Ukwazisa: Iliwa Lokusesikweni

Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zingundoqo walo naliphi na ibutho labantu elixabisa umthetho. Ngaphezu kwamagumbi apho iimvavanyo ziqhubeka khona, amela inkqubo esesikweni apho urhulumente athi abantu bafanelwe yityala ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Le nkqubo kufuneka ilungelelanise ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, amalungelo amaxhoba, kunye nokukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko waloo matyala. Ukusetyenziswa ngokunzulu kwemisebenzi yenkundla yezolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya ibalulekile kungekuphela kweingcali zezomthetho kodwa kwanabemi abathenjiweyo. Inkundla yenkundla yindawo apho imigaqo ecacileyo imelana khona iinyaniso ezicacileyo zehambo yabantu, kwaye ukuqonda imisebenzi yayo kukhanyisa indlela okusesikweni okugcinwa ngayo nokuphunyezwa ngayo.

Umsebenzi oyintloko wenkundla yakwaphuli-mthetho kukugqiba ukuba ummangalelwa unecala okanye akanatyala lazo izityholo ezikhankanyiweyo eziziswa ngabatshutshisi. Olu miselo luxhomekeke kumgaqo osisiseko we ukugqiba ukuba uthandabuza , umgangatho ophezulu wobungqina kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Lo mlinganiselo ulula ubonisa ubunzulu bolwaphulo-mthetho olufuna ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko, ukuduma, kwanobomi kwezinye iindawo. Ngoko ke, iinkqubo zenzelwe ngokucokisekileyo ukukhusela kwiinkolelo eziphosakeleyo.

Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olunegunya lwemisebenzi yeenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya ezilandelwayo. Liyanwengula kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo . "ityala eliqhelekileyo" elingaphambili, ukuvavanywa, kunye netyala lasemva kwetyala(ukuzakhela iindima zabathathi-nxaxheba abangundoqo kunye nemigaqo-siseko eqinisekisa okusesikweni.

Imisebenzi Yenkundla Yezaphuli - mthetho

Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zisenza imisebenzi emininzi ehambelanayo engaphaya nje kwamatyala athethwayo. Umsebenzi ngamnye ugcina ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokusesikweni kwaye ugcina ulungelelwano loluntu.

Ukugwetywa Kwetyala Okanye Ukungabi Natyala

Umsebenzi obonakalayo wenkundla yakwaphuli-mthetho ngumthetho okhoyo. wamatyala. Le yinkqubo evavanya ngayo inkundla ityala lontanga, ityala elikhutshwe yinkundla, likhuselwe kwingingqi esemthethweni. Kweminye imiba, umthetho, kunye nemithetho yezomthetho. Kwityala elininzi kunye nabanye abanxaxhini, ukugqibela kwetyala kwenziwa ngabachopheli-tyala, kukhutshwe ngoontanga bommangaleli, benziwe ngobungqina obuvela kwingingqini okanye ngaphandle.

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo okhuselo

Mhlawumbi owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo, nodla ngokuncitshiswayo, ngumsebenzi wenkundla ukukhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa. IBhili yamaLungelo, ingakumbi eyesine, eyesiThathu, neyesiThathu eUnited States, inika ucwangciso olubanzi lokukhusela abantu abajongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho. inkundla mayiqinisekise ukuba ummangalelwa ufumana uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko [, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nokucinezelwa nguwonke wonke, ilungelo lokuthetha ngamangqina, kwaye ilungelo lokuhlala ethulile. Abagwebi bangamagosa ala malungelo, kwaye naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho olubalulekileyo lungakhokelela ekucinezelweni kobungqina, ukurhoxiswa kwetyala, okanye ukurhoxiswa kwetyala.

Isitshixo sokuKhusela Amalungelo siquka:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Icala elilungileyo kwiSicelo: inkundla kufuneka imisele igqwetha lommangalelwa ongakwaziyo ukuthenga omnye (Gideon v. Wainwright).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo: Inkundla ilawula ikhalenda yokuvavanya ukunqanda ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga.
  • Ilungelo lokujongene namaNgqina ajongene noMmangalelwa: Ummangalelwa unethuba lokunqumla i-examine onke amangqina anikelwa lityala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhuselwa ngokuchasene nozizo- buqu: inkundla kufuneka iqonde ukhetho lommangalelwa lokungangqinelani.

