Ukwazisa: Ucelomngeni Lolwaphulo - mthetho Lwasezidolophini Nendima Yomphathi Wesixeko

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwasedolophini luhlala luyingxaki engapheliyo nentsonkothileyo echaphazela ubunjani bobomi, ubutyebi, kunye nokudibana kwentlalo-ntle yezixeko kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ukusukela kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zempahla ukuya kwizenzo zogonyamelo, impembelelo yolwaphulo-mthetho idlulela ngaphaya kwamaxhoba kuyo yonke imimandla, ukuncipha kokuthemba imibutho kawonke-wonke nokuthintela inkqubela-phambili yoluntu. /ijaji zeziXhosa-iiiiiibhusayithi zemisebenzi yemini-yonkani yoorhulumente bamasipala / zibekwe kwindawo ekhethekileyo ukudibanisa iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithelekele izithethe.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba akukho ngenelelo lunye lusebenzayo olusebenza ngokwalo; kunoko, impumelelo ixhomekeke kwi-portfolio yemikhwa esekelwe kubungqina exonxiweyo kwimeko zasekuhlaleni. Eli nqaku lihlola iindlela ezingundoqo abalawuli besixeko abanokusebenzisa ukunciphisa imilinganiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho yasedolophini, ukuzoba kwimizekelo yehlabathi, izifundo zezenyani, kunye nezincomo zobuchule.

Imigaqo-nkqubo Yasekuhlaleni: Ukwakha Intembelo Nolwakhiwo

Ulawulo lwamapolisa lwasekuhlaleni luyenye yezona zicwangciso zamkelekileyo ngokubanzi zokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngeli xesha luphucula unxulumano lwamapolisa. Emgangathweni, amapolisa oluntu atshintsha ukugxininisa ekunyanzelweni komthetho onika amandla angakumbi, namagosa aba ngamalungu angundoqo emimandla abakhonza kuyo. Abaphathi beziXhosa banendima ebalulekileyo kulo tshintsho ngemithombo yezokondla, abaqeqeshi, nokukhuthaza ukuthengwa kwequmrhu.

Imigaqo Nezenzo

Intanda-bulumko ihleli kwiintsika ezintathu: [ iinqanawa ezisebenzisanayo phakathi kwamapolisa kunye noluntu, iinguqulelo ezilungelelanisiweyo [ ezithi zilungelelanise izigqibo, kunye nezidibanisa ii-projekthi-zinga- zikho phakathi kwemeko ezikhoyo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Abaphathi bakhuthazwa ukuba bangene kwiintlanganiso zengingqi, bahambe kunye nabahlali ukuze baqonde izinto eziza kuqala. Oku kwenza ukuthemba, oku kwenza ukuba abemi baphinde banikele ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nophando oluthabatha inxaxheba kwimigudu yokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ubungqina Bokuphumelela

Umqondiso oqingqiweyo odityaniswe weZiko lesizwe leJaji wafumanisa ukuba iProtho yoluntu inganciphisa uloyiko lolwaphulo-mthetho, iphucule ulwaneliseko lwabemi, kunye nokuthoba umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho olusezantsi ngokuthoba iliso, xa idityaniswe nonyanzelo. Umzekelo, iSiko leNjongo esiPhathi-mthetho (CAP) elaqalisiweyo) elaqalwayo ku-19909 kunciphiso olucacileyo kulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo kwimimandla yoomqhubi-nqwelo-moya. Ngokufanayo, i-mthetho kaNewark'srk inyathelo lokusebenza kwabemi, ifunde ngomongomo womthetho Bureauay weMiganiso yeMithetho yeMithetho ye-Stiki ye-Active [[FLT]], ibonisa ukuconga olucacileyo kwimimandla yogonyamelo olunamandla.

Ukusebenzisa Ucelomngeni

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo zayo, amapolisa asekuhlaleni ajongene nemiqobo. Ukuchaswa kwemibutho yamapolisa ngaphakathi kwisebe lamapolisa eliqhelene “neengqondo”, ukulinganiselwa kwemali yokufumana intsebenziswano yoluntu, nobunzima bokulinganisa iziphumo ezingacacanga ezifana nokuthembana kusenokuyinciphisa imigudu. Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka bakhusele inkxaso eqhubekayo yezopolitiko nezemali, banikezele uqeqesho oluqhubekayo, kwaye bavelise iinkqubo zokuziphendulela kwiinkqubo kunye neziphumo. Ngaphandle kokhokelo olusemthethweni, umngcipheko wokufumana iziphumo ezithe ngqo kuluntu kunokuba babe yinguquko yokwenene.

