombululo asingomthetho womlinganiselo omnye kodwa siyindlela ecacileyo, esekelwe kwimigaqo elungeleleneyo. Iinkundla, iziqumrhu ezizimele, kunye nokuhlola wonke uwonke umgangatho wolawulo lungaboshelwano olunobuza ityala ngezigqibo zabo.
Ucelomngeni Neengxaki Ezimayela Nale Miba
Umgaqo - siseko Wamanani: Urhulumente uphinda asebenzise intetho ekwi - Internet
I-Intanethi iphakamile ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela kweentetho ezinokuguqula imbali. Intetho enye enentsholongwane ingakhuthaza izigidi ngeyure, njengokuba kubonwa kwiBlack Lives Matter kunye nentshukumo ye-Arabian Spring. Kodwa oorhulumente bazama ukutshintsha iindima zabo zesithethe kwimekobume yamanani. Xa kufuneka urhulumente afune amaqonga onxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ntle ukususa intetho echasene nemithetho yasekuhlaleni, nokuba amaqonga abekwe phambili kwelinye ilizwe? Impendulo iyahluka kakhulu: i-European Digital Servity Act i-ct i-ces ezithenti zobukhali, ngelixa icandelo le-U.S.Icandelo 230 likhusela amaqonga kwityala okuthetha komsebenzisi.
Oorhulumente baqalile ukusebenzisa ujongo lwamanani ukuqwalasela kunye namanye amaxesha angenaziphelo zokuthula abangengobalandeli. ETshayina, "Izithintelo Ezikhulu Zomlilo" zivingco zangaphandle ezithwala iintetho ezichukumis ’ umva, kwaye amaqonga asekhaya kufuneka acuthe isiqulatho esimiswe ngezixhobo ezisetyenziswa yi-odwa. Kwidemokhrasi, amandla karhulumente olawulo lwemelo ukunyanzela amaqonga ukuba asuse intetho – njengakwi-Union Safety Bill – inyusa inkxalabo ebalulekileyo malunga nesiphazamiso. Ucelomngeni kukuphuhlisa izicwangciso zokuchaza izinto ezikhusela ukukhulula ngenkululeko ngezo ezisetyenziswayo ngezodwa.
Ukukhusela ukunganeliseki
Enye yezona ndawo zilwayo zokuthetha urhulumente ngumda phakathi kwentetho yentiyo nentetho esemthethweni yezobupolitika. EUnited States, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasoloko ikholelwa ukuba intetho yentiyo ikhuselekile ngaphandle kokuba igqitha kwisoyikiso, ukukhathazwa, okanye ukuvuselelwa. Matal v. Tam [2017] [2017], iNkundla yeNkundla yawisa umthetho ovala ukubhaliswa kwemiqathango yokudelela, iqinisekisa ukuba "intebo isenokungavalwa kumhlaba ukuba ichaza iingcamango ezikhubekisayo" okuthetha ukuba igosa-o rhulumente akanakukwala imvume yokuthetha nje ngenxa yokuba oko kuqulethwe yiyo kungamahlanga.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, oorhulumente abaninzi baseYurophu basebenzisa intiyo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ukukhanyelwa kwezenzo zenkohlakalo embalini. Ukungavunyelwa kweJamani ekukhanyelweni koBulawa bamanzi kuxhaswe njengokuyimfuneko ukukhusela ukuvuselelwa kobuNazi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada kwiR. v. Keegstra[ ixhasa imithetho yentiyo yokuthetha ejongela ukukhuthaza intiyo ngabom ngokuphandle kumaqela aziwayo. Indima karhulumente kwezi nkqubo kukucinezela ngokukhutheleyo iindidi ezithile zentetho, iphikisa ukuba umonakalo wamaqela amancinane ugqithisele anelungelo lokuthetha ngenkululeko. Ingxoxo ayisombululwa lula, kodwa inyanzelela urhulumente ukuba athethe ngokucacileyo, alungelene xa eza kukhusela intetho naxa eza kungenelela.
Ukungazazi Izinto Nengxaki Yokungathembani
Ukwanda kwenkcazelo yobuxoki – oko abaninzi bakubiza ngokuba "zindaba zobuxoki" – kuvela uvavanyo olutsha lokubandakanyeka kukarhulumente kwiintetho. Amaphulo okuchasana anokuthiwa lungenelela eRashiya kunyulo 2016. Abanye oorhulumente baye basabela ngokukhupha imithetho ephazamisa ukusasazwa kolwazi lobuxoki, njengokhuseleko lwe-Singapore kwi-Online Dissibles and Manipect Act (POFMA). Abagxeki bathi imithetho enjalo inika oorhulumente isixhobo sokuphelisa ukugxekwa okusemthethweni ngokuyichaza njengenkohliso.
