Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ihleli ekudibaneniseni kweenjongo ezikhuphisanayo zentlalo, inyanzelisa abenzi benkqubo ukuba baqhube uxanduva oluzingisileyo phakathi kokuphucula ubomi babantu nokugcina inkxaso yezoqoqosho. Zonke izigqibo zolawulo, ukuhlaziywa kwerhafu, okanye inkqubo yentlalo zithwala intengiso ehambayo kwingingqi kunye nakwiindawo zentengiso. Eli nqaku lihlola ezo zixhobo zithengwayo ngobunzulu, ukuhlolisisa indlela oorhulumente abanokuyilungelelanisa ngayo intlalo-ntle nempumelelo yezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokuncama ukuphumelela okanye ukulingana kwenkqubela.

Ukuqonda Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Inkqubo kawonke wonke ibandakanya imithetho, imimiselo, kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente ezilungiselelwe ukucombulula iingxaki zentlalo. Yinkqubo apho oovimba bemali bafumana khona, bamisele izithethe zokuziphatha, bakhuthaze intlalo-ntle emanyatheneyo. Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke mkhulu, uquka unyango, imfundo, ukukhusela imekobume kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke ophumelelayo wenziwe kwiinjongo eziliqela ezingundoqo:

  • Inyanzelisa intlalo-ntle yentlalo – iphucula umgangatho wobomi kubo bonke abemi, ingakumbi abemi abasengozini
  • Ukukhuthaza ulwando lwezoqoqosho – ukwandisa imveliso, umsebenzi, kunye neziphumo zezoqoqosho
  • Ukulinganisa unikezelo olulinganayo lwezibonelelo – ukunciphisa ukungalingani nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela ngokufanelekileyo kumathuba neenkonzo
  • Ukukhusela imeko- bume – ukulondoloza ubuncwane bendalo besizukulwana sexesha elizayo ngexa kusenza inkqubela-phambili eqinileyo
  • Ugcino logcino-mali [[FT:1] - - ulawulo lwemali kawonke-wonke ukuze imigaqo-nkqubo yangoku ingazithwalisi izizukulwana ezizayo

Olu sukelo lusoloko lungqubana. Inkqubo esasaza ingeniso ngobuninzi ingadambisa izikhuthazo zokusebenza nokuzibekela, ngeli xesha indlela yokusebenza ngezandla enyusa ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho ingakhuthaza ukungalingani. Ucelomngeni lukufumana indawo emnandi apho iintengiso zincitshiswa khona kwaye i-synergies zinyuswe.

Ingcamango Yentlalo Entle

Intlalo-ntle ibhekisela kwintlalo-ntle yabantu bonke kunye noluntu. Ingaphezulu kwengeniso equka impilo, imfundo, izindlu, ukhuseleko, kunye nokubandakanya intlalo-ntle yabantu.

Intlalo-ntle elinganisiweyo

Intlalo-ntle entsonkothileyo yentlalo-ntle intsonkothile. Iimilitha zesithethe ezifana neGross Formal Fordult Imveliso yasekhaya (GDP) kumntu ngamnye efumana impumelelo yezinto eziphathekayo. Izibonisi ezibanzi eziquka isalathisi soPhuhliso loluntu (HDI), esidibanisa ixesha elilindelekileyo lobomi, imfundo, nengeniso, kunye neDeviden Progress Regrees Device Imbation (GPI), ezibangela ukuwohloka kwemekobume kunye nokungalingani kwengeniso. Izazinzulu zezenkcubeko kunye nezazinzulu zezentlalo zisebenzisa uphando olunelo olunelisayo olulungele imigaqo ephambili ukuze zifumane ulwanoko lobomi.