Ukwenziwa kwesigwebo

Xa ummangalelwa efunyaniswe enetyala okanye egwetyiwe, inkundla ihamba iye kwisigaba sokugweba. igweba (okanye ngamanye amaxesha ijaji) imisa isigwebo esimele sihambelane noluhlu lomthetho. Igalelo aliyondlela elula; libonisa umlinganiselo weenjongo ezininzi: impindezelo, ukunqanda, ukubuyisela, ukubuyisela isibuyekezo, nokubuyisela isigwebo. Ijaji iqwalasela ubunjalo betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ixhoba lexhoba, kunye neemeko zokugweba. I-Valenters ingaquka ukuboleka, ukuthoba, ukulungiselela, ukuququlutya, ukuququzelisa, okanye ukubuyisela, okanye ukubuyisela. Kwimeko yemali ephambili, ukuvalelwa kobomi, ukuvalelwa kwetyala, ukuvalelwa kwetyala.

Ukukhutshwa kwePlea Bargation

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aphelanga ngokuvavanywa kodwa ngesivumelwano . Inkundla idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubopheleleni le nkqubo. Phambi kokuba yamkele isibongozo esinetyala, ijaji mayiqinisekise ukuba yenziwa [, ngokwayo, ngemdlalo, nangobulumko [. Ijaji iza kubuza ummangalelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayakuqonda ukumangalelwa, amalungelo abawaqonda, kwaye iziphumo zesibongozo, kuquka nesigwebo. Inkundla ikwaqinisekisa ukuba akukho sinyanzelo okanye izithembiso ezingafanelekanga zenziwe. Inkundla iqinisekisa ukuba ihlise umthwalo kwinkqubo yenkundla kwaye inika ubungqina kubo bonke, kodwa kufuneka ikwazi ukukhusela amalungelo ayo.

Ukuqinisekisa Ubuhle Bendalo

Zonke iinkalo zenkundla zilawulwa yimithetho yobungqina kunye nenkqubo. Indima yenkundla kukunyanzelisa le mithetho ngokungakhethi. Ijaji igqiba ngokuchasa okuphakanyiswa ngamagqwetha, imithetho engobungqina obungaqondakaliyo, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqukwa ngaphandle kweempikiswano ezingafanelekanga okanye ukucalula. Inkundla kufuneka ilawule ukuziphatha kwabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, kuquka amagqwetha, amangqina, kunye nabagwebi. Ukugcina intlonelo kunye nocwangco kuyimfuneko ekuboneni kwabantu ngokubanzi okusesikweni. Uvavanyo lobungqina lusoloko luhleli kwintlola, kwaye inkundla kufuneka ilinde ngamandla ukuba izama ukuguqula nayiphi na loo nto inzima.

Abathathi - nxaxheba Abaphambili Kwityala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqonda imisebenzi yenkundla kufuna ukwamkela indima yabadlali abaphambili.

Umgwebi

Ijaji ingumgwebi ongoondilele kumthetho. Imisebenzi yomgwebi iquka ukuphatha imicimbi yangaphambili, ukuyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo, ukulawula ukuqukunjelwa kobungqina, nokulawula inkundla yetyala. Kwinkundla yokuchophela ibhedi, ijaji ikwasebenza njengendawo yokufumana iziphumo zenyani. Ijaji mayihlale ingakhethi kwaye iphephe nayiphi na imbonakalo yokucalula. Ijaji ikwane imele ibeke ityala lokumisela isigwebo esisemthethweni.

IJury

Ijaji ingumchongi wento kwityala labachopheli-tyala. Isigwebo sinyulwa kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba sihlasimlis''', abagwebi basebenza ngokuvavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina nokuvavanya ubungqina. Kufuneka basebenzise umthetho njengoko uyalelwe ngumgwebi, hayi ngokweenkolelo zabo. Isigqibo kufuneka sisekelwe kuphela kubungqina obunikelwe enkundleni. Imfuneko yesigqibo esidibeneyo kwimicimbi yamacala olwaphulo-mthetho (kwimimandla emininzi) ibala elibalase umgangatho ophezulu wobungqina obufunekayo ukuze bavume.