Indima karhulumente ekulweni noluvo kufuneka ilungiswe kakuhle. Amaphulo olwazi lukawonke-wonke, amanyathelo okufunda nokubhala, kunye nenkxaso yoobhoti bobuzwilane bokuzimela bubodwa azibophelelekanga kunezobucukubhede-zincwadi obuthe ngqo. Kuluntu lwedemokhrasi, eyona ngxelo ingcono ekuthetheni kakubi yintetho eninzi – njengoJaji Louis Brandeis ngokudumileyo – kodwa oku kuthatha ibala lokudlala elisenokungabikho kwixesha lokufumana i-algoric althictiction. Oorhulumente kufuneka bagqibe enoba bayabakhanka, abadlali, okanye ababukeli kwi-iagracology.
Intetho Karhulumente Nemicimbi Kawonke-wonke
Ekugqibeleni, oorhulumente ngokwabo bazizithethi, kwaye unxibelelwano lwabo lungaguqula ingxoxo kawonke-wonke. Iintetho zomthetho ezivela kumongameli, kwindunankulu, okanye kumlawuli zithwala ubunzima obukhulu. Oorhulumente banembopheleleko yokuqinisekisa ukuba intetho yabo ichanile ngokwenyani kwaye abasebenzisi kakubi iqonga labo ukuthulisa abaphikisi. Ingcamango "yoluntu" – izithuba ezinjengepaki neendawo ezisetyenziswa ngokwesithethe ukwenzela umsebenzi ocacileyo – kwakhona babeka izibophelelo koorhulumente: abanako ukufikelela ngokusekelwe kwimbono yabo, kwaye kufuneka bagcine ezi zizithuba zivulekile kubo bonke abathethi.
Iimpikiswano zakutshanje ezimalunga neendibano zezobupolitika okanye kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya zigxininisa olu xinezeleko luqhubekayo. Oorhulumente abalawula isithuba esibonakalayo mabasebenzise imithetho yobundilele, bangathandi imbono enye yezopolitiko kunenye. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi uMennesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky [2018]) baphelisa ukuvalwa kwempahla yezobupolitika kwiindawo zokubhikicagoca ngenxa yokuba ukuva kokungaqiniseki kwemi kwemithetho enzima nokuvumela ukunyanzelelwa okungaqondakaliyo. Le meko ibonisa ukuba indima karhulumente njengomphathi wempahla mayingawachaphazameli amalungelo abathethi.
Isiphelo: Indima Engenakuxatyiswa Kodwa Ephambili Karhulumente
Intetho eyatshintsha imbali – ukusuka kuMngcwabo kaPericles ukuya kuBhuqa, iSweat, kunye neEnyembezi kaGandhi "Idilesi ye-"Phuma eIndiya" kwintetho kaMalala Yousafzai ye-UN – ayizange yenzeke kwindawo engenanto. Yenzeke kwindawo ethile yezopolitiko kunye neyomthetho, isithili esicoca indlela okanye isakhiwo solawulo. Indima karhulumente elungileyo asiyoededentinti kodwa isebenza kodwa ikhuselwa ngokuneyo, imiqathango yentetho edityaniswe kwimiqathango kawonke wonke esebenzela izilangazelelo zikawonke. Oku kufuna ukuba kubekho izakhiwo eziqinileyo zezomthetho, iijaji ezizimeleyo, kunye nommibutho wabemi abahlala benobuza iinkokeli zabo.
Akukho rhulumente ufezekileyo ekuphumezeni le ndima. Kwanawona mazwe anedemokhrasi aneziganeko ezihlazisayo zokucinezelwa, kwanamazwe alawula ngegunya ahlala ekhusele abaphikisi xa efeza iinjongo zawo. Isifundo kwibutho labantu namhlanje kukuba ulwalamano lukarhulumente neentetho ezitshintshayo zembali kufuneka luxoxwe rhoqo. Imithetho mayihlaziywe ukuze kuhlaziywe ubugcisa obutsha. Ukuqonda kwabantu ngemigaqo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo makuqiniswe. Yaye abantu kufuneka bahlale bephaphele ukuphaphele nxamnye nawo nawuphi na urhulumente oza kuthengisa ngelizwi labo ukuze bakhuseleke. Unyamezelo lwedemokhrasi luxhomekeke kuyo.
Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kweziseko ezisemthethweni ekuxutyushwe ngazo: IsiHlaliso sokuqala kumaZibonelelo esizwe , Isikhokelo seNkqubela-magama samaNgeniso yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko , kunye [[FLT] noMvumelwano weInternational on Politiki and Politiki .