Isiseko Esibunzululwazi

Izithethe eziphambili ezimbini zentanda - bulumko zixhasa inkqubo yentlalo-ntle yoluntu:

  • Ubunani obukhoyo – Ifuna ukwandisa usetyenziso olupheleleyo lwentlalo, olusoloko lulinganiswa njengolonwabo okanye ulwaneliseko lokhetho. Le ndlela ingathethelela intlawulo yokutshayela ukuba inyuse intlalo-ntle jikelele, kodwa ingakubetha ngoyaba ukubandezeleka kwabambalwa ukuba abaninzi bafumana inzuzo.
  • i-Rawlsian Justice jasti - uJohn Rawls waxhasa isivumelwano soluntu esimisela intsebenziswano encinane ekhoyo. Umgaqo wakhe umi ngelithi ukungalingani kwamkelekile kuphela ukuba kungenelela ezona zitsala nzima. Oku kuthambekisa inkqubo kwimijelo yokhuseleko lwentlalo kunye nerhafu eqhubekayo.

Ezi zicwangciso ziphembelela indlela abalawuli bobunzima bobunzima. Osebenza ngezoshishino angavuma ukungalingani okuphakathi ukuba ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho kuphakamisa zonke izikhephe, ngeli lixa umbhedlsian ebeyakufuna imithetho elinganisa indawo yokudlala kuqala.

Ukuchazwa Kokwanelisa Izoqoqosho

Ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho kukufumana ixabiso eliphezulu kwimithombo enqabileyo. Kufunyanwa xa kunikwa oovimba ukuze kungabikho ndawo ikhoyo enokwenza omnye umntu abe bhetele ngaphandle kokwenza omnye umntu abe mandundu-mbi – urhulumente owaziwa ngokuba yiPareto impumelelo. Ukusebenza kakuhle kubandakanya ukusebenza kakuhle okusebenzayo (ukusasaza impahla ngexabiso eliphantsi), ukuphumelela okunempumelelo (ukwandisa ukuxubana kwempahla kuxabiseka kakhulu), kunye nokusebenza ngamandla (ukwenza uphuhliso kunye nokukhula kwexesha elide).

Ukusilela Kwamashishini Nokungenelela

Iimarike ezikhululekileyo zisoloko zisilela ukuphumelela ngokwazo. Ukungaphumeleli korhwebo okuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukuphuma ngaphandle, impahla kawonke-wonke, ulwazi, kunye namandla okulawula. Umzekelo, ungcoliseko lubangela impilo kunye nenkcitho yemekobume enganakwayo; izinto zikawonke-wonke ezifana nomoya ococekileyo kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe zixhotyiswe kuba azinakufumaneka. Ungenelelo lorhulumente – ngerhafu, inkxaso-mali, okanye ilungiselelo elingqalileyo – linokulungisa ezi ngxaki nokuphucula ukusebenza.

Impumelelo/Impumelelo

Uxinzelelo olungundoqo kumgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke kukurhweba phakathi kwempumelelo kunye nokulingana. Economist Arthur Okun wabhala nge "big protoff" – ukuba ukufikelela ukulingana okungaphezulu kusoloko kufuna ukuncama ngempumelelo ethile. Umzekelo, irhafu eqhubekayo inciphisa intshukumisa yokusebenza nokugcina ingeniso esecaleni; iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle zingenza ugcino-mali okanye ukugqwetha unikezelo lomsebenzi. Noko ke, ezinye imigaqo-nkqubo zingaphucula ubuchule kunye nokuphumelela. Ukuveliswa kwemfundo kwabantwana babantwana bakudala, umzekelo, ukunyusa ukuphumelela kwixesha elizayo (ukuphumelela) ngexesha lokunyusa intloko yentloko kunye nokuphumelela (ubuchule).

Imisebenzi Ekhoyo Ephakathi Kwentlalo Nezoqoqosho

Abenzi benkqubo bajongene neendidi ezintathu eziphambili zokurhweba xa kuthelekiswa nentlalo-ntle yoluntu nempumelelo yezoqoqosho:

Indawo ekuyo uvimba wefayili

Idola ngalinye elichithwa kwiinkqubo zoluntu li-dola elingachithwanga kwisiseko sentlalo, ukuhla kwerhafu, okanye ukuncitshiswa kwamatyala. Uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente lufikeleleka, kwaye lukhethe malunga nokudityaniswa kwemali efunyenweyo evelisa iimpumlo nelahleko. Ukuthunyelwa ngqo kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi kunganciphisa ubumpofu ngokukhawuleza kodwa kunikezele ukhuthazo oluncinane lwexesha elide. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuchitha ixesha elide kuphanga uphando nenkqubela kungabangela ukusungula intsalela entlalo-ntle kodwa kuthabathe amashumi eminyaka ukungenelela amahlwempu. Ithuba lokuhlawula inkcitho kawonke lifuna uphando olubalulekileyo.