ICPUMENTI ENGOKUSINISO NEEMALI EZIFUNA INGQWALASELO EPHAMBILI

Imeko-bume yezokoqobo inempembelelo enkulu kwindlela yokuziphatha yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukhuseleko Lomthetho Ngendawo Esingqongileyo Luyinkqubo (CPTED) luyimigaqo elawula imekobume ekhoyo ukunciphisa amathuba olwaphulo-mthetho. Abaphathi beziXeko, abajonge ucwangciso namasebe omsebenzi kawonke-wonke, banokusebenzisa ngqo iCPUTS kumthetho wokulungisa, kwimimiselo yepaki, kwimiboniso ekhanyisayo, nakwinkqubo yokulungisa.

Iindlela ezijoliswe kwikhorathi

[[FLT: 0] Ukuqwalasela okuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukuyila izithuba ukwenzela ukuba abaphuli-mthetho bavakalelwe ukuba bajongwe. Oku kungaphunyezwa ngokubeka iifestile ezijonge izitrato, ukucheba izithintelo ezivingcayo, nokuqinisekisa izibane ezaneleyo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [FLT]] imilinganiselo yokufakwa kwezakhiwo kunye neendawo ezisekufutshane, isebenzisa iziphawulo eziphathekayo (ezinjengemibhobho, iskrista, istiki, kunye nokungasebenzi kwezanti (iiiinjini).[FLT] kunye nokunqanda ukuviswa kwengcamba. [[FLT:] ingcaciso engabonakaliyo, ukuba i-octive transtiveltiveltives projective profilessss, ing, inggnaltipt, enzima, ing, ingg.[5]'ienomentiediage

Iinkqubo zehlabathi eziyinyani

KwisiXeko saseNew York, ukwenziwa kwenkqubela-phambili yezindlu zikawonke-wonke ngolungiso oluphuculiweyo, ukhuseleko lweminyango, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwendawo okuqhelekileyo kwafak' isandla kunciphiso lwama-30% kulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo kwezinye iindawo. Ngokutsho kwe- i-Rodex uphando lwe-Provillet [. Ngokufanayo, “ucwangciso lokuhlala""inkqubo yeLiverpool"" , i-indawo ekhuselekileyo emva kokuqengqengqela izindlu zezindlu,/icuthe amanani okuqhekeza ngokwezinga afikelela kuma-50% kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo. Abaphathi beziXhovile bayakwazi ukufumana izithuba eziluhlaza zeYunivesithi yasePennsylvania belication zinxulumene nokuthotywa kwemipulphiya.

Ukufuduselwa kwisiXeko

Ukwandisa isiphumo, i-CPTED kufuneka ifakwe kwasekuqaleni kwinkqubo yocwangciso kunokuba ilungiswe emva kokuvela kweengxaki zolwaphulo-mthetho. Abaphathi beziXeko bangaseka ikomiti yokuhlola ye-CPTED equka amapolisa, abacwangcisi, abayili-makhazi, nabameli boluntu. I-ICMA (International City/Libey Ulawulo Lolawulo) inika ukhokelo noqeqesho kwiinkokeli zikamasipala ekusebenziseni ezi macebo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi “kwiendawo ezinezigwebo” kunganceda umgangatho ofumana ungenelelo lokuqala, uqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo koqingqoqingqo-mali.

Imithetho-nkqubo yogcino-lwazi: iPrecissition, ubuchule, kunye neZixelo zoMhlazo

Unyuko logcino-lwazi lokuncitshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho luye lwaguqula unciphiso lolwaphulo-mthetho ukusuka kubuchule bokusebenza kwenzululwazi. Ulawulo lobupolisa logcino-lwazi lusebenzisa ingqokelela yeenkcazo zolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkqubo zolwazi (GIS), kunye nemithetho-manani exelwe kwangaphambili ukunikezela ngobuncwane obunempumelelo. Abaphathi bezixeko bangabuxhasa obu bugcisa ngokuxhasa ugcino-lwazi lwezenkcubeko, ukuxhasa ugcino-lwazi oluneengqiqo ezinqamlezileyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba uhlalutyo lwazisa izigqibo zokwenziwa kolwazi.