Umtshutshisi

Umtshutshisi ligqwetha elimela urhulumente. Umsebenzi wesiko lomtshutshisi asikokuphumelela nje kuphela, kodwa kukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kwenziwe. Oku kuthetha ukunikela bonke ubungqina obuthembekileyo, kuquka ubungqina bokuchaza ityala lommangalelwa obunokubonakalisa ukuba akanatyala (iBrady v. Maryland). Umtshutshisi ugqiba ukuba yiyiphi ityala elibekwa phantsi kwetyala aze aqule ingxubusho. Bathwala umthwalo wokungqina zonke izinto ezikhoyo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo.

Iattorney Yokhuselo

Igqwetha elinobungcaphephe lingummeli onenzondelelo wommangalelwa. Umsebenzi wegqwetha elikhuselayo kukukhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa, ukuvavanya ityala lomtshutshisi, nokunikela ukhuseleko olungcono. Oku kuquka ukuqesha ijelo lokuphelisa ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, amangqina anqamlezayo, nokunikela ubungqina kuMmangalelwa. Igqwetha elikhuselayo kufuneka ligcine imfihlo yomxhasi kwaye lingaziniki ubungqina bobuxoki.

I-Iatlebar

Ummangalelwa ngumntu omangalelwe ngetyala. Nangona kusenokungafuneki ukuba anikele ubungqina okanye anikele ubungqina, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubakho nawaphi na amaqondo anzima etyala. Ummangalelwa ukwanelungelo lokwenza izigqibo ezithelekelelwayo ngamalungelo okungaqiniseki, ukufaka isibongozo, nokuba angangqina kusini na.

Iinkundla Zezaphuli - mthetho Ezineengcaciso

Inkqubo yokuvavanya lulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo olulungiselelwe ukuba lunike amacala omabini ithuba elipheleleyo nelifanelekileyo lokuviwa.

Iinkqubo ezijoliswe phambili

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise ukuvavanywa, kwenziwa umsebenzi omkhulu wokuchaza imbambano uze ulungiselele ityala.

Ulungelelwaniso nePlea

Kumthetho [[NTLT: 0], ummangalelwa ufunda izityholo ngokusemthethweni kwaye ucelwa ukuba angene esicelweni. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo zinetyala, azinatyala, okanye akukho khuphiswano (loli hupere). Isibongozo esinetyala simisela iqonga lokuvavanya. Isibongozo esinetyala, njengoko kuxoxwe ngaso, sifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba siyakwazi kwaye siqhutywa ngokuzithandela. Ukuba ummangalelwa uyabongoza ukuba angabi natyala, ijaji ibeka iimeko zemali kwaye icwangcise iimfatyiso kwixesha elizayo.

Ukufumanisa Nentshukumo

Ngexesha [[FLT: 0] iziphumo, omabini amacala anikana ulwazi malunga nobungqina azabusebenzisa. I-driver kufuneka iguqule nabuphina ubungqina bobugqi. I-Attorney ingafaka ifayile eyahlukeneyo [ iintshukumo zovavanyo : ukushukuma kokucinezela ubungqina (umz., ukusukela ekuphendleni okungekho mthethweni), ukuphendleka kwetyala (umz., ukuswela kwesizathu esilindelekileyo), okanye ukushukuma kwe liminee ekwilimmes ukukhupha ubungqina obubodwa okanye ubungqina. Inkundla ilawula kwezi ntshukumo, ukulungisa oko abagwebi baza kukuva kwaye abangayiphulanga.

Ingxoxo

Njengoko umhla wokuvavanywa kwetyala usondela, uthethwano lwezibongozo luyakhula. Inkundla isoloko ihlola ukuba isigqibo sinokwenzeka kusini na. Iinkundla ezininzi zikhuthaza iingxubusho zokulungisa ukuthwaliswa kwetyala, kodwa ijaji ayinakuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo yokwenene. Ukuba isibongozo sifikelelwe, ukuva okutshintshiweyo kubanjwa.

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa

Ukhetho

Ukuba ityala liqhubekeka kwityala labachopheli-tyala, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhetha ijaji. Abaququzeleli bejaji abanokuba ngabagwebi bayancinwa ngabagwebi namagqwetha. Injongo kukuba i-impanel umgwebi ongenamkhethe. Attorney zingasebenzisa [ i-challengengensis ukwenzela ukubangela [ (ukungathintelwanga) ukususa amajaji anxaxhileyo, kunye imingenis