Umthwalo Wolawulo

Imithetho eyenzelwe ukukhusela abasebenzi, abathengi, kunye nemekobume isoloko inyanzela iindleko zokuthotyelwa kwezoshishino. Ezi ndleko zinganciphisa ingeniso, ukuqeshwa kancinci, kunye nokwandisa amaxabiso. Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 lwe-National Association of Macredimens luthelekelele ukuba imimiselo karhulumente ibiza imali engaphezu kwe-$2,000 (iiii-R2 000) kumsebenzi ngamnye. Kodwa imimiselo ethintela ukulimala emsebenzini okanye ungcoliso lomoya isindisa ubomi babantu abazalelwe kulo. Undoqo kukuyila imimiselo efikelela kwiindleko zoqoqo-mali ezinokufikeleleka okunokwenzeka ngokomzekelo, ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo yokwenza umsebenzi kunokusebenzisa imiqathango yemiqathango yexesha elingaphambili.

Ukukhokelelwa Kwerhafu

Irhafu ixhasa intlalo-ntle yentlalo, kodwa ikwagqwetha indlela yokuziphatha yezoqoqosho. Irhafu ehlawulwayo ephezulu ingadimaza umsebenzi, igcine, ingeniso. Iirhafu ezihlawulwayo zinganciphisa ukwakhiwa kwerhafu kwaye zifumane intlawulo. Ukuhlawula irhafu yerhafu kubeka umsantsa phakathi koko abaqeshi bahlawulayo noko abaqeshi bakwamkelayo, okunokwenzeka ukucutha umsebenzi. Noko ke, iinkqubo ezimiselwe kakuhle zerhafu zingakunciphisa oku kugqwethwa. Uphando lwe-IMF kumgaqo werhafu nokungalinganiyo [ lubalaselsa indlela uqhubeko nokwandisa ngayo ingeniso olunokunyusa ngayo ingeniso ngokulungako.

Uphando lwetyala loshishino lwemithetho kawonke-wonke

Ukuhlolisisa Imeko 1: Utshintsho Lonyango

Imodeli yonyango lwehlabathi lonke kumazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili yandisa ukufikelela ekunyamekeleni nasekunciphiseni ubunzima bemali kumatyala ezezamayeza. UMthetho we-Affordal Care (ACA) wanciphisa umlinganiselo ongakhutshelwanga ukusuka kwi 16% ngo-2010 ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-9% ngo-2016. Kodwa, ukwandisa inkcazo karhulumente yanda kwinkcitho, kunye nomthetho we-inshorensi ka-ACA wagxekwa ngokunyusa inkcitho yamaqela athile. Ukurhweba ngaphandle phakathi konikezelo kunye nexabiso kuhlala kukhuphiswano. Amazwe afana neSwitzerland kunye ne-Jamani asebenzisa ukhuphiko olulawulwayo kunye nexabiso lokugcina impumelelo ngexesha lokufikelela kufutshane komthetho-ombhlawulo.

Isifundo semeko 2: Imithetho yokusingqongileyo

UMthetho woMdathi woMoya oGcinciweyo wase-U.S. uGcino-Mbindi wonyaka ka-1990 wabeka imiqathango engqongqo kwimizi - mveliso yamandla kunye nemizi - mveliso. Iingenelo ziye zaquka ukuncitshiswa kwesifo sokuphefumla, ukuphuculwa kokukhanya, kunye nokunciphisa amazinga okufa ngezantsi – i-EPA ithelekelelo eedola elizizigidi zezigidi ezingama-2020 ngenxa yeendleko zee-R35 bhiliyo. Kodwa uluntu lwamalasha lwaphulukana nemisebenzi, kwaye ezinye iindawa zamazwe ajongeneendleko ezichaphazeleke kakhulu kwinkcaso yokhuphiswano. Ukurhweba kubangela ukuba kubekho ukunciphisa ukhuthulo lwezoqoqosho kodwa lungaphucuthel'i.

