Ubuchule Bokubanjwa Kolawulo

Ukubanjwa kolawulo kwenzeka xa umbutho karhulumente omiselwe ukuba uthathe inyathelo lokwazisa uwonke-wonke endaweni yokuqhubela phambili inkxalabo yezorhwebo okanye yezobupolitika yoshishino oyalelwa ukuba ulwenze luphenjelelwe. Le nto ithomalalise inkqubo yedemokhrasi, itshintshela ulawulo lolawulo oluzimeleyo kubalawuli abangakhethiyo kwiinqaba ezikhuselweyo kwifekta eziqeshiweyo. Ukuqonda iindlela ezithile, iziphumo, kunye notshintsho olunokwenzeka kuyimfuneko ukuze kulondolozwe igunya lolawulo lwale mihla.

Ingcamango yomthetho ephenjelelwe yingcaciso yezoqoqosho uGeorge Stigler posits yokuba umgaqo usoloko ufunyanwa ngushishino ngokwalo kwaye wenzelwe ukungenelwa kwalo. Nangona kungeyo yonke impembelelo yoshishino ibangela ukuba ifumaneke, izihlomelo zesakhiwo eziyenza ikwazi ukuyenza iqine kakhulu kwizoqoqosho lwezobupolitika. Ingxaki engundoqo ixhomekeke ekuxinzelelekeni kweengenelo kunye nokukhutshwa kwexabiso: ushishino lunentshukumisa enkulu yemali yokufuna ukungenelela imithetho elungileyo, ngoxa uwonke wonke, usenza iindleko olusasazekileyo, lunentshukumisa encinane yokuyilungiselela.

Umnyango Ojikelezayo

Eyona ndlela ibonakalayo yokubanjwa yi "ucango olujikelezayo" phakathi kwamacandelo kawonke-wonke kunye nawezabo. Abalawuli, besazi ukuba ngolunye usuku bangasebenza kwiinkampani abajongela kuzo, benentshukumisa egqwethekileyo yokuba bangabi nalulwazelelelo. Ingxelo yama-2021 esetyenziswa yiD.C. Bar yaphawula ukuba ngaphezu kwama-50% ee-Creasurentis kunye ne-Exchange Commission (SEC) ahamba ukuze asebenzele iinkampani abazilawulayo. Oku kudala impucuko yesantya somthetho apho ugcino-mthetho ludityanisiwe, kunye nokucaciswa komthetho okungavumelani nobuchule bomthetho. Isithembiso sexesha elizayo somrhumo-mali ephezulu kwicandelo labucala (SEC) sinokuba ngumkhosi onamandla ekulungiseni izigqibo zangoku, ezifanelekileyo, ii-rading, kunye nomthetho.

Ulwazi lwe Asymmetary

Amaziko alawulayo asoloko ekhutshelwa ngaphandle ngokweengcali kunye nogcino-lwazi. Iinkampani zobuqu zinolwazi olunzulu, lokwenyani lwemisebenzi yazo, iimeko zemarike, kunye nobuchule bobugcisa. Iinkampani kufuneka zixhomekeke kugcino-lwazi olunikezelwe zezi nkampani ukuba zilungise imithetho. Olu lwazi lulawula luvumela iinkampani ukuba zinike amacandelo anzima kakhulu amaxabiso okuthobela, ngokunempumelelo zikhuphe okanye zithobe imimiselo eqinileyo. Xa umbutho ungakwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokwawo oko kwenziwa ngushishino, uba ngumthunjwa wolwazi olufumanayo.