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Ityala liqala [ iintetho ezivulayo [ kuqala, ngokutshutshisa kwandule ke ngenkuselo. Ezi asizompikiswano kodwa ziimaphu eziyinyaniso zoko kulindelwe licala ngalinye ukuba zibonise. Ingcaciso ichaza ityala elingqina ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala; ukuzikhusela kubonakalisa ubuthathaka kwityala lommangalelwa okanye ukuchaza ingxelo yakhe.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala libekwa kuqala licinywe lisithi, amaNgqina ayabizwa ukuze anikele ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uhlolo oluCwangcisiweyo: Igqwetha elibiza ingqina libuza imibuzo ukukhupha ubungqina.
  • [[Ukwahlulwa koMngeni:0] Udibaniso: Igqwetha elichasayo libuza ingqina ukuvavanya ukuthembeka okanye ukubhenca ukungangqinelani.
  • Isalathisi somququzeleli kunye nokwahlula: Imida elandelelweyo yemibuzo ingalandela.

Ubungqina obuphathekayo `````intetho,' iifoto, iimpahla, iingxelo zezixhobo, i-fontec'', yeyamangqina angayingqina. Ukhuseleko lunethuba lokufumana object[ ukungqina kwimiba eyahlukeneyo (intetho, i-act, ikhethe). Umgwebi umisela imithetho kulwamkelo ngalunye, kwaye abachopheli-mthetho bagwetywa ngexesha lentambo zentambo.

Emva kokuba ityala liphumile, ingxengxezo ingaba kufuneka qha, kodwa ayifuneki ku---"inikela ubungqina balo. Ummangalelwa angangqina (enika ilungelo lokuthula ngenxa yaloo bungqina) okanye akhethe ukungathethi; umtshutshisi akanakugqabaza ngokuzola kommangalelwa. Ukuzithethelela kungabiza amangqina, kuquka amangqina okanye amangqina achwethezi.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikiwe, amagqwetha anika iimpikiswano ezicacileyo. Apha kulapho icala ngalinye lishwankathela khona ubungqina lize lichaze isizathu sokuba abachopheli betyala babuye nesigqibo esithile. Ityala liqala, emva koko lizikhusela, kwaye ingtshutshiso inganika uphicotho olufutshane. Attorney angagqabaza ngokuthembeka kwamangqina kunye neziphumo ezingqinelanayo zobungqina, kodwa abakwazi ukuchaza iimbono zobuqu okanye ukubhekisa kwizibakala ezingekho ngqini.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Phambi kocwangciso, ijaji ifunda imiyalelo yobuxoki (ebizwa ngokuba lityala). Le miyalelo icacisa imigaqo esemthethweni abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bayisebenzise, njengenkcazelo yolwaphulo-mthetho, iziqalelo ezimele ziqinisekiswe, kunye nomgangatho wesiqinisekiso esingaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ijaji ikwafundisa ngemigaqo esemthethweni yokuzikhusela (umz., ukuzikhusela ngokwakho, ukuphamba) ukuba ixhaswa bubungqina. i-Attoney isoloko inikezela imiyalelo ecetyisiweyo, kwaye ijaji ikhetha isalathisi esigqibele.

Isigqibo soMququzelelo kunye neSigwebo

Abachopheli betyala barhoxe kwigumbi labucala ukuze baxubushe ngetyala. Ukuba bonke ubungqina kunye neziboniso zingenisiwe. Abachopheli-tyala bakhetha ummeli okhokelayo ukukhokela. Bamele balandele imiyalelo yomgwebi kwaye kufuneka bafikelele isigqibo esimntwiswayo (ngaphandle kokuba igunya livumela izigqibo ezingezoza--------luntlu-thumb'ni kwezinye iimeko). Ukuba abanakufikelela kwisigqibo emva kwengxubusho enkulu, ijaji ichaza [[FLT: 0] isalathi sovavanyo[[[FLT: 1] [iig], kwaye isitshutshisi singalinganisa ityala. Ukuba isigwebo sifikelwe, kubhengezwe kwinkundla evulekileyo. Ukuba isigqibo asinatyala, umthetheleli ukhutshwa ngoko nangoko. Ukuba umgwebi ukhutshwe.

Iinkqubo zePost-Terminal

Ukuqiniseka akuyosiphelo sendlela. Abakhuseli baneendlela ezibalulekileyo zokuzihlola.