Isifundo Setyala 3: Imithetho Encinci

Unyuso lwemivuzo encinane ehlawulwayo yabasebenzi abafumana imali ephantsi, ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu nokungalingani. Umzekelo, ulwandiso lwe 10% kumvuzo omncinci lunxulunyaniswa nokunciphisa umlinganiselo wamahlwempu amabini-4% kwezinye izifundo. Kodwa uphando ngeziphumo zomsebenzi ludibene. Ikhadi neKrueger's 1994 uphando alufumani nto ibalulekileyo efunekayo kwishishini lokuthengisa ukutya emva komvuzo othe kratya, lo gama kamva umsebenzi kaNeumark kunye noWascher ufumene iziphumo ezingentle ezithelekisayo kumgangatho womgangatho womgangatho, iimeko zomsebenzi wengqekelelwano. [FLD:0] Iziko zezoqoqosho zishwankathela ubungqina obuthiweyo [[FFT].]

Isifundo seNkxaso 4: Imali yemfundo

Ukuveliswa kwemfundo kawonke-wonke kuphucula ikomkhulu labantu, kunciphisa ukungalingani, kwaye kukhuthaza ukuhambelana kwentlalo. Ukuchitha imali ephezulu kudityaniswe ekuvavanyeni amanani aphezulu kunye nokuphumelela, ingakumbi abafundi abasweleyo. Kodwa imfundo ingadala i-inficienciences ukuba izimali ziyalahleka. Iimfuno zeklasi zifuna abafundisi abangakumbi, ukunyusa iindleko ngaphandle kwe-commensturations profementmentments ukuba imigangatho yeklasi ephantsi. Iinkqubo zokukhetha izikolo – okanye izikolo eziqesha – – injongo yokunyusa impumelelo ngokhuphiswano kodwa ibeka ityala izikolo zikawonke-wonke. Urhwebo luphakathi kwemali esetyenziswa ngayo kakhulu (ukuxhasa iinkqubo zentengo zentengiso). [FLD] CD [FLD] kwingeniso eninzi yemfundo neziphumo zemfundo [FFFFF:1]

Isifundo setyala 5: Umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu noMthendeleko

Irhafu eqhubekekayo – ingeniso ephezulu efumaneka kwingeniso ephezulu – ivelisa ingeniso kwiinkqubo zoluntu kunye nokuncitshiswa kwe-inshorensi yokwandiswa kwemali emva kwerhafu. Irhafu karhulumente, nemali ephantsi esukela kwi 10% ukuya ku-37%, ihambela phambili. Noko ke, imigaqo yerhafu yerhafu inxulunyaniswa nokubhatala nokusetyenziswa kwemali efunekayo kwingeniso yamatyala, inzala yemali yemali yemali, inciphisa inkqubela kunye nokuphumelela kwemali efunekayo. Ukurhweba: isiseko serhafuthezi esisezantsi, esinexabiso elincinci, singanyusa ukunyuka (ukwanelisa) kodwa kusenokufuna ukucuthwa ekusetyenzisweni okanye ukwanda kobugqalise. I-Centscs noMsebenzi Womthetho womsebenzi wonyaka ka-2017171717, nto leyo eyanyusa ukuveliswa kwengeniso yemali ephambili ekukhuleni kwayo nokungalingani.

Ubuchule Bokulungelelanisa Iitrankiffs

Akukho ndlela inye ephelisa ukurhwebelana, kodwa amaqhinga amaninzi anokukunceda ukunciphisa ingxabano kwaye uphucule iziphumo.

Ukuvavanywa kokuchaphazela

Phambi kokuba kumiselwe inkqubo engundoqo, oorhulumente kufuneka baqhube uhlalutyo olungqongqo lwexabiso lomgangatho (CBA) olulinganisa zombini iziphumo zezoqoqosho nezentlalo. I-ofisi yolwazi ye-U.S. i-Ofisi yeMicimbi yoLawulo kunye neMicimbi yolungelelwaniso ilungelelanisa uhlolo olunomthetho, ifuna amaqumrhu okusebenzisa iinzuzo neendleko, baqwalasele ezinye iindlela, kunye neentelekelelo ezityhiliweyo. Ngelixesha i-CBA inemiqathango – ayinokonakaliswa lula, kwaye imilinganiselo ephantsi ibandakanya ukhetho olufanelekileyo – inika inkqubo ecacileyo ekuhloleni ukuthengwa kwentengiselwano.