Ikhampasi Nepokotho Eshushu

Inkqubo yeSebe lamapolisa laseNew York iCompStat , iAi adriven abaphathi-data ehambisa ulwaphulo-mthetho kwixesha lokwenene kwaye igcina abaphathi besikhululo betyala benobunyani ```````'''' bengumzekelo wemodeli--. Inkampani yakhokelela ekuncipheni okuphawulekayo kolwaphulo-mthetho ngo-1990 kunye no- 2000, nangona abagxeki bephawula ukuba kwakhona ikhuthaza ukunyanzeleka konxulumano oluneengxwangu. indlela engakumbi yokuhlola indawo eshushu efunyenwe inciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuzibophelela.[FLT], igxininisa ubuncwane obuncinane kwiindawo apho uninzi lolwaphulo-mthetho luvela khona.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokwalatha ikamva

Abaphathi beziXhobo basebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lwembali kunye nomatshini ukufunda ukuxela kwangaphambili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lunokwenzeka khona naxa lunokwenzeka. Ngoxa le ndlela ithembisa, inyusa inkxalabo ngocalulo, ukuzimela, kunye nokuqinisekisa inkqubo yokuphucula iprojekthi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Abaphathi bezixelo kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba iimodeli ezixelweyo zicace gca, zisoloko zivavanywa ngokusesikweni, kwaye zisetyenziswa njengesixhobo esinye phakathi kwezininzi, hayi njengesiseko sokunyanzelisa. Umzekelo, inkqubo yeSebe lamapolisa laseLos Angeles iPredipool ijongene nohlolo olunyulukileyo emva kokuba kuphathwele imimandla emincinane. Ekuphenduleni, izixeko ezininzi ziye zamkela ukwenziwa komsebenzi womsebenzi owenziwa ngabambalwa.[FLT:[FLD1]

Ukwakha Ugcino - lwazi

Ukuzalisekisa ugcino-lwazi-opholisho-bupolisa kufuneka okungaphezulu kune-software. Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka bafake imali edityaniswe kwiiqonga ezidibanisa iirekhodi zamapolisa kunye ne-data kwimpilo kawonke-wonke, kwindlu, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo. Oku kuvumela ukufikelela [[FLT: 0] ngokupheleleyo kwe-data ye- apho abachazi-lwazi banokuchonga iimeko eziphantsi, ezithiwe phantsi kwe-indawo ezikhoyo, ezithi zingasebenzi okanye ukunqongophala kweenkonzo zolutsha. Iziko ze-URB zinikezela ngoncedo olunokulwakhiwo ulwazi olunokuhlonelwa yindawo yokhuseleko loluntu xa lukhulisa ukhuseleko.

Iinkqubo zoNtlalo noPhuhliso lwezezoqoqosho: Ukuhlangabezana noNobangela

Akukho mlinganiselo wamapolisa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemekobume onokuthi ucombulule ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokupheleleyo ukuba abaqhubi abakwimeko yentlalo-ntle, abaqeshwa, abangenamfundo, abagula ngengqondo, abasebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi .

Ukungenelela Kwangaphambili Neenkqubo Zolutsha

Ukuveliswa kwabantwana kunye nabafikisayo yenye yezona ndlela ziphambili zokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho ezixabisa imali eninzi. Iinkqubo ezifana nemisebenzi yasemva kwesikolo, ukucebisa, kunye nemisebenzi yasehlotyeni zibonisiwe zinciphisa ukubanjwa kwabantwana kunye nokukhutshwa ngabantu abadala. IBhunga lesizwe LeCrime Priviletion libalaselisa impumelelo yenkqubo yeBoston “Yokusebenza kwe-Opport”, eyanika amawaka olutsha olunolwazi lomsebenzi oluhlawulwayo kwaye yabona ugonyamelo lolutsha olungama-23% ngexesha locwangciso. Abaphathi beziXeko bangaxhasa inkxaso yeentshukumo ezinjalo kunye neqabane elingaqhubi.

Ukuphazamiseka Kogonyamelo Nemizekelo Yezempilo Kawonke - wonke

Ukuphatha ugonyamelo njengesifo esasulelayo kuye kwakhokelela kwiinkqubo ezintsha ezifana neCurise Violence (ukuqala iChicago’s LettleFire). Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa “abaphazamisa ugonyamelo” "abaphazamisa abantu"", ngokusoloko benolwaphulo-mthetho, abakhe bangamaxhoba , badibanisa abantu abaphezulu abakwi-ariski kwiinkonzo, kwaye batshintsha izithethe zoluntu ngokuchasene nempindezelo. Uvavanyo lubonise unciphiso oluphawulekayo ekudubeni nasekubulaleni emadolobheni anjenge New York, Baltimore, kunye neSan Francisco. Abaphathi bezixeko bangaxhasa ezi nkqubo ngokunikezela ngezixhobo ezizinzi ezizinzi, babafake kwiindlela ezinkulu zokuzikhusela, kwaye bafaka imigaqo yokukhuphisana ngoncedo lukawonke.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nokuzinziswa kwezindlu