Ukugweba Indlebe

Emva kwesigqibo setyala, inkundla icwangcisa ukuva uluvo lokugunyaziswa. Ijaji ihlola ingxelo yophando lwangaphambili olulungiselelwe ngamagosa okuvavanya, iva iingxelo zeziphumo zexhoba, iphulaphule iimpikiswano eziphuma kuwo omabini amacala malunga nesigwebo esifanelekileyo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthetha nenkundla (ukugwetywa). Ijaji ngoko ibeka isivakalisi kwimigaqo yemithetho, ngokufuthi iqwalasela i i-Federal Legilatel Isikhokelo sokulawula isigwebo okanye iinkqubo ezifanayo.

Izibheno

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokufumana i-appal kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Isibheno asilotyala elitsha; kukuphinda kuphinde kuthethwe iimpazamo ezisemthethweni ezenziwe yinkundla evavanyiweyo. Imibandela eqhelekileyo iquka imiyalelo ephosakeleyo ebophula umthetho, ukuvuma okungafanelekanga kobungqina, ukungaphathisi mmangaliso, okanye uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko. Inkundla yokubhenela (esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla yezibongozo okanye inkundla ephakamileyo) iphinda ihlole ingxelo ize iphinde iphakamise ukumangalelwa, okanye iphinde iguqule iphinde ivume ukuqulunqe okuthe kokugqibela. Urhulumente udlangenzeki sisohlwayo ngenxa yesigqibo esingesiso sokungesombululo , kodwa ukhuthulo olubi lwetyala.

Isicwangciso sokuLungisa

Ngapha kwesibheno esithe ngqo, abamangalelwa bangafuna ukukhululeka kophawu-komnye ngokuhamba ngemisinga (umz., habeas corpus kwinkundla yesebe). Ezi zenzo zivumela ummangalelwa ukuba aphakamise imibandela engaphuhliswanga ngokupheleleyo kwisibheno esithe ngqo, njengobungqina obutsha bobumsulwa okanye ukuphulwa komthetho-siseko. Ezi zenzo zilinganiselwe kakhulu kubungakanani betyala.

IiNkundla eziPhakathi kunye neeNkqubo zokuHlakulela

Iinkundla zale mihla zezaphuli-mthetho ziye zavela ukuze ziphathe iindidi ezithile zamatyala ngemizekelo ekhethekileyo yenkundla. iinkundla zezenkcubeko zijolise ekunyangweni nasekulawulweni kwabasebenzi beziyobisi abangenamandla. iinkundla zezonyango zezengqondo [ zisebenzisa iqela elibandakanya umgwebi, umtshutshisi, ummeli, igqwetha, kunye nonyango olunzima, kunye nokugxininisa ingqwalaselo kwi-rejiko-ective.

[[FLT: 0] Iinkqubo ze-Divorver zivumela abaphuli-mthetho abathile abanomgangatho ophantsi ukuba baphephe irekhodi yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokugqiba inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo (umz., inkonzo yoluntu, iiklasi zemfundo). Inkundla isebenzisa ezi nkqubo kwaye ikhupha eli tyala xa kugqitywe ngempumelelo. Le ndlela iyavuma ukuba asikuko konke ukwaphula kuvumela ubunzima obupheleleyo benkqubo yesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho.

Isiphelo

Imisebenzi yeenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho intsonkothile kwaye ibalulekile. Isebenza njengenqanaba apho igunya likarhulumente lokumohlwaya lihlangabezana khona nelungelo lomntu lokukhululeka ngaphandle kokuba agwetywe ngetyala. Ukusukela ekufakeni isigwebo sokuqala ukuya kwizibongozo zokugqibela, inkqubo nganye isekelwe kwinkxalabo yesithethe esisemthethweni kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Nokuba ngaba ibonakalisa ityala, ikhusela amalungelo, ukuqinisekisa izibongozo, okanye izigwebo eziphezulu, inkundla kufuneka ilondoloze ukungacaluli cala nokuthembeka. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunika abemi amandla okuvavanyanisa inkqubo yokusesikweni ngononophelo olulu hlobo lwendlela-ntle nokuqonda ulungelelwano oluluvo olulu hlobo phakathi kolungelelwano lwenkululeko.

Ukuqhubekeka kofundisiso, iNew York State Criminal Court kunye Bureau of Justice Atistic Atistics inikeza ucalulo oluneenkcukacha lwemisebenzi yenkundla. Ekugqibeleni, amandla enkqubo yezobulungisa alinganiswa kungekuphela nje ngobuchule bayo bokugweba abanetyala kodwa ngokuzinikela kwayo okungagungqiyo ukukhulula abamsulwa.