Ingcinezelo Engokwasemthethweni Neyopolitiki

Amaqela oshishino achukumiseke kakuhle angawahlula amaqumrhu ajongene nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo lomthetho kunye noxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. UMthetho woLawulo lwezomthetho uvumela uhlolo lwezenzo zolawulo, ezibalulekileyo ukuze ziphendule ityala kodwa ezinokusetyenziswa ngoshishino ukuze zilibazise, zihlaze, okanye zibulale imigaqo. Amaqela athengelwe rhoqo amaziko aqingqiweyo kunye nomthetho wezomthetho. Ngaphezu koko, iikomiti zolawulo lweBhunga lowiso-mthetho, eziphenjelelwa kakhulu yimirhuqo evela kumashishini alawulwayo, zingasongela ukuxhaswa okanye ukuqinisekiswa kolawulo lwezikokeli, abaquququzeli begunya ekuthobeleni.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yokubanjwa Kolawulo

Imbali inikela imizekelo ebuhlungu yendlela ukulawulwa kwabantu kukhokelela ngokungqalileyo kwingozi kuluntu, ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho nokuphulukana nobomi.

IFAA neBoeing 737 MAX

Intlekele yeLion Air Flight 610 kunye ne-Ethiopia Airlines Moving 347, eyabulala abantu abangama-346, yimeko yencwadi ebhaliweyo ebangela ukubanjwa kwembuyiselo yengozi. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iFederal Aviation Administration Administration (FAA) yanika igunya elibalulekileyo lokuqinisekisa ukuba iBoeling ngokwayo i-Owe. Le ntlangano i-Intelligiontion I-Impligict (ODA) inkqubo, ehloselwe ukukhawulezisa ukuvumisa nokuhlisa iindleko, yadala inkxwaleko engqalileyo yenzala eyingozi. Ingxelo yeBhunganea, ijongene nengcinezelo yangaphakathi yokuhambisa inqwelo-moya ngexesha elimisiweyo, yayinempumelelo ekulawuleni inkqubo yokulawula inqwelo-moya. IFA, ilahlekelwe bubuchule bayo obungaphakathi kunye nenkculo obuxhomekeke kwiBoe, yasilela ekubambeni iimpazamo ezibulalayo. Ingxelo yeB. "iaugrouast" ecacileyo yengozi echane "

ISEC Nengxaki Yemali Yowama-2008

Ukusilela kweKhomishini yezemali neyokuthintela ukuwa kwemali ka-2008. I-SEC yaqhuba inkqubo yokuzithandela ebizwa ngokuba yiNgqungquthela Ephambili Engadityaniswayo, eyavumela iibhanki ezinkulu zotyalo-mali njengeLehman Brethren and Bearns ukuba zisebenzise iimfuno zemali ezincinci. I-SEC's Division of Trading neMarikess yamiselwa ngokwenkcubeko kunye nolawulo oluqinileyo. Le ntlangano yasilela ukusebenza kwiiflegi ezicacileyo, njengoxanduva olukhulu lomngcipheko kwityala lokuhlawula imali. Oku kuthintela ukuquluphala okudala "umthetho, ukukhuthaza ukubeka ingozi egqithisileyo, ekugqibeleni ikhokelela ekunyibilikeni kwemali ehlabathi lonke nokurhoxatyiswa kwerha.

Impembelelo YeEPA Neyoshishino

I-EPA, njengee-EPA, abenzi bemichiza, i-evenmental Protection Agency ibiyindawo ekwidabi lokulwa, ingakumbi malunga nohlalutyo lwexabiso logcino-mali lwemekobume. Izixhobo zokusebenza ngokuzingisileyo zisebenza ngokukhuthaza ukunciphisa imigangatho. Ubuchule obungundoqo bebuyi "ukwenziwa kwenzululwazi," apho uphando olukhutshiweyo lwezoshishino lusetyenziselwa ukupholisa uphando lwempilo yoluntu. Ingxoxo emalunga neSicwangciso samandla Esicocekileyo kunye nomthetho we-"Waterers of United States" ibonisa indlela uxinzelelo lomthetho kunye noxinzelelo lwezilangazelelo zelifasti eziphuma kwimfutho lwelahle ezinto ezikhoyo enokuthi iphazamisa ngayo umbutho, ithintele ekukhuthuleni ukwenziwa kwemimiselo lokuhlaziya ukuhlangabezana nocelomngeni lwangoku.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kolawulo akuphelelanga eUnited States. Kwi-United Kingdom, ukuhlaziywa kwamanzi anokusetyenziswa ngokutshayelela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezingombane kukhokelela ekumangaleleni "ngokusetyenziswa kwe-oglorical," apho umphathi wequator Cowat egxekwayo ngokubeka phambili amatyala asezantsi kubathengi kushishino oluyimfuneko lwezezibonelelo kunye nokukhuselwa kwemekobume. Ngokufanayo, i-European's Common Agricul Policy (CAP) iye yaphenjelelwa kakhulu ngokwembali ngezolimo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abathengi abaninzi abatshayo bathamele amashishini abalimi abancinane kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume.