Ulwaphulo-mthetho luxhaphakile kwiindawo ezingezizo ezingezizo ezithe ngqo. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho lomsebenzi, inkxaso encinane yeshishini, kunye namanyathelo okufumana indawo yokuhlala anganelisa abamelwane kwaye anciphise ulwaphulo-mthetho. Uhlolisiso olupapashwa kwi- Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquise[ lufumanise ukuba ulwandiso ngalunye olungakumbi kumathuba emisebenzi yasekuhlaleni lunxulumene nonciphiso lwepropati yempahla. Ngokufanayo, ukubonelela izindlu ezinqikelelo zokunceda iintsapho zishenxeko kwimimandla ephantsi kwezoqoqosho ukuya kwimimandla ekwindawo ephantsi kwezoqoqosho. Abaphathi beziXhosamfo banokuhlawulwa ukucutha ulawulo lorhulumente, izikhuthumelo zasekuhlaleni, kunye neenkqubo zokukhuthaza uqoqosholo lwemali ngexesha elithe ngqo lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ucelomngeni Lokusebenza Nokuzinzisa

Nakubeni kukho iindlela ezininzi ezisekelwe kubungqina ezikhoyo, abaphathi besixeko bajamelana nemiqobo emikhulu ekunciphiseni ulwaphulo-mthetho ezidolophini. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuyileni iplani eqinisekileyo nenamandla.

Iingxaki Zezibonelelo Neengcinezelo Zezobupolitika

Izixeko ezininzi zisebenza ngoqingqo-mali olungqongqo, kwaye imigudu yokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho isoloko ikhuphisana nezinye iimfuno ezicinezelayo ezifana nezibonelelo, imfundo, kunye nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo. Usodolophu okanye ibhunga lingafuna iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, ezikhokelela ekulungiseni imizuzwana emifutshane (umz., ukunyanzelisa okunzima) kunokuba ingeniso engapheliyo kwiinkqubo zentlalo-ntle. Abaphathi bezixeko bayakwazi ukuncedisa ngokuvelisa inkcithotho ecacileyo yexabiso elibonisa indlela ukusetyenziswa kokuthintela imali egcinweni, ukuvalela, ukuvalela, kunye neenkonzo zamaxhoba phantsi komgca. Ukwakha iminqolane neenkokeli zezoshishino, ezingahlawulwanga, kunye namaqela abantu asekuhlaleni anokunyusa inkxaso-mali.

Ukungathembani Nomthetho

Kwizixeko ezininzi, ingakumbi abo banembali yenkohlakalo yamapolisa okanye yokungathembani ngokobuhlanga, ukungathembani okunzulu kunciphisa intsebenziswano. Ukufikelela koluntu kunye nogcino-lwazi kungasilela ukuba abemi balapho bakujonga njengokuhlola kunokuba basebenzisane. Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka bamisele imigaqo esesikweni [ ugwebo oluqhelekileyo . [____ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kunye namanye amasebe aphatha abantu ngokufanelekileyo, ngentlonelo, kwaye ngokucacileyo. Oku kungabandakanya iibhodi zobungaphicoci bobugoci, uphazamiso oluzimeleyo, kunye noluntu oluqhelekileyo apho abahlaliyo benokuthetha ngaphandle kokoyika impindiso.

Amaqhinga Okwaphula Umthetho

Izaphuli-mthetho ziqhelanisa namaqhinga amatsha okuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafanele basetyenziswe. Njengoko izixeko zifaka iikhamera zize zisebenzise izinto ezithelekelelayo, abaphuli-mthetho basenokutshintshela kwiindawo ezijoliswe kuzo okanye basebenzise iindlela ezintsha (umz., ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-intanethi okanye lobusela). Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka bahlale becotha, besoloko behlaziya iimfom zabo zogcino-lwazi, abaphathi-majoni abaqeqeshayo, kwaye befaka ingxelo kubenzi-nkonzo abaphambili kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni.

Imiphumo Yokungalingani Neyokungacetyiswanga

Ukunyanzelisa ukuthotywa kolwaphulo-mthetho kusenokuba neziphumo ezingenakulinganiswa kuluntu olucekeceke, ezikhokelela kumlinganiselo ophezulu wokubanjwa, ukugxothwa kwezikolo, kunye neziphumo ezihambisana nomjikelo wobuhlwempu nolwaphulo-mthetho. Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka bahlolwe ngokukhutshelwa nakuwo onke amanyathelo olwaphulo-mthetho, bebuza ukuba ngubani ongenelwayo kwaye ngubani othwala iindleko. Iingxelo ezifana nolwakhiwo lwe- "ubutyebi obungadibani na?"] [ukuthi uphuhliso uqoqosholo lwezoqoqosho ludibani na kuhlasele impumelelo yabemi kunye nomsebenzi wobu qhawe qinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lungahluzene.