Ubandakanyeko Lomntu Onento yokwenza

Ukuchaphazela abo bachaphazelekayo yinkqubo – amashishini, abasebenzi, amaqela oluntu, kunye neenzuzo ezingacwangciswanga – kungaveza iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga zize zakhe inkxaso yezobupolitika. Iinkqubo zokuncedisa njengeekomiti zokuva uwonke-wonke, iikomiti zobugqeba, kunye namaxesha okuphendula kwi-intanethi zivumela iimbono ezahlukeneyo ukuba zikwazi ukwazisa inkqubo echaziwe. Xa abagcini-mashishini bevakalelwa ukuba, imigaqo isenokusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo nangokulungelelaniswa ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Iinkqubo zesikhokelo kunye novavanyo

Kunokuba kuqengqeleke inkqubo yelizwe lonke, iinkqubo zomqhubi zivumela uvavanyo olulawulwayo. Iimvavanyo (iiRCT) ezilawulwa ngokungenamkhethe ziye zaba ngumgangatho kwinkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kwinkqubo yasekhaya. Umzekelo, iSebe lezempilo neSebe loLuntu lase-U.S. liye lasebenzisa ii-RCT ukuvavanya iindlela ezintsha zokuqeqesha umsebenzi kunye noncedo lwezindlu. Abaqhubi benqwelo-moya bavelisa ubungqina kwiimisebenzi, benciphisa ubungozi beempazamo ezibiza imali xa kunyuka.

Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sogcino-lwazi

Ugcino-lwazi olungcono lunceda inkqubo engcono. I-data yanamhlanje yolawulo – ukusuka kwiirekhodi zerhafu, iinkcubeko zempilo, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo – zingadityaniswa (nokhuseleko lwangasese) kwiziphumo zomkhondo. Isalathisi sentelekelelo singabona oza kungenelwa kakhulu kungenelo. Ii-milgrafi zeNkqubano, njenge salathiso seNkcubeko okanye i-OECD's Ugcino-lwazi olungcono lobomi, ukunceda oorhulumente ukuba bajonge enoba ukuthengiseka kulawulwa ngokunempumelelo. [[[FLT:]] umsebenzi we-OECD unika izicwangciso zokulawula ulawulo olusekelwe kubungqina

Uyilo lweziko lokucinga okude

Imijikelo emifutshane yezobupolitika ingenza abenzi beenkqubo zocalulo kwimigaqo-nkqubo eneengenelo ezikhawulezileyo kodwa ezisetyenziswayo. Amabhunga azimeleyo eebhunga, amabhunga ajongene nolawulo, kunye neerejista zokutshona kwelanga zinganceda ukulwa nale ngxaki. Umzekelo, i-Ofisi ye-U.K. yeSebe loHlahlo lwemali ivelisa uqikelelo lweminyaka emininzi olubalasele lubalaselele iziphumo zexesha elide zemigaqo-nkqubo yangoku. Ngokufanayo, uhlolo lwemeko-bume kunye nomngcipheko wemozulu zingenza iindleko ezibaziswe ngakumbi.

Isiphelo

Ukurhweba phakathi kwentlalo-ntle yoluntu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho akusithinteli kwinkqubo elungileyo kodwa kungumsebenzi ongokwemvelo wolawulo. Abenzi bomthetho abavuma uxinezeleko kunye nokusebenzisa obu bungqina, uhlalutyo olungqongqo, kunye neenkqubo eziquka okuqulethweyo bangayila indlela yokunciphisa iindleko zokurhwebelana ngeli xesha kuseneengenelo. Akukho lungelelwano lugqibeleleyo lukhoyo ngalo lonke ixesha nakweendawo – ubunzima obunxulumene nokusebenza kakuhle kwemali, umxholo wembali, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo. Oko kuhlala kuyimfuneko ukubonakalisa, ukwenza isigqibo esinika impumelelo entle yabemi kunye nokusebenza kwezoqoqosho zamazwe.