Imiphumo Yokubanjwa kolawulo

Imiphumo yokubanjwa ingaphezulu lee lee lee kukwahlukana kwemigaqo, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo ongokwenkqubo kwezoqoqosho nebutho labantu.

Ukupheliswa Komthetho Wedemokhrasi

Xa abemi beqonda ukuba urhulumente usebenzela uGoldman Sachs, Boeing, okanye izigebenga zamayeza kunokuba zithembele kuzo, ukuthemba amaziko edemokhrasi kuyawohloka. Oku kubangela ukugxeka, ukudilika, kunye nokungabi nazintsebenziswano kwezobupolitika. Ukuba isivumelwano soluntu sokwaphuka .Apho urhulumente ehluleka ukukhusela uluntu kwi-malfeance . Umthetho wenkqubo yolawulo ubonakalisa ukuba ukuthemba iziko lombutho lingundoqo kwikomkhulu lentlalo kunye nokuzinziswa kwezoqoqosho; ukukhukulibala kwalo kunezixanduva ezinzulu.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nokufuna

Ingeniso yezoqoqosho efunyenwe kumgaqo obalulekileyo kunokusungulwa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwempumelelo. Iinkampani ezifumana imali zisebenzisa amaqumrhu abanjweyo ukumisa imiqobo ukuze angene, zithintele abakhuphisi abatsha nokucinezela uhlaziyo. Oku kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwe-intengiso, iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zemvume, kunye nerejista okanye iirejista zokhuphiswano kukhuphiswano lwamazwe angaphandle. Le migaqo-nkqubo inyanzelela abathengi ukuba bahlawule amaxabiso aphezulu ezinto kunye neenkonzo, ngokunempumelelo ukuhlawula abaninzi ukuze kungenelwe abambalwa. Le ngxaki iquka ukuqhuba uqoqosho olubalulekileyo, njengoko ubutyebi bunyuswe kusekwa kushishino lwezentengo zangaphandle kunye nabalawuli abaphezulu.

Ukhuphiswano Oluqikelelweyo Nokubuyiselwa

Imisebenzi ekhuselwe ngumlawuli obanjiweyo ayinantshukumisa incinane yokuvelisa okanye yokuphucula ukusebenza. Kutheni ungenise imali kwi-R&D xa unokuthi ufune ulawulo olulula lomthetho othintela ubugcisa obuphazamisayo? Ukusetyenziswa koshishino lwemendlela yokulungisa imendlela ukunqanda iinkonzo zokuhamba ngoomatshini bomsebenzi wobugcisa kungumzekelo obalaseleyo. Ngokuyingozi kakhulu, ushishino lwemali lusebenzise ukuntsonkotha ulawulo ukuvala iindlela ezintsha zokubhanki ezinokusongela ingeniso yabo emazantsi eengcaciso. Oku kukhokelela ekuthinteleni ingeniso enzima, engaphantsi kwemveliso yemveliso.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Neengozi Zempilo

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibuhlungu yingozi ecacileyo kubomi bomntu kunye nempilo. Njengoko kubonwa nge-Boeing 737 MAX, ukubanjwa kungabulala. Ingxaki ye-opioid eUnited States imela intlekele yempilo kawonke-wonke etshabalalisayo ebangelwa zizixhobo ezithinjwe ngokulawula. IFDA ne-DEA zatyhafiswa ngokuzinzisa kubakhi bezamayeza abafana nePurdue Pharma. Baye baphumelela ukusukela ukuchaza iinguqu, ukuvalela ukhuseleko, kwaye baphembelela imigaqo yokulawula iintlungu ukuze baphucule ingeniso kukhuseleko lomonde, nto leyo eyakhokelela kumawakawaka abantu abanokuthintelwa.