Imigaqo Yexesha Elizayo: Ubugcisa Bokufudusa, Uluntu Nomgaqo-nkqubo Wobuholishi

Ukukhangela phambili, ezona ndlela zithembisayo zokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ezidolophini zibandakanya ukudityaniswa okunzulu kobugcisa, ubuchule boluntu, kunye nentsebenziswano enqamlezayo. Abaphathi bezixeko bakwimeko ekhethekileyo yokukhokelela olu tshintsho.

Ubugcisa bobugcisa bomzi obukrelekrele kunye nogcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene

Inkqubela kwimivo, ubukrelekrele obungeyonyaniso, kunye namaziko olwaphulo-mthetho exesha lokwenene avumela ukusabela ngokukhawuleza nongenelelo oluchanekileyo. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokufumana ukudutyulwa kompuku ezifana neShotSpotter zingawalumkisa amapolisa ngemizuzwana nje, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqokelelweni kobungqina obukhawulezileyo nodliwano-ndlebe. Noko ke, obu bugcisa kufuneka busetyenziswe ngemigaqo ecacileyo yokuzinzisa ulwazi, ukufikelela koluntu, kunye nokujonga ukuthintela ukubhaduza. Abaphathi bezixeko bangamisela iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezilawula iinkqubo ezibandakanya ulawulo kunye neengcali zobugcisa ukususela ekuqaleni.

Inyathelo lokhuseleko loluntu

Ziya zisanda, izixeko ezitshintsha iimbopheleleko zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ukusuka kumapolisa ukuya kubantu abangaxhotyisiweyo abaphendulayo (ngokokuba kukho iingxaki zempilo, ukunyanzeliswa kweetrafiki, okanye iingxoxo zommelwane. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-CAHOOTS type e-Eugene, Oregon, zithumela abasebenzi bempilo endaweni yamapolisa kwiminxeba engenabugrogrisi yowe-911, zinciphisa ukubanjwa nokukhulula amapolisa ukuba ajolise ingqalelo kulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo. Abaphathi bezixele-mthetho bangalawula iinkqubo ezinjalo, bavavanya impembelelo yazo, kwaye balinganise oko kusebenza. IZiko leMibutho yeJaji yeJaji yeJaji [[FT:1]] inika izixhobo zokusebenza ukuze kusebenze iimvomfazelo.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwabamelwane Okunetyala

Ungenelelo lwezijungqu ludla ngokusilela ukuvelisa utshintsho oluhlala luhleli. Ezona zixeko zinempumelelo zithatha indlela elula exhasayo iprojekthi yoluntu, inkqubela-phambili yemekobume, iinkonzo zentlalo, kunye nenkqubela-ntle yezoqoqosho kwimimandla ephakamileyo. Le “ndlela esekelwe kwindawo ephezulu”, eboniswa yi- i-Placessss-session [[ ixhaswe yi-URUBEan Institute, ifuna ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo kwiminyaka emininzi. Abaphathi bezixeko basebenza njengendawo eziphezulu, ezingenisa kunye izindlu, impilo, imfundo, kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko zikawonke ekuqokelelweni imali kunye neziphumo ezisabelanayo.

Isiphelo: Ukuya Kwizixeko Ezikhuselekileyo, Ezinokulingana Kakhulu

Ukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwasedolophini asiyondlela elula efunekayo yokuzama, ukuqhelanisa, nokuvuma ukusingatha iinyaniso ezingathandekiyo malunga nokungalingani nokusilela kwenkqubo. Ubungqina bucacile ukuba akukho cebo linye lisebenzayo; abaphathi besixeko abaphumelelayo baza kuba ngabo badibanisa amapolisa entlalweni kunye nenkqubo echuliweyo yendalo, ugcino-lwazi olulungeleleneyo noshishino lwezentlalo-ntle, kwaye lufuna ukuthintelwa. Ngokwakha ukuthemba, ukukhuthaza iinguqulelo, nokuzenzela izinto ezithe ngqo, abaphathi besixeko bangenza iimeko apho kungekho khuseleko nje kuphela kodwa kukungabikho kwethuba, ukusetyenziswa kwethuba, i-coshiontion, kunye nokulunga kobulungisa. Ucelomngeni lukhulu, ngoko lunamandla okuhlala lukho xa ulawulo, ubungqina, kunye nomanyano.