Iqela elilawulayo

Ngelixesha ukubanjwa kusisisongelo esizingisileyo, akunakuphepheka. Udityaniso lweziguqu zesakhiwo, ukuphucula ukubonakala, kunye nokusebenza kokubophelela uwonke wonke kunganciphisa iziphumo zayo.

Ukuqhuba Ukubonakala Ngokucaceyo Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke

Ukukhanya kwinkqubo yomthetho kumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela. Oku kuquka ukubhalisa kweentlanganiso phakathi kwabaququzeli nabaququzeleli boshishino, utyhilo olunyanzelekileyo logcino-lwazi olusetyenziswa ekwenzeni umthetho, kunye nokufuna abameli ukuba bapapashe iingcaciso zesizathu sokuba bangayamkeli imithetho enzima. Inkululeko yolwazi (FOIA) sisixhobo esinamandla, kodwa isoloko icotha kwaye ibuthathaka. Utshintsho lokwenza ugcino-lwazi olusemthethweni lwe-FOIA kunye nokwenza imigangatho ye-"data evulekileyo" yooperateritys" yabameli ibalulekile. Ngaphezu koko, ukucela nokuxhasa umdla kawonke kwimicimbi yomthetho-mthetho kunganikezela isixhobo esinamandla, kodwa inqanda kakhulu kwizoshishino zezoshishino zezoshishino eziququ.

Utshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni

Imicimbi yoyilo lwe-arhente. I-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), nangona ijongene nocelomngeni lomthetho, yenzelwe ukuba ingabanjwa ngokungenayo isikhokelo sayo esinye, inkxaso-mali ezimeleyo evela kwiFederal Reserve, kunye nomsebenzi ocacileyo, omnye. Olunye utshintsho lwezakhiwo luquka:

  • [[NKQUBO: 0] INgxowa-mali ezimeleyo: Umbutho ohambayo uphuma kwinkqubo yonyaka yeKhonkcotha-ngqungquthela inganciphisa amandla eBhunga kumaziko amnyama eposi ukuze kube lula kwabanikeli boshishino.
  • Ikholidi yemithetho yeNtsalelo: ukwandisa "ukususa" amaxesha ukwenzela abalawuli bangaphambili bangene kwicandelo labucala bangacotha ucango olujikelezayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukucwangcisa izibonelelo: Amasebe afumana uphicotho kunye nemimiselo emikhulu ekufuneka ihlolwe ngamaxesha athile kwaye iphinde ivunyelwe ngokucacileyo inganceda ukususa imithetho emidala, ebanjiweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuqinisa i-Ofisi yolwazi nemicimbi yolawulo (OIRA):[ Ngelixesha isetyenziswa ukulibazisa imithetho, i-OIRA ingaba ngamandla okuqinisekisa uhlalutyo lwexabiso lomatshini olunexabiso elibi lucace gca kwaye alunamkhethe ngogcino-lwazi oluveliswe ngoshishino.

Izixhobo Zokukhusela Ivuthuza Nezahlulo Zommi

Ukunika amandla abangaphakathi ukubhenca ukubanjwa kubalulekile. Izikhuseli ezinamandla zompuku, zidityaniswe nezikhuthazo zemali ukwenzela abavuli-mlozi (njengoko zinikezelwe kumthetho weDodd-Frank ukwenzela ukuqhatha ngemali), zingavumbulula ukuphambana kwemali. Ngokufanayo, ukuvumela "isuti ezifihlakeleyo"/apho abemi bobucala okanye ii-NGOS zingamangalela ukuzama ukwenza imisebenzi engadibaniyo. Uvavanyo lwangaphandle ekufumaneni inkxaso yemali.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Kutshintsho

Uphando lwemeko lubonisa ukuba utshintsho olucacileyo lungabuyisela ekubambekeni, nangona idabi lingaze liphumelele ngokusisigxina.

I-ofisi yoKhuselo lwezeMali (CFPB)

I-CFPB eqaliswe kwingxaki yemali yowama-2008, mhlawumbi yeyona mizamo yenjongo yokuyila umbutho wokufumana ukhuseleko lwabathengi. Ngokudibanisa amagunya okhuselo athengekileyo asasazeke kumaziko asixhenxe ahlukeneyo (akukho nanye kuwo eyayinokhuseleko lwabathengi njengomsebenzi wawo wokuqala), iCFPB yadala i-operator. Inkxaso yayo yemali qha . "ukutsala ngqo ukusuka kwiFederal Reserve kunokuba i-Congress" kunye nesakhiwo sayo solawulo olunolawulo olukhethekileyo sasodwa sayilwenzelwe ukuyikhusela kwimibutho yezobupolitika nempembelelo ephambili eyayibambile abalawuli abangaphambili. Ngexesha iCFPB ibijongenezobuso ezingomthetho nezopolitiko, ingxelo yayo yasekuqaleni yokubuyisa ii-era-era-era-000 zemali ukuze ibonise amandla okuzimela kwembutho.

Iimfazwe zobundilele kwiFCC

Imbali yomthetho we-nethi yolawulo lwezobundilele kwiKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano loManyano (FCC) isebenza njengovavanyo olubalaseleyo ekufumaneni ingcamango kunye nomva wayo. Ngo- 2015, iFCC phantsi kweNdoda kaSihlalo uTom Wheeler (owayesakuba lishishini lentsontelo yentsimbi, ngokuyintsimbi) wamkela imithetho ye-nethi ye-nethi yomeleleyo. Noko ke, uCheagerman Wheeler wayener edumile "ukutshintsha" ekuboneni ubunzulu bolawulo loshishino. Imithetho yaguqulwa phantsi konyaka ka-2017 phantsi komjit Pai, owayesakuba ligqwetha iVireon, ngokuhamba okubonwa ngokubanzi njengemeko yencwadi yokubanjwa kwe-Rhulumente. Izenzo zomkhosi ezibonisa ukubamba zinokulandelwa kukhuthulwa ngokhuthulwano lwezo lwezo lwezopolitiko kunye nolwezwe.

Inkululeko yokusingqongileyo yaseKhalifoniya

Igunya elikhethekileyo leKhalifoniya phantsi koMthetho we-Ceac Air Act ukumisela imilinganiselo yayo yezithuthi ezikhupha umbane, kunye norhwebo lwayo olukhulu, liyivumele ukuba ixhathise ukubanjwa yimizi - mveliso ye-oyile kunye nefosili. Ngelixesha i-EPA ikhe yabanjwa kwaye iqengqeleke imigangatho karhulumente, iKhalifoniya igcine imigaqo engqongqo enyanzelisayo yomthetho wokusebenza. Oku kuye kwanyanzela ushishino lwezithuthi zenqwelo-o-otho ukuba zikwazi ukuvelisa iinqwelo-mafutha ezicocekileyo kwilizwe lonke. Ibonisa ukuba amandla afanelekileyo okulawula ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo olunamandla olunamandla oluphezulu lunganikezelweyo.

Isiphelo

Ukubanjwa kolawulo yimeko engapheliyo yekapitali yanamhlanje, kungekhona isiphene esilula esimele silungiswe. Kumela ukuxinezeleka okusisiseko phakathi kwemfuneko yolawulo lobuchule kunye neengozi zolwalamano olusondeleyo loshishino. Iziphumo zokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukucinezelwa kolwakhiwo, ukuncitshiswa kokhuseleko, kunye nokungakhuseleki kukawonke-wonke okubulalayo. Ukungakhathaleli okuyingozi kufuna ukuhlala ucoselelo, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, kunye nobuchule bobumi. Umbutho owoyikwayo othenjiweyo nothenjwa ngabantu bonke ngowodwa oye walwa ngempumelelo ekufumaneni. Ukwakha nokugcina loo migaqo kungucelomngeni olungundoqo lomgaqo kawonke osebenzayo kwinkulungwane yama-21.